厦门地区吸毒者乙肝、梅毒及艾滋病毒感染调查

目的 :调查厦门地区吸毒者的乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)、梅毒及艾滋病毒 (HIV)感染及流行情况。方法 :对厦门市某戒毒所 810名吸毒者进行了 HBV梅毒感染标志物的检测 ,其中 6 0 6名检测了 HIV抗体 ;收集了同时期的非吸毒人群3790例的 HBV、 5 6 7例的梅毒测定结果进行统计和分析 ,并加以对照比较。结果 :810名吸毒者中 HBV感染者 12 8例 ,感染率为 15 .8%。梅毒的感染者 6 2例 ,感染率为 7.7%。HIV感染 1人 ,感染率为 0 .17% ;非吸毒人群中 ,3790例中 HBV感染者 2 0 8例 ,感染率为 5 .5 % ,5 6 7例中梅毒感染者 3例 ,感染率为 0 .5 %。吸毒人群 HBV和梅毒的感染率均显著高于非吸毒人群 ,差异有非常显著性 (P<0 .0 0 1)。结论 :在厦门地区的吸毒者中存在 HBV和梅毒的高感染率 ,并发现了 1例 HIV感染者     

贵州省镇宁县吸毒人群HIV监测结果分析

[目的]了解镇宁县吸毒者艾滋病的感染、传播和流行情况,为制定预防控制艾滋病的策略提供科学依据。[方法]对县戒毒所所有戒毒者进行调查,并采集静脉血进行HIV抗体检测。[结果]共调查476名吸毒者,检出HIV抗体阳性63例[13.24%];不同年龄组间的HIV感染率比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);静脉吸毒者406人,检出HIV阳性59例,感染率为14.53%,口吸吸毒者70人,检出HIV阳性4例,感染率为5.71%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。[结论]镇宁县吸毒人群中HIV感染率较高(13.24%),感染者以青壮年为主,应尽快采取有效措施防止HIV在该人群中以及该人群向其他高危人群和一般人群中传播。     

乌鲁木齐市吸毒者配偶/固定性伴HIV、梅毒感染和相关行为学调查

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市吸毒者配偶/固定性伴HIV、梅毒感染情况和相关行为.方法 对吸毒者配偶/固定性伴进行HIV、梅毒血清学监测,并对调查对象发放调查问卷,采用一对一问卷调查方式对其性行为特征进行调查.结果 共有655名吸毒者配偶/固定性伴接受调查,平均年龄为(34.4±7.4)岁.吸毒者配偶/固定性伴HIV、梅毒阳性率分别为19.69％、3.21％,维吾尔族吸毒者配偶/固定性伴HIV的阳性率高于汉族及其他民族,吸毒者配偶/固定性伴HIV阳性者安全套使用率高于HIV阴性者.结论 乌鲁木齐市吸毒者配偶/固定性伴HIV感染率很高,预防艾滋病在配偶/固定性伴间传播刻不容缓.     

豫南某县献血浆人群HIV感染流行病学分析

目的　了解豫南有偿献血浆员HIV感染率及其流行因素。方法　对豫南某县两个村 18— 5 0岁村民进行HIV感染率调查 ,并进行定群研究。结果　 1997年调查了 96 3人 ,发现HIV抗体阳性者 17人 ,HIV感染率为 1 8%。其中有偿献血员 88人 ,15人为HIV抗体阳性 ,HIV感染率为 17 0 % ,显著高于非献血人群 (0 2 % )。HIV感染者CD4细胞计数逐年下降 ,对 5名HIV感染者进行了基因序列分析 ,全部为HIV - 1泰国B亚型毒株。结论　豫南局部地区有偿献血员中有较高的HIV感染率。献血浆是其感染HIV的主要危险因素     

福建省2000-2003年国家级艾滋病哨点监测报告

[目的]监测我省艾滋病流行趋势。为制定防治规划和干预措施提供依据。[方法]从2000年起以重复横断面调查．对性病门诊就诊者、暗娼和吸毒者进行监测。[结果]2000年3类监测人群均未发现HIV感染者，2001和2002年在吸毒者和性病门诊就诊者均发现HIV感染者。2003年在本省籍的吸毒人员发现HIV感染者。[结论]监测人群中HIV感染率仍维持在较低水平，但注射吸毒和共用注射器的比例均有增加的趋势，暗娼中避孕套使用率低，性病门诊就诊者性病患病率高。提示必须及时采取有效干预措施。     

贵州省镇宁县吸毒人群HIV监测结果分析

目的了解贵州省镇宁县吸毒者艾滋病的感染、传播和流行情况,为制定预防控制艾滋病的策略提供科学依据。方法对县戒毒所所有戒毒者进行调查,并采集静脉血进行HIV抗体检测。结果共调查476名吸毒者,检出HIV抗体阳性63例,占3．24％;不同年龄组间的HIV感染率比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。静脉吸毒者406人,检出HIV阳性59例,感染率为14．53％;口吸吸毒者70人,检出HIV阳性4例,感染率为5．71％。两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论镇宁县吸毒人群中HIV感染率较高,感染者以青壮年为主,应尽快采取有效措施防止HIV在该人群中以及该人群向其他高危人群和一般人群中传播。     

广西男性HIV阳性吸毒者配偶间传播回顾性研究

目的 了解广西男性HIV阳性吸毒者与其配偶间HIV传播及影响因素,为预防艾滋病经配偶间传播的防治策略提供科学依据.方法 对调查地区HIV阳性已婚吸毒男性的配偶进行问卷调查,收集人口学特征、艾滋病相关知识、吸毒及性行为等信息,并采血进行HIV、梅毒和生殖器疱疹病毒(HSV-2)抗体检测.结果 调查382名HIV阳性吸毒者男性的配偶,81.4％已知丈夫感染HIV.艾滋病知识知晓率为80.9％; 32.7％有吸毒行为,其中59.7％与丈夫共针吸毒;目前每月与丈夫性行为中,每次使用安全套比例为59.9％;被告知丈夫感染HIV的调查对象每月同房次数和从不使用安全套的频率均比告知前有所下降(P＜0.01).HIV、HSV-2、梅毒抗体阳性检出率分别为52.0％、57.5％、9.4％.结论 广西男性HIV阳性吸毒者的配偶HIV阳性率高,应加强该人群的干预,尽量早发现感染者并促使感染者主动及时告知配偶,以采取有效防治措施,减少艾滋病经配偶间传播.     

吸毒高危行为与HIV感染调查

目的了解吸毒人群与HIV感染相关的高危行为。方法对136名吸毒人员进行血清HIV抗体检测和进行问卷调查。结果52例HIV阳性者,HIV抗体检出率38.24%,吸毒人群中15~35岁占81.62%;HIV感染者中,15~35岁占92.41%,吸毒人员中静脉注射吸毒者高达86.03%,最近3个月共用注射器者占静脉吸毒者的33.33%。结论吸毒人群中存在引起HIV流行的高危行为,需尽快开展有效的干预措施。     

巴州吸毒人群HIV感染及相关因素分析

人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染率在我国已呈蔓延趋势。1996年5月在巴州境内库尔勒市献血人员中发现首例HIV感染者，随后HIV感染在巴州迅速扩散。吸毒人群中HVI感染率增长迅速。为进一步了解吸毒者HIV感染现状及相关危险因素，我们对该人群进行了HIV相关的行为学调查和血清学检测。     

山东省吸毒人员艾滋病病毒感染状况调查

目的了解山东省吸毒人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染状况,为制定艾滋病预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法采用筛查的方法,对2006-2008年在山东省安康医院戒毒的吸毒者进行血清HIV抗体检测和问卷调查。结果在655名戒毒人员中检出69名HIV抗体阳性者,检出率为10.53%;69例阳性者中,山东省户籍吸毒者感染率为0.30%（1/333）;其余均为外省户籍吸毒者,以四川省和新疆省为主;感染者大都分布在16~35岁年龄组,占86.96%。传播途径主要是通过共用针具静脉注射毒品引起。共用针具率37.78%;同时还发现了3例是经性途径传播。结论山东省吸毒人群中HIV感染总体上处于低流行水平,但与艾滋病传播的相关危险行为依然存在,不仅存在因静脉吸毒经血液传播HIV的危险,还存在因性乱行为传播的危险因素,当前工作重点应放在吸毒人群中开展艾滋病宣传教育及行为干预措施。     

Estimating the number of HIV-infected injection drug users in Bangkok: a capture--recapture method.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of the study was to estimate the number of injection drug users infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Bangkok to allow planning for health services for this population. METHODS. A two-sample capture-recapture method was used. The first capture listed all persons on methadone treatment for opiate addiction from April 17 through May 17, 1991, at 18 facilities in Bangkok. The second capture involved urine testing of persons held at 72 Bangkok police stations from June 3 through September 30, 1991. Persons whose urine tests were positive for opiate metabolites or methadone were included on the second list. RESULTS. The first capture comprised 4064 persons and the recapture 1540 persons. There were 171 persons included on both lists, yielding an estimate of 36,600 opiate users in Bangkok. Existing data indicate that 89% of opiate users in Bangkok inject drugs and that about one third are infected with HIV, yielding an estimate of approximately 12,000 HIV-infected injection drug users in Bangkok in 1991. CONCLUSIONS. During the 1990s the number of cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other HIV-related diseases, including tuberculosis, in the population of HIV-infected injection drug users in Bangkok will increase dramatically, placing new demands on existing health care facilities. The capture-recapture method may be useful in estimating difficult-to-count populations, including injection drug users.     

Backcalculation of the number with human immunodeficiency virus infection in the United States

The method of backcalculation was applied to national surveillance data on the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in order to estimate the cumulative number of adults with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection as of January 1, 1985 and July 1, 1987. A "plausible range" of estimates was constructed which reflected both uncertainty about the AIDS incubation distribution and random variation from selection and fitting of flexible models of the HIV-1 infection curve. The authors estimated that, as of 1985, 411,000 to 756,000 persons were infected. The infected population included 266,000 to 492,000 homosexual men, 69,000 to 136,000 intravenous drug users, 24,000 to 49,000 homosexual intravenous drug users, and 11,000 to 26,000 persons infected through heterosexual contact. The estimated prevalence of infection among persons aged 15-55 years was 0.31% in whites, 0.78% in Hispanics, and 0.81% in blacks. An estimated 32,000 to 66,000 women were infected. Compared with white women aged 15-55 years, the prevalence of infection was 5.3-fold higher in Hispanic women and 10.2-fold higher in black women. Plausible estimates for the total number infected by July 1987 ranged from 707,000 to 1,376,000, with the most likely estimate equal to 992,000. Backcalculation provides an assessment of the magnitude of the HIV-1 epidemic that is independent of estimates based on prevalence surveys in special populations. The estimates obtained from both methods are consistent and emphasize the need for vigorous programs to prevent the spread of HIV-1, especially in minority communities.     

云南省艾滋病监测报告(1986~1990)

云南省从1986年开始HIV/AIDS监测工作,至1990年12月,共监测17 021例不同人群,其中发现429例阳性者(含2例艾滋病病例),艾滋病病毒波及的人群为静脉吸毒者及HIV阳性者的配偶。分布于5个地区,绝大多数为德宏州瑞丽县静脉吸毒人群。较集中发现于1989年10月以后。对暗娼、性病患者、献血员等人群的监测没有发现阳性者。     

昭通市1997—2007年艾滋病流行分析

目的了解昭通市艾滋病传播途径及不同人群流行特点和变化趋势。方法采用1997—2007年昭通市本地监测检出的艾滋病病毒（human immunodeficiencyvirus,HIV）感染者统计表和艾滋病疫情专网报告的数据进行统计分析。结果1997—2007年该市HIV累计报告感染者914例,2002年前报告144例,2003—2007年累积报告HIV感染者770例,其中本地检出524例,占报告数的68．05％,外地报告246例,占报告数的31．95％。静脉吸毒260例,占33．8％,异性性接触155例,占20．1％,母婴传播20例,占2．6％,不详335例,占43．5％。报告感染率从1997年的0．19／10万上升到2007年的3．51／10万,外出务工人员感染率为23．43／10万。结论1997—2007年昭通市HIV感染和传播途径发生较大变化,感染率不断上升,感染人群从吸毒等高危人群快速向一般人群扩散,流动人口感染率快速上升。     

Prevalence of HIV in clients of an outpatient clinic for sexually transmissible diseases and in a group of prostitutes and their clients]

In order to gain insight into the heterosexual spread of HIV infections in Amsterdam, a study was carried out in 1991 among persons attending an outpatient clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and among a group of prostitutes and prostitutes' clients. Out of 2362 persons attending the STD clinic, 2138 (90.5%) could ultimately be examined for presence of HIV antibodies. The HIV seroprevalence was 4.2% (90/2138); among homosexual males it was 22% (70/324), among heterosexual male intravenous drug users 12% (2/17) and among heterosexual males who never had used i.v. drugs 0.5% (5/997). The HIV seroprevalence among female intravenous drug users was 41% (12/29) and that among females who never had used i.v. drugs it was 0.1% (1/771). Among the heterosexually active subjects (active in the preceding six months, including the groups of bisexual males and intravenous drug users), the seroprevalence amounted to 1.5% (28/1884). HIV antibodies could be demonstrated in 1.5% (3/199) of the prostitutes and in 0.5% (1/213) of prostitutes' clients. However, the one positive male had had homosexual contacts in the past. Out of the total of nine heterosexually infected persons, two originated from the Netherlands, two from Ghana, two from Turkey, one from Nigeria, one from Pakistan and one from the Dominican Republic; six of them had commercial contacts. The heterosexual spread of HIV among the heterosexual population of Amsterdam can for the moment be classified as slight. However, further heterosexual transmission of HIV cannot be excluded, considering the frequency of unprotected sex.     

2007年大连市甘井子区戒毒所吸毒人员HIV、梅毒感染状况调查

[目的]了解大连市甘井子区吸毒人员的人口构成、行为态度和HIV、梅毒感染状况。[方法]对2007年第一次在大连市禁毒支队戒毒所戒毒的678名吸毒人员进行调查。[结果]调查678人，曾有注射吸毒史的占30．38％，经静脉注射吸毒的占28．91％，注射吸毒者中共用注射器或针头的占15．82％；通过金钱或毒品交易与他人发生性行为的72人（占10．62％），其中每次性行为时都使用安全套的占18．06％，最近1次性交易时使用安全套的占22．22％。检测678人，HIV抗体阳性的2例，阳性率为0．29％，均有共用注射器静脉吸毒史；检出梅毒抗体阳性的6例，阳性率为0．88％，其中男性2例、女性4例，注射吸毒者4例、口服吸毒者2例。[结论]吸毒人员性行为较为混乱，HIV、梅毒感染率较高。     

艾滋病病毒感染者和病人生存质量调查及相关因素分析

目的调查与评价艾滋病病毒感染者和病人的生存质量，分析影响其生存质量的因素。方法采用世界卫生组织生存质量简表（WHOQOL—BREF中文版）加上艾滋病相关条目。对300例艾滋病病毒感染者和病人与112例健康的配偶／固定性伴及吸毒同伴进行调查。结果艾滋病病毒感染者和病人各方面得分均显著低于健康的配偶／固定性伴及吸毒同伴（P〈0．01），健康的配偶，固定性伴及吸毒同伴的生存质量的心理领域和社会关系领域显著得分低于全国其他城市常模人群（P〈0．01）。文化程度、CD4细胞计数及家庭年收入与艾滋病病毒感染者和病人生存质量呈正相关，吸毒及HIV检测前及与配偶，固定性伴发生性关系的频次与艾滋病病毒感染者和病人的生存质量呈负相关。结论艾滋病病毒感染者和病人总体生存质量较差，其性伴或吸毒同伴的生存质量的心理领域和社会关系领域得分也低于全国其他城市常模人群。     

Are HIV-infected injection drug users taking HIV tests?

OBJECTIVES. Knowledge of infection is essential for human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) treatment initiation and epidemic control. This study evaluates infection knowledge among infected injection drug users and acceptance of confidential testing among injection drug users, particularly those infected with HIV-1. METHODS. A total of 810 injection drug users entering treatment in Contra Costa County, Calif, were examined. Clients were tested with unlinked (blinded) tests and simultaneously counseled and offered voluntary confidential HIV-1 antibody testing. Data on confidential testing acceptance, previous testing, drug use, and demographic information were collected. RESULTS. Of the 810 tested, 105 (13.0%) were infected. The current confidential test was accepted by 507 (62.6%). HIV seroprevalence in the unlinked survey was four times greater than in the voluntary survey (13% and 3.5%, respectively). HIV-1 infection was associated with refusal of a confidential test largely because most infected injection drug users (n = 58; 55.2%) already knew of their infection. Of the 47 injection drug users who were not aware of their infection, 12 (25.5%) accepted the test. Although African-American injection drug users presented with a higher infection rate (37.3%), they were three times less likely to know of their infection. CONCLUSIONS. "In-clinic" HIV-1 testing is highly accepted, and most infected clients in treatment will learn their status. Nevertheless, voluntary testing data are likely to yield considerable underestimates of the true rate of infection among injection drug users.     

2008年柳州市艾滋病监测结果分析

目的了解柳州市2008年艾滋病流行现状,为采取有效控制措施提供科学依据。方法采用哨点监测、综合监测、自愿咨询检测、重点人群筛查和专题流行病学调查等方法,收集全市艾滋病病毒感染资料和艾滋病病例报告资料。结果2008年全市共筛查监测各类重点人群178565人,检出HIV抗体（初筛）阳性者2356人,检出率1．32％。年龄最小0．5岁,最大84岁,20—44岁者占72．38％,传播途径经静脉吸毒占19．53％,性传播占58．98％,母婴0．89％。结论柳州市HIV流行已经由静脉吸毒人群经性乱人群向一般人群蔓延,静脉吸毒、性乱人群为该市艾滋病传播的重要因素。     

Estimating the coverage of a targeted mobile tuberculosis screening programme among illicit drug users and homeless persons with truncated models

Truncated models are indirect methods to estimate the size of a hidden population which, in contrast to the capture-recapture method, can be used on a single information source. We estimated the coverage of a tuberculosis screening programme among illicit drug users and homeless persons with a mobile digital X-ray unit between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2005 in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, using truncated models. The screening programme reached about two-third of the estimated target population at least once annually. The intended coverage (at least two chest X-rays per person per year) was about 23%. We conclude that simple truncated models can be used relatively easily on available single-source routine data to estimate the size of a population of illicit drug users and homeless persons. We assumed that the most likely overall bias in this study would be overestimation and therefore the coverage of the targeted mobile tuberculosis screening programme would be higher.