基于ARIMA模型的国内药品价格管制政策评估

政府出台了多项管制政策以控制过快上涨的药品价格,国内学者们对其效果尚无定论。利用20014年4月至2011年4月间与药品相关的价格指数时间序列数据建立求和自回归移动平均(ARIMA)模型,进而对此期间颁布的药品价格管制政策的效果进行评价。评价结果发现,这些政策对药品相关的价格指数的作用均不明显,从实证角度证实了近年来政府实施的各项价格管制政策未能达到很好地控制药品价格上涨、减轻群众用药负担的目的。建议政府一方面切实调查了解药品生产、流通成本,另一方面加快改革医疗卫生体制。     

医疗卫生服务和药品价格的政府管制研究

基于医药卫生领域的特殊性,政府对医疗卫生服务和药品的价格管制仍然有其必要性,同时政府亦面临诸多管制困境。为此必须弱化甚至取消医生处方行为的经济激励政策,同时加大政府财政补偿力度,让医疗回归真实的公益。     

发达国家药品价格管制政策的比较研究

药品费用是卫生费用的主要组成部分、也是影响卫生费用急剧增长的主要因素之一。对药品费用的控制需要从消费者、医生和制药公司产、供、销等多方面采取措施。本文中发达国家药品价格的管制政策为发展中国家药品政策的命定与实施提供了有益的参考。     

中欧药品价格构成比较与对策建议

采用WHO/HAI药品价格构成调查方法,调查2017年版《国家基本医疗保险、工伤保险和生育保险药品目录》中所列2 535种药品的实际出厂价格和市场零售价格,分析药品价格各组成部分在零售价格中所占比例。调查结果显示,在政府取消价格管制后,中国药品价格构成仍然不合理。药品实际出厂价格在零售价格中所占比例仅为25%左右,供应链上出厂价格以外的附加费用占零售价的75%左右。本文分析认为,政府管制药品价格主要源于医药市场的信息不对称引发的药品价格扭曲。借鉴发达国家药品价格管制成功经验,建议实行全部处方药价格管制、采用参考定价以及控制流通加价等政策工具,最终将实现全面降低药价的目标。     

部分发达国家药品价格管制政策比较及启示

目的：分析比较主要发达国家的国家药品价格政策或措施，为我国药品定价政策改革提供建议。方法：文献综述和比较法。内容：法国、德国、英国等国家药品价格政策的实施、优缺点等。结果：国家药品价格政策实施具有综合性；政策的因地制宜；影响药品费用的多因素性；政策实施效果的有限性；直接控制的国家比间接控制的国家药品价格水平低。建议：药品价格改革必须与医疗保险等改革配套；采取多种费用控制措施；药品价格改革不应损害本国医药产业的健康发展；充分考虑政策对卫生服务供方的影响，尤其是对医生既得利益的影响。     

我国药品价格管制的政策选择

我国已建立起一整套药品价格管制政策，但是，以成本加成为基础的价格管制与其他体制与机制性因素互动作用后，促成并强化了我国特定背景下医药不正当利益纽带关系。现行的成本加成定价管理是对企业创新产生的成本的补偿，而不是对企业创新产生的价值的回报。在成本加成的定价管理基础上，综合考虑药品的创新程度及其对医疗费用的影响，同时参考周边国家和地区同一药品品种的市场销售价格，可以作为我国药品价格管制变革的替代性方案。更长远地，我国应该构建以价值为基础的药品价格管制方式，以药品的成本效果为导向合理确定其相对价格水平。对仿制药可借鉴国际经验采用参考定价方法。     

国际药品价格管制方式及效果研究的系统综述

目的：分析国际药品价格管制方式及效果。方法：采用系统综述的方法归纳不同国家药品价格管制方式、对象、过程及效果。结果：共纳入来自36个国家的130篇文献,其中包括定价管制政策文献97篇,评价定价管制影响文献33篇,且多为评价参考定价效果研究。大多国家主要对报销药品价格进行控制;国家价格比较和参考定价是两种最主要的政府定价方式;药品加成采用递减加成体系;现有证据表明参考定价对于降低药品价格、节省药品开支和对其他卫生服务的影响效果较好。建议：以药物经济学评价为基础,通过参考定价对药品报销价进行有效管制,通过协商谈判、递减加成和完善医保支付方式来控制药品费用不合理增长。     

药品价格管制与社会福利的经济学分析

世界范围内大多数国家都实施了药品价格管制政策,文章试从药品研发生产函数及静态和动态经济效率权衡的角度探讨药品价格管制对社会福利的影响,以期从理论角度为我国药品价格政策的制定提供新的思路和借鉴.     

药品价格管制与医疗体制改革的关系分析与探究

随着医疗卫生体制改革的进一步推进,我国“看病难”、“看病贵”的现状虽然有所缓解,但医疗费用仍在不断上涨,卫生费用占国内生产总值的比例越来越高.医疗费用的快速增长,严重影响了国民经济的发展.目前在我国,医疗费用最主要的构成部分是药品费用,所以控制药品费用的增长,是改善医疗费用持续上涨之现状的关健因素,而控制药品费用就集中体现为对药品的价格管制.该文通过对我国药品价格管制的分析,提出建立健全药品价格机制等医改的关键要素,旨在为医疗体制改革的整体进程,提供一个多角度多层次的视角.     

部分发达国家药品价格管制政策比较及启示

目的分析比较主要发达国家的国家药品价格政策或措施,为我国药品定价政策改革提供建议.方法文献综述和比较法.内容法国、德国、英国等国家药品价格政策的实施、优缺点等.结果国家药品价格政策实施具有综合性;政策的因地制宜;影响药品费用的多因素性;政策实施效果的有限性;直接控制的国家比间接控制的国家药品价格水平低.建议药品价格改革必须与医疗保险等改革配套;采取多种费用控制措施;药品价格改革不应损害本国医药产业的健康发展;充分考虑政策对卫生服务供方的影响,尤其是对医生既得利益的影响.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.