深圳市水源水抗生素污染现状及生态风险和人体健康风险评估

目的为初步掌握深圳市饮用水系统中抗生素污染状况、抑制剂及激素含量和评估其生态风险及人体健康风险,调查深圳市主要自来水厂的水源水、出厂水及管网末梢水中的抗生素和抑制剂、激素含量。方法采用固相萃取柱(SPE)进行分离富集,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)作为检测技术,分析深圳市主要自来水厂水源水、出厂水及管网末梢水中磺胺类抗生素、抑制剂及激素含量水平,对其进行生态风险评估和人体健康风险评估。结果深圳市主要自来水厂的出厂水及管网末梢水中均未检测出磺胺类抗生素、抑制剂和激素,水源水中未检测出抑制剂和激素,仅检测出5种磺胺类抗生素,磺胺甲恶唑检出浓度最高,为8.748 4 ng/L。磺胺二甲嘧啶和甲氧苄氨嘧啶在6个自来水厂中均有检出,检出率为85.71%。对5种抗生素进行生态风险评估发现,磺胺吡啶、磺胺二甲嘧啶、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶、甲氧苄氨嘧啶无明显生态风险,仅磺胺甲恶唑的水平处于中等生态风险。7个水厂均无高生态风险;东湖水厂、沙头角水厂、梅林水厂(水库)、梅林水厂(东江)4个水厂处于中等生态风险;南山水厂、盐田港水厂、笔架山水厂3个水厂无明显生态风险。磺胺甲恶唑和磺胺二甲嘧啶2种抗生素对儿童的总风险介于0.28×10~(-6)~2.75×10~(-6)之间,对成人的总风险介于0.25×10~(-6)~2.50×10~(-6)之间。4个水厂水源水中磺胺甲恶唑对人体健康风险均大于磺胺二甲嘧啶,且6个采样地点水源水中抗生素对儿童的人体健康风险均大于成人。各采样地水源水中东湖水厂水源水对人体健康总风险最高。结论深圳市主要自来水厂出厂水及管网末梢水中的抑制剂、磺胺类抗生素及激素均未检出。水源水中检出的磺胺类抗生素含量处于较低水平,其生态风险和对人体造成的健康风险处于低水平,深圳市自来水系统抗生素含量符合国家相关标准。     

川藏沿线兵站饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价

目的初步评价川藏沿线各兵站驻地生活饮用水源水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法在对川藏沿线的18个兵站饮用水源水中砷(As)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se)4种重金属进行检测的基础上,建立水环境污染健康风险评价模型,并对重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险作出初步评价。结果川藏沿线18个兵站水源水中As、Pb、Hg和Se的平均质量浓度分别为1.362×10-3mg/L、3.654×10-3mg/L、0.567×10-3mg/L和0.954×10-3mg/L。饮用水源水中致癌重金属As对人体健康危害的个人年风险为1.764×10-7/a~1.241×10-5/a;非致癌重金属Pb、Hg和Se所引起的健康危害的个人年风险水平集中在1×10-9/a~1×10-11/a,按风险大小排列为:As>Pb>Hg>Se。4种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险达2.93×10-5/a。结论川藏沿线兵站4种重金属污染物对人体健康危害的个人年风险和总风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5/a,但应引起部队管理部门的重视。     

深圳市水源水与出厂水10种金属元素浓度的比较

目的比较深圳市水源水、出厂水中10种金属元素浓度及变化。方法分别于2009年1月-2013年12月的丰水期(4-9月)和枯水期(1-2月、11-12月),采集深圳市9个市政水厂的水源水和出厂水水样,对砷(As)、镉(Cd)、六价铬(Cr6+)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、硒(Se)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)的浓度进行检测。结果共采集水样90份,10种金属元素检测结果均合格。与水源水比较,出厂水中Cd、Cr6+、Pb、Hg、Se、Mn、Cu的浓度均较高,Fe的浓度较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);仅Zn的浓度无明显改变。与水源水比较,丰水期出厂水Cd、Cr6+、Hg的浓度较高,而Fe的浓度较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。枯水期出厂水10种金属元素的浓度均高于水源水,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与水源水比较,以氯化消毒方式的出厂水中As、Cd、Cr6+、Pb、Hg、Se、Mn、Cu的浓度均较高,而Fe的浓度较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Zn的浓度无明显差异。与水源水比较,以二氧化氯消毒方式的出厂水中As、Cd、Cr6+、Pb、Hg、Mn、Cu的浓度均较高,而Fe的浓度较低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);Se、Zn的浓度均无明显差异。结论深圳市政水源水和出厂水中10种金属元素符合相应水质标准,部分金属元素出厂水浓度高于水源水。     

深圳市村镇级水厂水源水中隐孢子虫和贾第鞭毛虫调查

目的调查深圳市村镇级水厂水源水中贾第鞭毛虫和隐孢子虫污染情况,评价小型供水的生物安全性,并为制订我国饮用水原虫卫生标准提供依据。方法采集深圳市供水规模0.5～5×104t的8家村镇级水厂的水源水,应用美国环保局(EPA)的标准检测方法,水样经抽滤、淘洗、磁分离、染色鉴定等步骤检测其贾第鞭毛虫包囊和隐孢子虫卵囊含量。结果深圳市8家村镇水厂中,有6家水厂的水源水检出贾第鞭毛虫包囊眼0.05～0.65个/L(1～13个/20L)演,1家水厂的水源水检出隐孢子虫卵囊眼0.1个/L(2个/20L)演。结论目前,深圳市村镇级水厂水源水存在原虫污染,在处理工艺不完善的情况下存在介水疾病传播的可能。     

某水源井四氯化碳污染调查分析及健康风险初评

目的针对某水源井四氯化碳超标情况,对污染源进行分析调查并对其进行健康风险初评。方法分别对水源井的水源水、末梢水水样进行四氯化碳含量检测,对污染源进行初步的分析调查,并对通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出初步评价。结果检测结果:1号水源井的水源水和末梢水中四氯化碳的浓度(中位数)分别是0.003 4 mg/L、0.003 9 mg/L,2号备用水源井的水源水和末梢水中四氯化碳的浓度(中位数)分别是0.001 1 mg/L、0.001 2 mg/L。1号水源井中四氯化碳超过GBW 5750中的限值0.000 2 mg/L,1号井水源水和末梢水的致癌个人年风险分别为1.3×10~(-5)和1.5×10~(-5)。结论 1号水源井的水源水和末梢水四氯化碳均存在致癌个人风险。2号备用井的水源水和末梢水的四氯化碳致癌个人年风险分别为4.2×10~(-6)和4.6×10~(-6),2号备用井的水源水和末梢水中的四氯化碳对人体的健康产生的潜在致癌个人年风险在美国环境保护署(USEPA)可以接受的限值之内。     

深圳市河流底泥重金属的污染现状及生态风险评价

为了解深圳市河流底泥重金属的污染现状及其生态风险,笔者于2008年9月采集深圳市龙岗河、坪山河、观澜河、茅洲河、宝安西部流域、深圳湾陆域、深圳河流域、大鹏湾陆域、大亚湾陆域9个流域(陆域)的河流表层底泥样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定铜、铅、锌、铬、镉、镍、汞、砷8种重金属的含量.结果显示,深...     

舟山市2011年地表水源地水质评价

[目的]利用一种地表水源地水质评价模型,对舟山群岛各种生活饮用水水源进行检测与评价,了解该市2011年多种水源水的水质状况,为确保饮用水安全提供依据. [方法]对2011年舟山群岛各种地表水源水211份样品(来源包括不同水源、区域、水厂、季度)28项指标进行检测.按照检测指标对健康影响的程度,把评价指标分成毒理类(第一类)、有机污染类(第二类)和一般化学类(第三类).灵活选取转换指数法、加权平均法、最差因子判别法和内梅罗法等综合指数计算模式和专家咨询法赋予各类指标健康权重,求得类综合指数后,再采用加权平均法求得综合指数后进行综合评价,并对样品检测结果进行分类与综合评价. [结果]舟山群岛2011年所有地表水源水中,第一类指数为0.24±0.13,属Ⅰ类水;第二类指数为0.87±0.68,属Ⅴ类水;第三类指数为0.29±0.18,属Ⅰ类水;综合指数为0.40±0.19,属Ⅰ类水.在常用的3种水源中,水库水水质最好,其一、三类类指数评价和综合指数评价结果都达到了Ⅰ类水源水的标准,第二类指数评级为Ⅲ类水;大陆引水水质次之,其第二类污染指标评级为Ⅴ类水;河道水质最差,其第二类污染指标评级为劣Ⅴ类水,综合指数评级为Ⅲ类水. [结论]舟山群岛地表水源水水质基本符合国家《地表水环境质量标准》,但大陆引水和河道水水质的有机污染比较严重.     

丰台区农村饮水安全工程水质化学污染健康风险评估

目的根据丰台区农村饮水安全工程的水质监测结果,评估农村饮水安全工程水质化学污染健康风险及自备井水处理前后健康风险的改变,筛选重点污染物。方法 2013年对丰台区农村饮水安全工程桶装水厂进行监测,于枯水期、丰水期各采集1次自备井水源水和处理后桶装水样品,应用环境健康风险评价模型进行风险评价。结果自备井水源水中硝酸盐年均值为36.96 mg/L,超过国家标准限值规定,其他各污染物指标在饮用水中含量的最大值符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)的限值规定。个人健康年总风险以化学致癌污染物为主,占饮水个人健康年总风险的99.60%。自备井水源水、处理后桶装水中化学致癌污染物砷(As)、铬(Cr6+)、镉(Cd)个人年风险相同,分别为1.32×10-5/年、7.20×10-6/年和4.28×10-6/年,占化学致癌污染物年总风险的53.48%、29.17%、17.34%。硝酸盐(NO3-)位居自备井水源水非化学致癌污染物个人年风险首位,占该类致癌污染物年总风险的63.86%,源水经处理后个人年风险降为总风险的19.21%。处理后桶装水的化学致癌污染物个人年风险比自备井水源水降低0.40%,非化学致癌污染物个人年风险比自备井水源水降低67.09%,总风险降低0.40%。结论丰台区农村饮水安全工程水源水和处理后水化学污染物经饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受限值。农村饮水安全工程的实施降低了人群经饮水途径的健康风险,尤其是大幅降低了硝酸盐的非化学致癌污染物健康风险。结果提示硝酸盐应作为丰台区饮用自备井水源保护和农村饮水安全工程桶装水厂制水过程中优先控制和检测的污染物。     

丰台区农村饮水安全工程水质化学污染健康风险评估

目的根据丰台区农村饮水安全工程的水质监测结果,评估农村饮水安全工程水质化学污染健康风险及自备井水处理前后健康风险的改变,筛选重点污染物。方法 2013年对丰台区农村饮水安全工程桶装水厂进行监测,于枯水期、丰水期各采集1次自备井水源水和处理后桶装水样品,应用环境健康风险评价模型进行风险评价。结果自备井水源水中硝酸盐年均值为36.96 mg/L,超过国家标准限值规定,其他各污染物指标在饮用水中含量的最大值符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)的限值规定。个人健康年总风险以化学致癌污染物为主,占饮水个人健康年总风险的99.60%。自备井水源水、处理后桶装水中化学致癌污染物砷(As)、铬(Cr6+)、镉(Cd)个人年风险相同,分别为1.32×10-5/年、7.20×10-6/年和4.28×10-6/年,占化学致癌污染物年总风险的53.48%、29.17%、17.34%。硝酸盐(NO3-)位居自备井水源水非化学致癌污染物个人年风险首位,占该类致癌污染物年总风险的63.86%,源水经处理后个人年风险降为总风险的19.21%。处理后桶装水的化学致癌污染物个人年风险比自备井水源水降低0.40%,非化学致癌污染物个人年风险比自备井水源水降低67.09%,总风险降低0.40%。结论丰台区农村饮水安全工程水源水和处理后水化学污染物经饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受限值。农村饮水安全工程的实施降低了人群经饮水途径的健康风险,尤其是大幅降低了硝酸盐的非化学致癌污染物健康风险。结果提示硝酸盐应作为丰台区饮用自备井水源保护和农村饮水安全工程桶装水厂制水过程中优先控制和检测的污染物。     

陕西省农村学校饮用水重金属指标分析

了解陕西省农村学校饮用水重金属指标达标状况和变化趋势,为保障农村学校饮用水卫生安全提供科学依据.方法 2017-2019年累计对陕西省697所农村学校供水工程末梢水中重金属指标进行检测,参照《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)按照不同年份、不同区域对砷、镉、六价铬、铅和汞等5项重金属指标进行分析评价.结果 3年累计采集分析有效水样2 298份,除铅、汞全部达标外,砷、镉和六价铬等重金属指标达标率分别为98.83%,99.91%和96.95%.与陕北高原和陕南相比,关中平原水砷达标率较低(x2值分别为5.67,13.59,P值均<0.01).陕南六价铬达标率最高,关中平原次之,陕北高原最低(x2值分别为20.48,17.05,48.32,P值均<0.01).2份镉超标水样均来自于陕北高原.结论 陕西省农村学校饮用水重金属指标超标存在明显地域特点,应重点关注陕北高原和关中平原砷、六价铬等重金属对学生健康带来的危害,还应持续关注局部地区饮用水中镉、汞的平均浓度,从水源选择和水处理技术等方面保障学校饮水安全.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Increase in social inequality in health expectancy in Denmark

AIMS: Health expectancy represents the average lifetime in various states of health and differs among social groups. The purpose of the study was to determine trends in social inequality in health expectancy since 1994 between groups with high, medium and low educational levels in Denmark. METHODS: The study was based on data from nationwide registers on educational level and mortality during the period 1994-2005 and data on health status derived from the Danish Health Interview Surveys carried out in 1994, 2000 and 2005. Expected lifetime in self-rated good and poor health, lifetime without and with longstanding illness and expected lifetime without and with long-lasting difficulties or restrictions were estimated by Sullivan's method. RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2005, life expectancy at age 30 years increased by 1.9 years for men and 1.5 years for women with a low educational level. For people with a high educational level, the increase was 2.7 years for men and 2.2 years for women. The difference between people with low and high educational level in expected lifetime in self-rated good health increased by 2.0 and 1.3 years for 30-year-old men and women, respectively. The social gap also increased for other indicators. CONCLUSIONS: During the past 12 years, social inequality in life expectancy and health expectancy has increased in Denmark, but the proportion of the population with a low educational level has decreased.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。