某蓄电池厂铅污染及铅作业工人尿铅水平调杏

目的了解某蓄电池厂铅污染状况和铅作业工人尿铅水平,为制定相应的职业卫生对策提供依据。方法采用病例对照研究,选取41名铅作业工人作为接触组,40名不接触铅作业工人作为对照组。用冷消化双硫腙分光光度法测定尿铅含量,用火焰原子吸收光谱法检测作业场所空气中铅浓度,分析尿铅含量与空气中铅浓度、工种、工龄及性别的关系。结果该企业车间空气浓度的超标率为20．83％,接触组的尿铅超标率为63．41％,尿铅超标率和平均值在接触组与对照组之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。各工种的尿铅超标率不存在统计学差异,空气浓度未超标车间也存在工人尿铅超标现象。尿铅含量与工龄性别之间差异无统计学意义。结论该蓄电池厂的铅作业工人受到明显的职业危害。企业必须采取有效的防治措施,改善职工作业环境,加强自我保护意识,定期监测,定期体检,保护职工身体健康。     

太仓市某蓄电池厂铅污染情况的调查

目的 了解太仓市乡镇蓄电池企业的铅污染情况。方法 对某蓄电池厂进行职业卫生学调查,并现场进行铅烟、铅尘浓度测定,并对76名铅接触工人的尿铅定量。结果 该厂作业场所铅烟（尘）浓度超标率为37.5%,最高超过国家限值11.4倍。76名工人的尿铅最低为0.08μmol/L,最高为5.75μmol/L,平均为0.71μmol/L;其中尿铅值≥0.34μmol/L共44人,尿铅超标检出率为57.9%。结论 该蓄电池厂铅接触工人尿铅超标率严重,因此应加强对企业的职业卫生管理。     

衡阳市某蓄电池厂铅污染及职工尿铅水平调查

调查衡阳市某蓄电池厂铅污染状况,依据GBZ/T 160.10-2004《工作场所空气有毒物质测定铅及其化合物》中火焰原子吸收光谱法检测作业场所空气中铅浓度和WS/T 18-1996《尿中铅的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法》测定696名(接触组:铅作业人员531名;对照组:非一线职工165名)职工尿铅水平.结果显示,浇片车间、涂片...     

某蓄电池厂环境铅污染对儿童尿铅水平的影响

【目的】　了解环境中铅污染对儿童健康的危害。　【方法】　通过对某蓄电池厂托儿所、职工宿舍空气中铅浓度及儿童尿铅水平测定 ,比较分析铅对儿童健康的影响。　【结果】　托儿所院内铅浓度为 0 .0 45mg/m3 ,室内为 0 .0 17mg/m3 ,职工宿舍楼院内为 0 .0 3 9mg/m3 ,室内为 0 .0 12mg/m3 ,各值均超过国家卫生标准。儿童尿铅水平与对照组比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。　【结论】　环境铅污染可致儿童尿铅负荷增高。     

某乡镇蓄电池厂铅污染状况调查

目的对某乡镇蓄电池厂铅危害现状进行调查,为加强职业卫生监督管理提供依据。方法对作业场所空气中的铅尘、铅烟进行测定,对铅接触人员的血铅、尿铅含量及血δ-氨基乙酰丙酸脱水酶(ALAD)活力进行测定。结果该企业存在严重的铅职业危害,作业场所空气中铅尘浓度超标率达82.35%,铅烟浓度超标率达84.62%;对85名铅作业者进行职业健康检查,诊断为慢性铅中毒11例,观察对象36例。结论该企业严重的铅污染已对接触人员造成了危害,应加强职业卫生监督检查力度,切实保护劳动者健康权益。     

某私营蓄电池厂铅污染状况及对工人健康影响的调查

目的：了解某私营蓄电池厂铅污染状况及工人健康的影响。方法：采用现场、临床以及实验室检查相结合的方法，项目包括血铅（Pb-B)，尿δ－氨基－γ－酮戊酸（δ－ALA），血红蛋白，红细胞计数，丙氨酸转氨酶（ALT），乙肝表现抗原（HBsAg)以及血清脂质过氧化物（LPO），一氧化氮（NO），超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），尿γ－谷氨酰转肽酶（γ－GT）活性等。结果：铅烟浓度平均超过国家卫生标准36．33倍，铅尘浓度平均超过国家卫生标准20．60倍，98人中共检出铅吸收21人，轻度铅中毒15人，血铅及δ－ALA水平升高，血清LPO，NO水平及尿γ－GT水平亦高于对照组，SOD水平低于对照组，差异具有显著性意义（P＜0．05），结论：该私营蓄电池厂铅污染严重，对工人健康已造成严重影响，卫生监督部门应加强监督管理。     

某蓄电池厂铅作业工人职业病危害调查

近年来,乡镇企业不断发展,随着乡镇企业的迅速发展而出现的日益严重的职业危害状况,亦愈来愈引起人们的关注。我们于2007年9月对乡镇企业某蓄电池厂铅职业危害状况进行了调查,旨在为治理乡镇企业铅职业危害和职业卫生服务提供依据。     

某乡镇蓄电池厂铅危害现状

为了解乡镇蓄电池行业铅职业危害状况，我们对某乡镇蓄电池厂车间空气中铅浓度及作业工人尿铅含量进行了调查。结果表明，车间空气中铅浓度超标严重，作业工人尿铅值有不同程度增高；提示，该乡镇蓄电池行业铅职业危害严重；建议改进生产工艺，提高劳动保护意识，降低车间空气中铅浓度。     

某蓄电池厂355例铅作业工人尿铅测定结果

目的对某蓄电池厂355名铅作业工人进行尿铅检测,了解该蓄电池厂工人体内铅负荷情况,筛查观察对象,为制定切实可行的预防措施提供依据。方法按照WS/T 17-1996《尿中铅的双硫腙分光光度测定方法》进行尿中铅性检测,并进行统计分析。结果在355份尿样检测结果中,尿中铅含量超标者共20人,超标率5.63%;男性超标率高于女性,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同工种和不同工龄工人间超标率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论该蓄电池厂工人尿铅超标率仍处于较高水平,因此,应加强工人的职业健康监测工作,并改善车间环境,同时提高工作人员在生产中自我防护意识,保护职工身体健康。     

荆门市某蓄电池厂铅作业工人尿铅检测分析

[目的]对某蓄电池厂415名铅作业工人进行尿铅检测分析,了解该蓄电池厂工人体内铅负荷情况,筛查观察对象,为制定切实可行的预防措施提供依据。[方法]收集415名铅作业工人晨尿,按照WS/T17-1996方法进行尿铅检测。参照GBZ37-2002《职业性慢性铅中毒诊断标准》,尿铅≥0.07mg/L为超标(即观察对象限值),比较不同车间、性别、年龄段间尿铅超标率的差异。[结果]415名铅作业工人尿铅均数为(0.077±0.099)mg/L,超标人数92人,超标率为22.17%。合金车间、化成车间、制板车间、成品车间的工人尿铅超标率分别为37.50%、16.07%、16.25%、33.07%,其超标率差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.59,P=0.001)。男女工人尿铅超标率分别为24.66%和16.26%,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.537,P=0.060)。年龄段越大,超标率越高,但差异无统计学意义(χ2=10.109,P=0.072)。[结论]某蓄电池厂铅作业工人尿铅超标明显;合金车间、成品车间工人的尿铅超标率较高;男性工人尿铅超标率高于女性;工人尿铅超标率有随年龄段增大而增高的趋势。     

某电池厂镉作业女工尿镉水平调查

目的了解某电池厂镉作业女工的尿镉水平。方法了解生产车间空气中的镉及其化合物的浓度;检测镉作业女工的尿镉含量,并与当地健康人的尿镉水平进行比较。结果①生产车间空气中镉及其化合物浓度的检测结果均符合国家职业卫生接触限值。②尿镉超标女工63人,达28．8％。③各工种尿镉水平均有不同程度的超标。④调查组的尿镉水平明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。⑤工龄〉2年组的尿镉超标率明显高于工龄≤2年组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论该电池厂镉作业女工的尿镉水平显示不同程度的超标,应加强对镉作业工人的职业卫生教育,纠正不良卫生行为。     

某蓄电池厂作业工人血铅、尿铅与指甲铅检测结果分析

目的 通过对某蓄电池厂工作人员血铅、尿铅及指甲铅水平的分析, 探讨三者在职业病诊断中的价值。
方法 留取该企业203名作业工人静脉血标本、尿标本以及指甲标本, 用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定血铅、尿铅以及指甲铅水平, 并对数据进行统计学分析。
结果 该企业铅烟时间加权平均浓度(C_TWA)为(0.31 ±0.37) mg/m3, 铅尘C_TWA为(0.28 ±0.50) mg/m3。员工血铅均值为(280.37 ±164.86)μg/L, 异常率为22.7%;尿铅均值为(0.035 ±0.042) mg/L, 异常率为11.3%;指甲铅均值为(1 407.96 ±2 625.26)μg/g。男性工人血铅、尿铅、指甲铅水平均高于女性工人, 差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01或0.05)。不同工龄组工人血铅、尿铅异常率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血铅、尿铅水平和指甲铅水平均存在相关关系(r=0.544、0.546, P < 0.01)。
结论 该蓄电池厂铅作业工人血铅、尿铅、指甲铅均有异常, 指甲铅和血铅水平有较好的相关性。指甲铅水平可作为职业性慢性铅中毒诊断的一个辅助指标, 值得进一步探讨。
     

蓄电池厂工人血铅水平的相关因素研究

目的探讨铅作业工人体内血铅水平的影响因素。方法选择扬州市某蓄电池厂从事涂膏、打磨、铸造、化成、总装、装配等男性铅作业工人130人,采用统一设计的调查问卷,对其吸烟、饮酒等生活和卫生习惯进行调查记录,测定其血铅含量,并对其工作岗位空气中铅浓度进行现场检测。在此基础上,进行相关因素的单因素分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果检测在正常生产时进行,共设检测点32个,合格点4个,合格率12.5%。铅尘最高超过时间加权平均容许浓度(PC-TWA)174倍(叠片岗位),铅烟最高超标17倍(烧焊岗位);工人的平均血铅水平(238.08±6.71)μg/L,范围64.96～505.80μg/L。单因素分析显示工人是否吸烟、饮酒、每天饮水量、进食饮水前洗手习惯和平时所从事体力劳动的强度、工作时空气中的铅浓度高低均可对血铅水平产生一定影响(P<0.20);进一步对铅接触工人铅中毒的危险因素进行多元线性回归分析表明,随着工作场所铅浓度的升高,血铅值也随之升高,吸烟者的血铅值亦比不吸烟者要高。结论该厂的工作场所空气中铅浓度合格率低,工人血铅水平普遍较高;工作场所空气中铅浓度较高和吸烟是工人血铅水平增高的危险因素。     

Lead exposure and blood lead level of workers in a battery manufacturing plant in Thailand

This study was conducted in a battery manufacturing plant where lead was used in the processes of production, to survey the working conditions and safety behaviors, and to measure the airborne lead level contaminated in the workplace and the blood lead level of workers. The survey of working conditions showed that the workers were directly exposed to lead in sections e.g. grid casting, spreading, forming and polishing, assembly and special battery production sections. Some workers in these sections used a cotton mask to protect dust exposure, but most workers did not use any masks. High airborne lead level more than 0.2 mg/m3 was frequently measured in these sections. Geometric average of blood lead level slightly increased from 17.9 microg/dl to 22.3 microg/dl during 1998 and 2001. However, the geometric average of blood lead level dropped to 17.4 microg/dl in 2002. No workers had blood lead level above 60 microg/dl. Workers with different age groups had no significantly different average blood lead level. Workers whose duration of work was between 20-29 years had average blood lead level of 21.5 microg/dl. This group of workers had slightly higher blood lead level than those whose duration of work was 19 years or less, but with no significant difference. 21 subjects underwent annual health examination and exposure monitoring in 2002. There was no significant relation between airborne lead level and blood lead level.     

Effects of low level exposure to lead on neurophysiological functions among lead battery workers.

OBJECTIVES: Assessment of neurophysiological functions in workers with low level exposure to lead and evaluation of the efficacy of bone lead measurements in the prediction of effects of lead. METHODS: Exposure to lead of 60 workers from a lead battery battery factory was estimated from historical blood lead measurements and analysis of lead in the tibial and calcaneal bones with x ray fluorescence. Peripheral and central nervous system functions were assessed by measuring conduction velocities, sensory distal latencies, sensory amplitudes, and vibration thresholds as well as by quantitative measurement of the absolute and relative powers and mean frequencies of different electroencephalograph (EEG) channels. RESULTS: Sensory amplitudes, and to a smaller degree sensory or motor conduction velocities, showed a negative correlation with long term exposure to lead, most clearly with integrated blood lead concentration and exposure time. Vibration thresholds measured in the arm were related to recent exposure to lead, those measured in the leg to long term exposure. The alpha and beta activities of the EEG were more abundant in subjects with higher long term exposure to lead. Calcaneal lead content reflected short term exposure, tibial lead content reflected long term exposure. Blood lead history showed a closer relation with effects of lead than the tibial or calcaneal lead concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Vibratory thresholds, quantitative EEG, and to a smaller extent the sensory amplitude, provide sensitive measures of effects of lead in occupationally exposed adults. Most accurate estimates of health risks induced by lead can be obtained from a good history of blood lead measurements. If such a history of blood lead concentrations is not available, analysis of bone lead may be used for the assessment of health risks.     

A study of the relationship between ambient lead and blood lead among lead battery workers

 Objective: To examine the relationship between ambient lead levels and blood lead levels and to explore the modifiers of the relationship between ambient lead and blood lead. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two lead battery factories. Blood lead level and ambient lead concentration were measured for each participant concurrently. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect sociodemographic characteristics and occupational history. Design: Biological and personal environmental measurements of 219 lead-exposed workers were analyzed by both simple and multiple linear regression. A regression model was selected for interpretation. Results: A high correlation (r=0.62) between ambient lead (PbA) and blood lead (PbB) was observed. In addition, numerous factors, including age, sex, alcohol consumption, personal hygiene practice and type of lead exposure, were also found to influence blood lead levels. Although PbB was highly correlated with PbA, blood lead level may not be effectively lowered by reducing ambient lead level. Based on the regression coefficients, improvement of hygienic practice was more effective at lowering PbB than reducing ambient lead level. Good hygienic practice may be the preferential way to reduce lead exposure in current conditions. Conclusion: Education of correct work practice may be more important than engineering control in the developing countries to lower blood lead levels in lead battery factories. Received: 28 May 1996/Accepted: 30 August 1996     

铅作业工人尿铅含量调查分析

铅在工业生产中有着广泛用途,但对人体有较强的毒性。铅作业工人在生产环境中长期接触铅烟或铅尘会引起职业性慢性铅中毒,主要作用于人的神经、造血、消化及心血管系统。尿铅含量可直接反映人体接触铅的情况,为做好铅中毒的早期诊断与预防工作,湖北省黄石市疾病预防控制中心对某企业铅作业工人进行尿铅含量测定,结果如下。     

职业铅接触者血铅、发铅、尿铅相关性的研究

本文通过对32名铅蓄电池制造工和36名排字工的血铅、发铅、尿铅的相关性研究,发现血铅/发铅(r=0.604),血铅/尿铅(r=0.548)均呈高度显著性相关(P<0.0005),故认为血铅是铅接触工人较好的健康监护指标。文章还进一步探讨了发铅作为铅接触者活体生物检测材料的应用前景。