煤工尘肺患者院内肺炎菌群分布及耐药性研究

目的探讨煤工尘肺院内肺炎(nosocomial pneumonia, NP)致病菌分布特点及其耐药性.方法对1998至2001年102例煤工尘肺NP患者痰菌培养及药物敏感试验结果进行分析.结果 102例患者分离出致病菌143株,其中革兰阴性杆菌93株,占65.0%;革兰阳性菌34株,占23.8%;真菌16株,占11.2 %;超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌检出率为23.8%,肺炎克雷伯菌为36.4%,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为63.6%.结论革兰阴性杆菌是尘肺NP患者主要致病菌,耐药率高,因此加强耐药菌株监测,依据药物敏感试验结果合理使用抗菌药物十分重要.     

258例医院感染影响因素的调查

目的：了解4616例住院患者的医院感染易感因素，为预防和减少医院感染的发生提供科学依据，从而有针对性地加强医院感染管理。方法：对我院2003年6月1日至6月30日5128(实查4616)例出院患者进行医院感染情况的调查。结果：发生医院感染258人，292例次，感染率为5．59％，例次感染率为6．33％，检出医院感染病原菌170株，其中革兰阴性杆菌74株(43．53％)，革兰阳性球菌32株(18．82％)，真菌64株(37．65％)，292例次医院感染中，下呼吸道感染占首位(50．00％)，感染率最高的科室为ICU(例次感染率66．67％)。结论：医院感染发病率与住院时间、年龄、侵入性诊疗操作、放化疗、抗感染药物的长期应用等因素有关。     

小儿肺炎病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的：调查分析儿科肺炎病原菌的分布及耐药趋势，为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法：对笔者所在医院2010年7月-2011年12月儿科住院患儿痰培养结果进行统计分析。结果：1470份痰标本共分离出375株病原菌，检出率为25．5％，以革兰阴性杆菌常见，共326株，占86．93％，以肺炎克雷伯氏菌、大肠埃希菌多见，药敏以碳青霉烯类最敏感；革兰阳性球菌44株（11．73%，全是金黄色葡萄球菌，未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株；真菌5株（1．33％）。结论：革兰阴性杆菌是小儿肺炎的主要致病菌，耐药性较严重，故重症肺炎的治疗首选加酶的β-内酰胺类抗生素，必要时给予碳青霉烯类控制病情的发展。     

崇州市近6年尿液标本的病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的：了解泌尿系统感染病原菌的分布及其耐药情况，为临床诊断和用药提供实验依据。方法：采用回顾性调查分析1998年3月～2003年9月期间送检培养的尿液标本1205例。结果：从送检的1205例尿液标本中分离出病原菌495株，感染率为41．08％。其中革兰阳性球菌273株（55．15％）；革兰阴性杆菌194株（39．19％）；条件致病菌真菌28株（5．66％）。感染菌群以革兰阳性球菌为主，其中以表皮葡萄球菌居多106株，其构成比为38．83％，革兰阴性杆菌感染中以大肠埃希菌为主。随着年份的递增，感染的病例在逐年增加，革兰阳性球菌的感染超过革兰阴性杆菌而居首位。结论：临床应在药敏实验的指导下，合理应用抗生素，遏制耐药菌的增长。     

ICU人工气道相关下呼吸道感染目标性监测分析

目的 分析ICU人工气道相关下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性,为医院感染及时有效治疗提供依据.方法 采用目标性监测法对2010年6月-2012年5月ICU人工气道患者下呼吸道感染发病率、病原菌分布及耐药性进行分析.结果 423例ICU人工气道患者中发生下呼吸道感染80例,医院感染率为18.91％;共分离出病原菌160株,其中革兰阴性菌112株占70.00％,革兰阳性菌40株占25.00％,真菌8株占5.00％;革兰阴性菌主要为鲍氏不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌,革兰阳性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌;革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物耐药率较高,金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁、利奈唑胺均敏感.结论 通过目标性监测,能及时准确获得ICU人工气道患者下呼吸道感染动态变化信息,制定有效干预措施,降低医院感染发生率.     

我院医院感染菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解我院医院感染细菌的分布及耐药趋势，为指导临床用药提供依据。方法 对本院2000年1月～2002年12月住院患者各类标本中分离出的主要病原菌，采用全自动微生物分析仪VITEK32及配套试剂进行细菌鉴别和药敏实验。结果 由细菌分布结果显示：共分离病原菌1994株，革兰阳性菌652株，以葡萄球菌为主，其中甲氧西林耐药株分别占金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的51．5％和77．7％；革兰阴性菌1325株，主要以铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌多见；30．7％的大肠埃希菌、58．1％的肺炎克雷伯菌和52．1％的阴沟肠杆菌证实产ESBLs；在监测中未发现耐万古霉素的金黄色葡萄球菌，但发现26株耐万古霉素的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌；革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率最低，其次为头孢他啶和喹诺酮类药物。结论 医院感染的耐药问题较严重，定期进行细菌耐药性的监测，有助于临床合理应用抗菌药物。     

肺结核患者下呼吸道病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 了解并探讨肺结核患者并发呼吸道感染的病原菌分布及耐药性.方法 对医院2009年1月-2010年12月住院的肺结核患者送检的合格痰标本做细菌培养和药敏试验,并进行统计分析.结果 共分离出161株病原菌,其中革兰阴性杆菌108株占67.1％,革兰阳性球菌34株占21.1％,真菌19株占11.8％;革兰阴性杆菌中前3位依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌,分别占37.9％、16.1％、8.1％,革兰阳性球菌中前3位依次为金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌,分别占6.8％、4.4％、3.7％;不同病原菌对常用抗菌药物呈现不同程度的耐药.结论 肺结核患者并发呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌多见,最常见为肺炎克雷伯菌,且细菌耐药性较高,应加强病原菌的检测及耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物.     

革兰阴性杆菌在医院感染的检测及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院感染病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性，为加强医院感染的控制及临床治疗提供参考。方法 对2487例医院感染患者标本中的革兰阴性杆菌进行鉴定和药物敏感试验。结果 医院感染病原菌中，革兰阴性杆菌占主要地位，其中大肠埃希菌19％、肺炎克雷伯菌16％、肠杆菌属13％；产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别是37．5％和33．3％；革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率较低，嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌和阴沟肠杆菌对抗菌药物的耐药率相对都比较高。结论 我院医院感染病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主，实验室对病原菌及其耐药性检测，指导临床合理使用抗生素及加强医院感染控制具有重要意义。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌谱文献分析

目的 研究呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)病原谱,早发性VAP与晚发性VAP病原谱差异及其他临床流行病学情况,为治疗提供参考.方法 检索维普中刊数据库中发表的有关VAP临床论文进行统计分析.结果 共检索到文献2743篇,其中共18篇进入统计分析,18篇均可用于病原学统计,共检出病原菌3347株,其中革兰阴性杆菌为2457株占73.4％,革兰阳性球菌555株占16.6％,真菌335株占10.0％;可用于早发性VAP与晚发性VAP病原谱比较的共3篇,统计出铜绿假单胞菌、洋葱假单胞菌以及真菌的构成比稍有差异(P＜0.05),其余病原菌构成比差异无统计学意义;可用于发病率统计的共9篇,统计出发病率为41.6％;可用于病死率统计的共10篇,统计出病死率为25.0％.结论 文献分析显示,VAP病原谱以革兰阴性杆菌为主,早发性VAP与晚发性VAP病原谱差异不大.     

247株下呼吸道感染革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性分析

目的研究医院下呼吸道感染革兰阴性杆菌的病原菌分布及耐药情况,为指导临床合理选用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法采集2012年l一12月眉山市人民医院下呼吸道感染住院患者的痰液或下呼吸道分泌物样本进行细菌培养和药敏试验,采用WHONET5．4版软件进行数据统计分析。结果2012年从下呼吸道感染患者的痰液或下呼吸道分泌物样本中共分离出革兰阴性杆菌247株,检出最多的革兰阴性杆菌分别为肺炎克雷伯菌62株（占25．1％）、铜绿假单胞菌53株（占21．5％）、大肠埃希菌42株（占17．0％）、鲍氏不动杆菌23株（占9．3％）。上述4种主要病原菌对临床常用的14种抗菌素均产生了不同程度的耐药性,除碳青霉烯类抗菌药物对肠杆菌科细菌保持了100．0％的抗菌活性外,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍氏不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物已产生了5．7％-17．4％的耐药率,且出现泛耐药菌株。结论下呼吸道感染革兰阴性杆菌的耐药现状已较严重,应加强对革兰阴性杆菌耐药性监测,临床医生需掌握本地区病原菌分布及耐药情况,并依据细菌培养及药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物,以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

Obesity in the intensive care unit: risks and complications

The steady growing prevalence of critically ill obese patients is posing diagnostic and management challenges across medical and surgical intensive care units. The impact of obesity in the critically ill patients may vary by type of critical illness, obesity severity (obesity distribution) and obesity-associated co-morbidities. Based on pathophysiological changes associated with obesity, predominately in pulmonary reserve and cardiac function, critically ill obese patients may be at higher risk for acute cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal complications in comparison to non-obese patients. Obesity also represents a dilemma in the management of other critical care areas such as invasive mechanical ventilation, mechanical ventilation liberation, hemodynamic monitoring and pharmacokinetics dose adjustments. However, despite higher morbidity associated with obesity in the intensive care unit (ICU), a paradoxical lower ICU mortality (“obesity paradox”) is demonstrated in comparison to non-obese ICU patients. This review article will focus on the unique pathophysiology, challenges in management, and outcomes associated with obesity in the ICU.     

鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染的危险因素及基因分型研究

目的：了解鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染现状及危险因素，并证实医院内危重病人的监护病房（ICU）是否存在由鲍曼不动杆菌同源性菌株引起的感染。方法；对重庆市4所医院内由鲍曼不动杆菌引发的院内感染140例患者的危险因素进行1：1病例对照研究；同时将近期内某院ICU分离的鲍曼不动杆菌进行M13-PCR扩增分型。结果：研究表明与鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染相关的危险因素依次为病情（OR=8.691）、免疫抑制剂（OR=4.85）、机械通气（OR=3.68）、抗生素使用种类（OR=3.014）。基因分型结果显示从ICU分离的11株鲍曼不动杆菌，其中有5株的基因型完全相同。结论：病情、免疫抑制剂、机械通气和抗生素使用种类为鲍曼不动杆菌医院感染危险因素；院内ICU存在多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的感染，应加以控制。     

Secondary carriage with multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae in an adult ICU population: relationship with nosocomial infections and mortality

A one year prospective, observational survey was performed to evaluate the abnormal carriage of multi-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and/ or Acinetobacter baumannii, to determine associated risk factors for carriage, and to correlate the abnormal carriage with infectious morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a University Hospital. Two hundred and ninety-eight patients who stayed in the ICU >48h, and were not neutropenic, were studied. Salivary and rectal samples were obtained on admission and weekly until discharge. Out of 265 evaluable patients, 88 (33%) developed oropharyngeal and/or rectal carriage within a median of nine days. Three factors were significantly associated with abnormal carriage: higher 'severity of illness' score on admission, a threefold increase in ICU stay, and the need for mechanical ventilation. K. pneumoniae or A. baumannii accounted for 57/158 (36%) of all ICU-acquired infections (in 46 patients). They were considered as secondary endogenous infections (SEI) in 42 patients who were previously colonized with the same strains, and developed infection within a median of three days (range 0–68 days). Prolonged stay in ICU was the only factor associated with SEI in the carrier population. Mortality was significantly greater in the carrier group (43 vs 25%, P = 0·0006). Post hoc stratification suggested that abnormal carriage only influenced mortality in patients showing a low severity of illness score on admission to ICU. Abnormal carriage was found in the most severely ill patients, predisposed to secondary nosocomial infections, and could influence mortality in the less severely ill.     

Near‐Target Caloric Intake in Critically Ill Medical‐Surgical Patients Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes

Background: The objective of this study was to determine whether caloric intake independently influences mortality and morbidity of critically ill patients. Methods: The study was conducted as a nested cohort study within a randomized controlled trial in a tertiary care intensive care unit (ICU). The main exposure in the study was average caloric intake/target for the first 7 ICU days. The primary outcomes were ICU and hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included ICU‐acquired infections, ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP), duration of mechanical ventilation days, and ICU and hospital length of stay (LOS). The authors divided patients (n = 523) into 3 tertiles according to the percentage of caloric intake/target: tertile I <33.4%, tertile II 33.4%–64.6%, and tertile III >64.6%. To adjust for potentially confounding variables, the authors assessed the association between caloric intake/target and the different outcomes using multivariate logistic regression for categorical outcomes (tertile I was used as reference) and multiple linear regression for continuous outcomes. Results: Tertile III was associated with higher adjusted hospital mortality, higher risk of ICU‐acquired infections, and a trend toward higher VAP rate. Increasing caloric intake was independently associated with a significant increase in duration of mechanical ventilation, ICU LOS, and hospital LOS. Conclusions: The data demonstrate that near‐target caloric intake is associated with significantly increased hospital mortality, ICU‐acquired infections, mechanical ventilation duration, and ICU and hospital LOS. Further studies are needed to explore whether reducing caloric intake would improve the outcomes in critically ill patients.     

ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素

目的探讨ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎（ventilator-associatedpneumonia,VAP）流行病学特征、相关危险因素及对策。方法对新乡市中心医院2007年1月—2009年12月重症监护室内行机械通气患者198例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果该组VAP的发生率为37.37%,病死率30.12%。共检出病原菌110株,其中G-杆菌占70.12%,G＋球菌占10.31%,真菌占19.57%。非VAP组病死率15%。结论 VAP发病率和病死率高,机械通气时间、高龄、慢性阻塞性肺部疾病、昏迷、使用抑酸剂、留置胃管是VAP的发生的独立危险因素;VAP的主要致病菌为G-杆菌;尽量缩短上机时间和避免医源性危险因素是主要对策。     

重症监护病房机械通气患者下呼吸道感染的病原菌及耐药性研究

目的 了解我院重症监护病房（ICU）机械通气并发下呼吸道感染的病原菌及其耐药性，为临床防治提供依据。方法 对110例ICU机械通气合并下呼吸道感染患者的发病年龄、基础疾病、病原菌构成及耐药率进行分析。结果共检出致病菌110株，其中革兰阴性菌（G^-）占72．7％（80株），革兰阳性菌（G^＋）占18．2％（19株）,真菌占10％（11株），其中铜绿假单胞菌居首位。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）细菌分离率为38．8％，耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌（MRS）占葡萄球菌总数的31．6％。G^-杆菌的药敏结果显示多重耐药。结论 ICU机械通气引发下呼吸道医院感染病原体以G^-菌为主。临床应重视病原体的检查，开展细菌耐药性的监测，合理使用抗菌药物。     

A prospective study of prolonged stay in the intensive care unit: predictors and impact on resource utilization.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictors of prolonged Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay and the impact on resource utilization. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Adult medical/surgical ICU in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: All admissions to the ICU (numbering 947) over a 20-month period were enrolled. Data on demographic and clinical profile, length of stay, and outcome were collected prospectively. The ICU length of stay and mechanical ventilation days were used as surrogate parameters for resource utilization. Potential predictors were analyzed for possible association with prolonged ICU stay (length of stay > 14 days). RESULTS: Patients with prolonged ICU stay formed only 11% of patients, but utilized 45.1% of ICU days and 55.5% of mechanical ventilation days. Non-elective admissions, readmissions, respiratory or trauma-related reasons for admission, and first 24-hour evidence of infection, oliguria, coagulopathy, and the need for mechanical ventilation or vasopressor therapy had significant association with prolonged ICU stay. Mean APACHE II and SAPS II were slightly higher in patients with prolonged stay. ICU outcome was comparable to patients with < or = 14 days ICU stay. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with prolonged ICU stay form a small proportion of ICU patients, yet they consume a significant share of the ICU resources. The outcome of this group of patients is comparable to that of shorter stay patients. The predictors identified in the study can be used in targeting this group to improve resource utilization and efficiency of ICU care.     

Endemic multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the epidemiology of endemic multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonizations and infections in critically ill patients. DESIGN: Prospective study on bacterial strain typing and retrospective cohort study of charts of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). PATIENTS: Fifty-three patients with P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical cultures in 2001 were selected, divided into those with P. aeruginosa in vitro resistant to at least two classes of antibiotics (multidrug-resistant, n = 18) and those susceptible to all or resistant to only one antibiotic (susceptible, n = 35). RESULTS: Risk factors for multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa included maxillary sinusitis, long-dwelling central venous catheters, prolonged use of certain antibiotics, a high lung injury score, and prolonged mechanical ventilation and duration of stay. The frequency of colonization (approximately 50%) versus infection (ie, ventilator-associated pneumonia) did not differ between the groups. On amplified fragment-length polymorphism analysis, 64% of the multidrug-resistant strains had been potentially transmitted via cross-colonization and 36% had probably originated endogenously. ICU mortality was 22% in the multidrug-resistant group and 23% in the susceptible group, although the duration of mechanical ventilation was longer in the former. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with sinusitis who stayed in the ICU longer, were ventilated longer because of acute lung injury, received antibiotics for longer durations, and had long-dwelling central venous catheters ran an elevated risk of acquiring multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. These patients did not have a higher mortality than patients with susceptible P. aeruginosa. Prevention of the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains requires changes in infection control measures and antibiotic policies in our ICU.     

Relationship between nosocomial infection and mortality in a neurology intensive care unit in Turkey

Few previous studies have evaluated the relationship between nosocomial infection and mortality in a neurology intensive care unit (ICU). In this study, patients treated for more than 24h in the neurology ICU of the Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Turkey were followed until death or two days after discharge by prospective daily surveillance. The study period was 14 months. One hundred and sixty-nine ICU-acquired infections occurred in 74 (38.9%) of 190 patients during 2006 patient-days. The overall rate of ICU-acquired nosocomial infection was 88.9/100 patients and 84.2/1000 patient-days. While the overall mortality rate was 60%, mortality in patients with nosocomial infections was 69%. In univariate analysis, infection (nosocomial and community-acquired) (P=0.002), nosocomial infection (P<0.05), mechanical ventilation (P<0.0001), presence of two or more underlying diseases (P=0.01), parenteral nutrition (P<0.0001), steroid treatment (P=0.003) and a low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (P=0.0001) were identified as risk factors for mortality. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed nosocomial infection (P<0.05), mechanical ventilation (P=0.009), the presence of two or more underlying diseases (P<0.05) and a low GCS score (P=0.0001) to be risk factors for ICU mortality. It was concluded that nosocomial infection increases the risk of mortality by a factor of 1.69. The impact of nosocomial infection on mortality in our ICU was higher in patients with high GCS scores and patients aged between 66 and 75 years. In particular, nosocomial infection increased mortality among patients with less severe illnesses.     

Impact of energy deficit calculated by a predictive method on outcome in medical patients requiring prolonged acute mechanical ventilation

To assess energy balance in very sick medical patients requiring prolonged acute mechanical ventilation and its possible impact on outcome, we conducted an observational study of the first 14 d of intensive care unit (ICU) stay in thirty-eight consecutive adult patients intubated at least 7 d. Exclusive enteral nutrition (EN) was started within 24 h of ICU admission and progressively increased, in absence of gastrointestinal intolerance, to the recommended energy of 125.5 kJ/kg per d. Calculated energy balance was defined as energy delivered - resting energy expenditure estimated by a predictive method based on static and dynamic biometric parameters. Mean energy balance was - 5439 (sem 222) kJ per d. EN was interrupted 23 % of the time and situations limiting feeding administration reached 64 % of survey time. ICU mortality was 72 %. Non-survivors had higher mean energy deficit than ICU survivors (P = 0.004). Multivariate analysis identified mean energy deficit as independently associated with ICU death (P = 0.02). Higher ICU mortality was observed with higher energy deficit (P = 0.003 comparing quartiles). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the best deficit threshold for predicting ICU mortality was 5021 kJ per d. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients with mean energy deficit > or =5021 kJ per d had a higher ICU mortality rate than patients with lower mean energy deficit after the 14th ICU day (P = 0.01). The study suggests that large negative energy balance seems to be an independent determinant of ICU mortality in a very sick medical population requiring prolonged acute mechanical ventilation, especially when energy deficit exceeds 5021 kJ per d.