中国的吸烟者和不吸烟者抗氧化营养素摄入状况研究

目的分析中国人群非吸烟者、轻度吸烟者和重度吸烟者的食物及抗氧化营养素的摄入状况。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康调查的数据，选取15岁以上填写完整的吸烟情况并进行膳食调查的人群作为研究对象，共51115人（男性24077人，女性27038人）。结果按照地区、年龄调整后，吸烟者浅色蔬菜、酒精的平均摄入量高于不吸烟者，而深色蔬菜、水果的摄入量低于不吸烟者。男性吸烟者的能量及宏量营养素的平均摄入量均高于不吸烟者和轻度吸烟者，但是女性吸烟者有相反的趋势。按照地区、年龄、体重指数、能量摄入量的调整后，轻度吸烟者（LS）抗氧化维生素的摄入最显著低于不吸烟者（NS），胡萝b素（男性LS=1824．7μg、NS=1964．8μg，女性LS=1565．4μg,NS=2127．4μg）、硫胺素（男性LS=0．84mg、NS=0．85mg，女性LS=0．72mg、NS=0．74mg）、维生素E（a）（男性LS=9．2mg、NS=9．3mg，女性LS=7．4mg、NS=8．1mg）、抗坏血酸（男性LS=91．2mg、NS=94．2mg，女性LS=76．9mg、NS=87．5mg）。结论吸烟者膳食中抗氧化维生素的摄入量明显低于不吸烟者，吸烟者较低的抗氧化营养素的摄入是其慢性病发生和死亡率高的一个因素。     

山西医科大学2011年学生膳食营养状况

目的 了解山西医科大学学生膳食营养状况及其存在的问题,为开展大学生营养宣传教育提供科学依据.方法 整群抽取山西医科大学学生429名,采用24h膳食回顾法连续记录3d膳食,计算每人每日食物摄入情况,与中国居民膳食宝塔的食物摄入推荐量进行比较;计算能量及各种营养素的摄入量,与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量进行比较.结果 在学生所有食物摄入中,谷类摄入量偏高,鱼虾类、禽畜肉类、奶类及奶制品、蔬菜水果摄入量偏低;维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2及维生素C摄入不足;钙摄入不足;铁摄入充足,但多来自于植物性食物.学生早餐摄入的能量较低,女生零食摄入较多.结论 山西医科大学学生的膳食营养状况不理想.应指导大学生进行合理膳食.     

中国东北某贫困县居民膳食调查

目的了解我国东北某贫困县居民营养摄入情况及膳食结构。方法采用分层多阶段整群抽样法,调查某贫困县18岁及以上居民过去1年内各类食物的消费情况。膳食调查借助网络平台采用FFQ法调查各类食物中代表食物的消费量,根据《中国食物成分表》,计算每日营养素摄入量,膳食结构与营养素摄入分别参照《中国居民膳食指南(2016)》和《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(2013版)》进行比较分析。结果该县居民日均谷类、盐摄入量高于指南推荐量,水果类、乳及乳制品、蛋类、水产品摄入量低于指南推荐量。三大产能营养素—脂肪、蛋白质、碳水化合物的供能比分别为:男性(24.16%、12.75%、64.40%);女性(24.70%、13.05%、65.25%)。居民膳食维生素A、烟酸、维生素E摄入量明显高于推荐摄入量(RNI)/适宜摄入量(AI)。膳食维生素B_1、B_2、B_6、叶酸及女性居民维生素C摄入量明显低于推荐摄入量(RNI)。膳食钙、硒及女性膳食钾摄入量均明显低于推荐摄入量(RNI)/适宜摄入量(AI)。膳食磷、钠、镁、铁、铜、锰摄入量及女性锌摄入量和男性钾摄入量明显高于推荐摄入量(RNI)/适宜摄入量(AI)。结论该地区居民膳食结构不合理,建议减少谷类、盐的摄入,适量增加蔬果类、大豆类、乳类、蛋类、水产品的摄入,还需要相关部门有针对性地制定卫生政策指导居民进行科学合理膳食。[营养学报,2021,43(1):16-21]     

珠海市居民家庭经济状况与膳食营养素摄人和膳食结构的研究

目的探讨家庭经济状况对居民膳食营养素摄人及膳食结构的影响。方法采用多阶段分层与人口比例概率抽样方法,以家庭为抽样单位进行人户调查,用称重法收集居民连续3d调味品消费量,用24h膳食回顾法记录连续3d内个人食物摄入量,根据《中国食物成分表2004》计算每标准人日各类营养素的摄入量,运用Access建立数据库,采用SPSS12．0进行统计分析。结果共获得有效问卷1523份,有60．3％的家庭人均年收入低于20000元;随着家庭人均年收入的增加,每标准人日摄人的谷类呈递减趋势,而薯类、豆类、水果、奶类和蛋类的摄人量增加（P〈O．05）,膳食纤维、维生素A、维生素E、钙、钾、铁和硒摄入量递增（P〈0．05）,钠摄入量递减（P〈0．05）,来源于谷类、碳水化合物的能量及来源于谷类的蛋白质比例逐渐减少,脂肪供能比增加。结论家庭经济状况与居民营养素摄入和膳食结构密切相关。     

壮族和京族居民膳食结构及营养状况比较分析

目的分析广西壮族和京族居民的膳食结构及营养状况,比较膳食摄入的差异。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取壮族居民161户(405人)和京族居民93户(208人),以个人食物频率法结合家庭调味品称重获取膳食信息。结果两民族居民食用盐和油脂类摄入远远高于推荐摄入量,豆类、水果类、蛋奶类摄入量明显不足。两民族维生素C、E、B1、B2及钙的摄入量均低于推荐摄入量。壮族和京族的油、盐、酱和味精、豆类、蔬菜、水果、奶类、蛋类、肉类、水产品消费量比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两民族居民平均每日膳食营养素摄入量比较除能量、硫胺素、核黄素、维生素E和钾差异无统计学意义外,其他营养素摄入差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论两民族居民膳食结构及营养素摄入方面存在较大差异,虽然包含了中国膳食指南推荐的主要食物种类,但食物摄入量并不理想,应根据不同民族居民膳食结构及饮食习惯特点改善居民的膳食模式。     

青岛市农村老年人群膳食营养摄入状况调查

目的 了解山东省青岛市农村老年人群的膳食营养状况.方法 采用24h膳食回顾法调查农村500名老年人的食物消费、营养素摄入和膳食构成的情况.结果 男、女老年人平均每人日摄入能量分别为推荐摄入量(RNI)的91.8%和85.2%.蛋白质摄入量达到RNI的91.4%和87.1%,维生素A的摄入量为RNI的64.0%和583%.维生素C的摄入量为RNI的63.9%和56.2%,维生素E的摄入量为适宜摄入量(AI)的60.7%和53.9%;老年人膳食能量的60%以上来自植物性食品,其中谷类食品占56.5%;蛋白质的食物来源中,谷类食品占39.7%,动物性食物占38.7%;男、女老年人膳食中碳水化合物提供的能量分别占总能量的66.2%和69.0%,脂肪占17.5%和15.8%,蛋白质占16.3%和15.2%.结论 老年人膳食中蛋类和水产品的摄入充足;水果、蔬菜、谷类的摄入量较低;摄入的能量基本能够满足机体的需要,蛋白质的食物来源较好;维生素E、C和A等抗氧化维生素摄入不足;三大营养素的供能比中脂肪提供的能量偏低.     

2002年与2007年江苏省居民膳食维生素A摄入比较

目的比较2002年与2007年江苏省居民膳食维生素A摄入状况的变化情况。方法资料来源于2002年和2007年江苏省居民营养与健康状况调查数据,分析采用SAS8.0统计软件。结果2007年江苏省居民每标准人日视黄醇当量摄入量为766.9μg,其中男性为798.3μg,女性为743.1μg;城市为738.8μg,农村为776.0μg。相比2002年有明显的升高,RNI达标人群的比例由16.1%上升为39.0%。其中男性为798.3μg,女性为743.1μg;城市为738.8μg,农村为776.0μg。地区差异依然存在,与居民经济收入成正相关。苏北城市与农村的膳食维生素A摄入量分别低于苏南城市与农村;城市各年龄组女性膳食维生素A摄入量低于同龄组男性。与2002年相比,2007年视黄醇当量摄入的蔬菜水果来源有所增加,动物性食物来源有所下降。结论江苏省居民维生素A视黄醇当量摄入状况有了较大程度的改善,但仍需要加强对低收入人群、城市女性以及苏北地区摄入状况的改善。     

济南市部分城市社区老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况调查

[目的 ]探讨不同年龄阶段老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况 ,以便指导合理营养。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年 ,在济南市市区抽取历下区某城市社区 60～ 78岁的退休人员 2 14名 ,采用 2 4h回顾法调查 1d膳食中各类食物的摄入量 ,并计算出热能和各种营养素的摄入量 ,与中国营养学会推荐的平衡膳食宝塔、推荐营养素摄入量进行比较。 [结果 ]老年人体质指数≥ 2 5者占 5 1 40 % ,男性高于女性 ,60～ 69岁组高于 70岁以上组 ;膳食中蛋类和油脂的摄入量偏高 ,蔬菜、鱼类、豆类偏低 ;三大营养素供热比例各组均以脂肪热较高 ,碳水化合物热偏低 ;钙、维生素B1、B2 摄入不足。 [结论 ]不同年龄的社区老年人均存在膳食结构不合理和营养素摄入不平衡现象 ,需要加强合理营养指导     

2015年中国15省(自治区、直辖市)65岁及以上居民膳食维生素C摄入状况

目的分析中国15省(自治区、直辖市)老年居民膳食维生素C摄入状况及其食物来源。方法以2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"调查资料为基础,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法,选择有完整人口学特征和有完整连续3 d24 h膳食调查数据的65岁及以上居民3107人作为研究对象,分析不同特征老年居民膳食维生素C摄入量及其食物来源,并与中国居民膳食维生素C参考摄入量进行比较,评价维生素C摄入状况。结果 65岁及以上居民平均每天摄入71.8 mg维生素C,中位水平为59.5 mg/d。不同年龄、性别、学历、家庭收入水平和居住地的老年居民维生素C摄入水平分布存在差异,且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001)。约70.1%的老年居民存在膳食维生素C摄入不足风险,而膳食维生素C摄入不足风险较低的老年居民仅占21.6%,且受年龄、学历、家庭收入水平及居住地的影响,且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。浅色蔬菜、深色蔬菜、水果和根茎类是维生素C的主要食物来源,占膳食维生素C总摄入量97.6%,且不同特征老年居民各类食物提供维生素C的比例分布存在差异。结论我国15省(自治区、直辖市)老年居民膳食维生素C摄入不足状况严重,应鼓励其多吃新鲜蔬菜和水果以满足机体需要。     

济南市部分城市社区老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况调查

[目的]探讨不同年龄阶段老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况，以便指导合理营养。[方法]2002年，在济南市市区抽取历下区某城市社区60～78岁的退休人员214名，采用24h回顾法调查1d膳食中各类食物的摄入量，并计算出热能和各种营养素的摄入量，与中国营养学会推荐的平衡膳食宝塔、推荐营养素摄入量进行比较。[结果]老年人体质指数≥25者占51．40％，男性高于女性，60～69岁组高于70岁以上组；膳食中蛋类和油脂的摄入量偏高，蔬菜、鱼类、豆类偏低；三大营养素供热比例各组均以脂肪热较高，碳水化合物热偏低；钙、维生素B1、B2摄入不足。[结论]不同年龄的社区老年人均存在膳食结构不合理和营养素摄入不平衡现象，需要加强合理营养指导。     

The impact of dietary counselling during pregnancy on vitamin intake and status of women and their children

We aimed here to assess the impact of dietary counselling during pregnancy on dietary intake of vitamins and the vitamin status of women and their children. At the first trimester of pregnancy, 89 women from allergic families were randomized to a control group (n = 45) or to receive individual dietary counselling (n = 44). Women's vitamin intakes and serum concentrations were analyzed during and after pregnancy. Further, vitamin concentrations were measured from breast milk and infant serum at one month of age. The study is registered as clinical study (NCT00167000; section 3, http://www.clinicaltrials.gov). Dietary counselling resulted in a higher intake of beta-carotene and vitamin E compared to controls. Further, in women lower serum beta-carotene and higher colostrum vitamin A concentrations were found in the intervention group compared to controls. Dietary counselling during pregnancy improves women's vitamin intakes but does not provide unambiguous effects on vitamin status of women or children.     

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements Have a Nutritionally Significant Impact on Micronutrient Intakes of Older Adults Attending Senior Centers

Older adults frequently report use of vitamin and mineral (VM) supplements, although the impact of supplements on dietary adequacy remains largely unknown. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate micronutrient intakes of older adults with emphasis on identifying nutrients most improved by VM supplements, nutrients most likely to remain inadequate, and nutrients most likely consumed in excess. Community-based volunteers were recruited from senior centers and completed a questionnaire querying demographic data, current health status, and VM supplement use. Participants (n = 263) were then contacted by telephone to complete two 24-hour diet recalls and confirm VM supplement use. Dietary adequacy was determined by comparing the ratio of mean dietary intake to the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). Dietary consumption was lowest for vitamins D and E, calcium, and magnesium. VM supplementation most improved intakes of vitamins E, D, B₆, folic acid, and calcium. Participants were most likely to exceed the Tolerable Upper Limit with supplementation of niacin, folic acid, and vitamin A.     

Blood cells as functional markers of antioxidant vitamin status

Antioxidants have shown beneficial effects in several biological systems, in which they were able to prevent oxidative stress-associated damage. Vitamins C and E are key antioxidants in man. Dietary intake cannot accurately reflect plasma vitamin levels. However, the plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins could also reflect the acute assimilation of these vitamins. It has been pointed out that antioxidant vitamin blood contents reach a saturation level by intake of dietary supplements. Antioxidant vitamin plasma levels are the parameter most used to determine antioxidant status. However, the vitamin plasma levels may not reflect the nutritional status of vitamins. It has been pointed out that the vitamin E in adipose tissue can be used as a measure of vitamin E status. To determinate antioxidant vitamin contents in lymphocytes and neutrophils after exercise is a useful tool to assess the functional status of antioxidant vitamins.     

Comparisons of food intake between breast cancer patients and controls in Korean women

The purpose of this study was to compare food intakes between Korean breast cancer patients and a healthy control group. We compared the intake of nutrients of 117 food items between Korean breast cancer patients (n=97) and age matched healthy controls (n=97). Nutrient intake was estimated using a quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The mean caloric intake of breast cancer patients and healthy controls was not significantly different. Breast cancer patients consumed significantly less fat and antioxidant nutrients such as vitamin A, retinol, β-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E when compared to the control subjects. Among the food items, the intake of eggs (p<0.01), legumes (p<0.05), vegetables (p<0.05), seasonings (p<0.001), and oils and fats (p<0.01) in breast cancer patients was significantly lower than that in the controls. These results suggest that Korean breast cancer patients consumed less amount of soy and vegetables, which are rich source of antioxidant nutrients and phytosterols. Thus, dietary guidance to increase intake of these foods may be beneficial in the prevention of breast cancer.     

A Healthy Diet Rich in Calcium and Vitamin C Is Inversely Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk in Korean Adults from the KNHANES 2013–2017

The association between metabolic syndrome and eating patterns remains unclear. We hypothesized that Korean Healthy Eating Index (KHEI) scores were related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk in adults in a gender-dependent manner. We aimed to examine the hypothesis using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey-VI (2013–2017) data with a complex sample survey design. Adjusted means and 95% confidence intervals of KHEI scores and nutrient intake estimated by the 24-h recall were calculated according to MetS status after adjusting for age, residence area, region, education, obesity, income, drinking status, smoking status, marriage, and exercise. Adjusted odds ratios for MetS were measured according to KHEI quartiles using logistic regression analysis while controlling for covariates. MetS incidence was significantly higher in females than in males. Those who were older, less educated, earning less income, more obese, living in rural areas, drinking severely, non-exercising, and married had higher MetS incidence than those with the opposite state. Total KHEI scores of all components KHEI scores were lower for those with MetS (MetS group) than those without MetS (Non-MetS group) in both genders. For KHEI components, having breakfast and milk and fat intake had lower scores for the MetS group than for the Non-MetS group in women, whereas fruits and milk and milk product intake had lower scores for the MetS group in men. Nutrient intake influenced the MetS risk in females more than in males. Fat, calcium, and vitamin C intakes from 24-h recall were lower in the MetS group than in the Non-MetS group in women. KHEI scores had an inverse association with MetS risk by 0.98-fold in both genders after adjusting for covariates. In conclusion, a healthy diet that includes adequate calcium and vitamin C is associated with a lower the risk of MetS in both men and women.     

Intakes of vegetables and related nutrients such as vitamin B complex, potassium, and calcium, are negatively correlated with risk of stroke in Korea

Consumption of vegetables and fruits is associated with a reduced risk of stroke, but it is unclear whether their protective effects are due to antioxidant vitamins or folate and metabolically related B vitamins. The purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that intake of fruits and vegetables, which are major sources of antioxidant and vitamin B complex vitamins, reduces the risk of stroke. Cases consisted of patients diagnosed with first event of stroke (n = 69). Controls (n = 69) were age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched to cases. Multivariable-adjusted regression analysis showed that subjects who ate four to six servings of vegetable per day had a 32% reduction in the risk of stroke, and those with more than six servings per day had a reduction of 69% after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and family history of stroke. Intakes of total fat, plant fat, calcium, potassium, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin B₆, niacin, and folate were significantly and negatively associated with the risk of stroke. Although the trend was not significant, stroke risk was reduced in the second quartile (1.21-2.66 servings per week) of fish intake. However, intake of fruits (average daily intake of 1.0 serving) and antioxidant vitamins such as carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E was not associated with the risk of stroke. In conclusion, our observational study suggests that intake of fat and vegetables, rich sources of vitamin B complex, calcium, and potassium may protect against stroke.     

Lower antioxidant vitamins (A, C and E) and trace minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe And Se) status in patients with cerebrovascular disease

The management of antioxidant micronutrient status in patients with chronic diseases may be an important step in controlling disease progression and preventing deterioration in patient quality of life. The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant micronutrient status and lipid profiles of cerebrovascular disease (CbVD) patients and to compare this information with an evaluation of normal healthy subjects. A total of 57 male subjects (26 patients with CbVD and 31 healthy subjects) and 65 female subjects (32 patients with CbVD and 33 healthy subjects) were included in this cross-sectional study. Plasma lipid profiles, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), fasting plasma concentration of antioxidant vitamins (A, C, E) and trace minerals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe and Se) were measured. Compared to healthy subjects, male but not female CbVD patients showed a lower energy intake (p < 0.01) which was largely due to a lower intake of dietary carbohydrate. They also consumed a diet containing a higher level of vitamins A and C. Plasma vitamin C (p < 0.01, in women) and vitamin E (p < 0.05, both in men and women) concentrations were prominently lower in the patients compared to healthy subjects. Plasma levels of the two antioxidant minerals Zn and Se were found to be markedly lower in the patients with CbVD, both in men and women (p < 0.05). Despite consuming less energy and food with a higher vitamin A and C level than healthy subjects, antioxidant micronutrient status, lipid peroxidation levels and the atherogenic index of male CbVD patients suggested that their antioxidant micronutrient intake was in some respects nutritionally inadequate. A similar conclusion could be made regarding the nutritional inadequacy of female CbVD patient diets. Expert dietary advice and intervention should be given to CbVD patients in order to optimize micronutrient intake and status.     

Intake of Vitamin E and C in Women of Reproductive Age: Results from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS)

Vitamin E was identified as a lipophilic compound essential to maintain rat pregnancy. Low vitamin E intake during early pregnancy associates with congenital malformations and embryonic loss in animals and with miscarriage and intrauterine growth restriction in humans. Vitamin E protects cell membranes from lipoperoxidation and exerts non-antioxidant activities. Its function can be restored by vitamin C; thus, intake and circulating levels of both micronutrients are frequently analyzed together. Although substantial vitamin E inadequacy was reported worldwide, its consumption in Latin America (LatAm) is mostly unknown. Using data from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (Estudio Latinoamericano de Nutrición y Salud, ELANS), we evaluated vitamin E and C intake in women of reproductive age (WRA) from eight LatAm countries and identified their main food sources. Two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls in 3704 women aged from 15 to 49 years and living in urban locations showed low average intake of vitamin E (7.9 mg/day vs. estimated average requirement (EAR) of 12 mg/day) and adequate overall vitamin C consumption (95.5 mg/day vs. EAR of 60 mg/day). The mean regional inadequacy was 89.6% for vitamin E and 36.3% for vitamin C. The primary food sources of vitamin E were fats and oils, as well as vegetables. Vitamin C intake was explained mainly by the consumption of fruit juices, fruits, and vegetables. Combined deficient intake of both vitamins was observed in 33.7% of LatAm women. Although the implications of low antioxidant vitamins’ consumption in WRA are still unclear, the combined deficient intake of both vitamins observed in one-third of ELANS participants underscores the need for further research on this topic.     

Dietary sources of vitamin A, C, E and beta-carotene in a adult Mediterranean population

OBJECTIVE: Estimation of vitamin A, C, E and beta-carotene food sources, as well as its nutritional intake and density in adult Catalonian population. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted over 2,346 individuals obtained from the sample of Catalonian Survey of Nutritional Status aged 18 to 75 years old to estimate usual dietary intake of vitamins A, C, E and beta-carotene using two 24 hour dietary recalls administered in two periods (june-july and november-december of 1992). Replicated 24 hour Recalls allowed for estimation of usual intake. Calculation of food sources for vitamins encompassed three phases: foods transformation into nutrients, aggregation of foods in categories and sum of nutrients by food categories. RESULTS: Intake of vitamin A (equivalents of retinol of provitamin A and vitamin A), E, C were closely near or higher than RDA. Nutritional density of vitamin C, E and beta-carotene were higher in female group. Nutritional density was positively associated to age for vitamins C, E and beta-carotene. Addition fat was the first source of vitamin E and it reached 33.8% of total vitamin E intake. Vegetables contributed in 17.3 % to the total vitamin C, whereas fruits accounted for 57.9%. Fruits recached 40.6% of the total beta-carotene intake, whereas vegetables accounted for 34.8%. The major contributors of vitamin A were milk and dairy products. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional intake of vitamin A, C and E are over the RDA parameters suggesting an healthy nutritional status that must be confirmed and ratify by biochemical assessment. Nutritional densities were higher in female gender than in males in vitamins C, E, and beta-carotene possibly due to a higher intake of total lipids in male gender than in females. Nutritional density was positively associated to age in the same group of vitamins, suggesting a higher intake of empty calories in younger group. Fruits and Vegetables accounted for more than 70% of vitamin C and beta-carotene and major contributors were citrics, carrots, tomatoes, spinach, and cauliflower, highlighting their importance in elaboration of dietary guide lines.     

Nitrate Intake Relative to Antioxidant Vitamin Intake Affects Gastric Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Korea

The objective of this study was to determine whether the intake of nitrate relative to antioxidant vitamin rather than absolute intake of nitrate affects the risk of gastric cancer (GC). In a case-control study in Korea using a food frequency questionnaire, trained dietitians interviewed 136 GC cases and an equal number of controls matched by sex and age. As an index of nitrate intake relative to antioxidant vitamins intake, we calculated the nitrate:antioxidant vitamin consumption ratio. The mean daily nitrate intake from foods was very high in our subjects. Higher absolute intake of nitrate was not associated with GC risk [odds ratios (OR) = 1.13; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.42–3.06]. However, the GC risk distinctly increased as the nitrate:antioxidant vitamin consumption ratio increased, particularly with higher nitrate:vitamin E (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.01–7.67) and nitrate:folate ratios (OR = 3.37; 95% CI = 1.28–8.87). Therefore, GC risk was influenced by the intake of nitrate relative to antioxidant vitamins. Our results suggest that a decrease in the intake of nitrate relative to antioxidant vitamins is considerably more effective in reducing GC risk than either a lower absolute intake of nitrate or a higher intake of antioxidant vitamins alone.