广东省公立医院效率分析与比较

目的对广东省公立医院效率进行分析,并比较不同地区不同级别医院之间的差异。方法采用整群抽样方法,分别抽取各城市医院进行问卷调查;运用数据包络分析（DEA）分析效率。结果广东省公立医院总体效率有效22个,占被调查医院的11.96%,平均总体效率值是0.727,表明广东省公立医院总体效率较差,不同地区医院存在差异。结论广东省公立医院存在着资源浪费的情况,珠三角地区医院效率好于非珠三角地区。需改进管理水平,提高现有资源的利用效率,并对不同经济地区的医院采取不同的扶持力度。     

湖南省公立医院效率及影响因素研究——基于DEA-Tobit模型

以湖南省公立医院为研究对象,运用DEA-BCC模型分析样本医院的综合效率、纯技术效率与规模效率,运用Tobit回归模型分析影响公立医院效率的主要因素。结果表明:湖南省公立医院规模效率优于技术效率,但总体综合效率有效的医院数量占比较低;二级医院的综合效率高于三级医院;综合医院效率高于中医医院;卫技人员占比、总收入与医院级别对公立医院综合效率影响显著,不同级别医院的影响因素差异较大。基于此,提出改进公立医院效率的建议:严控三级医院规模,做强二级医院,实现中西医均衡发展。     

广东省公立医院医务人员对医院发展与医疗职业的认可度分析

目的明晰广东省公立医院医务人员对医院发展与医疗职业的认可度情况,并探究深层次原因。方法以现场问卷调查的方式对广东省5个地级市19家公立医院的642名医务人员进行调查,对相关资料进行统计学分析。结果69.4%的医务人员表示其所在医院可能实现可持续发展,平均40%的医务人员认为政府、社会和群众不支持医院发展,30.4%的医务人员对医疗职业感到不自豪,57.0%的医务人员认为其现在收入远低于理想收入。结论广东省医务人员对公立医院发展有一定的认可度,且不同等级医院之间存在差异。     

广东省公立医院医疗服务利用分析

目的通过分析2003—2005年广东省公立医院的医疗资源利用情况,为公立医院今后的资源配置和发展方向提供依据。方法通过整群抽样选取广东省21个地级市254家公立医院采用统一设计的调查表进行函调,按经济发展程度划分成珠三角地区和非珠三角地区,按医院行政隶属分设区的市、区与县和县级市分析有关指标。结果广东省各地各级公立医院提供的医疗服务量总体呈逐年增长趋势,在珠三角和非珠三角地区设区的市、区和县及县级市、不同级别医院之间年门急诊量、年出院人次数、年大中手术量、病床使用率、平均每医生承担服务量等指标有显著差异。结论广东省公立医院提供医疗服务量总体呈增长趋势.区域差别显著;不同地区服务效率差异悬殊,资源配置不合理。     

广东省公立医院医务人员对医院发展与医疗职业的认可度分析术

目的明晰广东省公立医院医务人员对医院发展与医疗职业的认可度情况,并探究深层次原因。方法以现场问卷调查的方式对广东省5个地级市19家公立医院的642名医务人员进行调查,对相关资料进行统计学分析。结果69.4%的医务人员表示其所在医院可能实现可持续发展,平均40%的医务人员认为政府、社会和群众不支持医院发展,30.4%的医务人员对医疗职业感到不自豪,57.0%的医务人员认为其现在收入远低于理想收入。结论广东省医务人员对公立医院发展有一定的认可度,且不同等级医院之间存在差异。     

药品零差价实施对某市市属公立医院经济运营影响分析

[目的]探讨药品零差价政策对某市市属6家公立医院经济运营产生的影响。[方法]采用Excel 2007和SPSS 13. 0软件,运用前-后对比研究法和对象评定法对某市6家公立医院的经济运行状况进行分析。[结果]药品零差价政策对医院业务收入影响不大,对医院业务收入结构、收支结余结构影响重大,6家医院收支结余率均下降,补偿渠道发生变化。[结论]城市公立医院药品零差价政策调整医院业务收入结构、减轻住院患者就医负担的目的已初见成效,而对减轻门诊患者就医负担和医院政策性亏损补偿考虑不足。从医院目前经济运营效率看,亟待政府出台相关补偿政策,弥补公立医院政策性亏损。     

基于数据包络分析的广东省中医医院医疗资源配置效率分析

目的分析广东省中医医院医疗资源配置效率,比较不同地区不同级别中医医院之间的差异。方法采用数据包络分析法对广东省不同地区不同级别中医医院进行分析。结果广东省中医医院总体效率有效11个,仅占总体的10.58%,平均综合效率值为0.47,综合效率低下,不同地区不同级别中医医院发展存在差异。结论广东省中医医院存在资源浪费现象,珠三角地区三级中医医院规模偏大,两地区二级中医医院总体效率低下,一级中医医院总体效率较好。需调整区域卫生规划,更新管理观念,提高医疗技术,对不同地区不同级别中医医院采取不同的调整措施。     

基于DEA-Malmquist指数的广东省公立医院和民营医院运营效率研究

目的 测算和比较广东省公立医院和民营医院的运营效率,为广东省公立医院和民营医院的总体规划和绩效提升提供政策参考。方法〓运用数据包络分析的Malmquist指数对2013-2017年广东省2种性质、4种类型医院的运营效率进行分析。结果〓从2013到2017年,广东省民营医院数量增长56.9%;广东省公立医院和民营医院技术进步指标波动幅度较大;民营医院全要素生产率波动幅度较大且平均规模效率为0.996;公立专科和民营专科平均全要素生产率分别为0.993和0.962。结论〓广东省民营医院发展迅速;技术进步是影响广东省公立医院和民营医院运营效率的主要因素;民营医院运营效率不稳定且不存在规模经济;专科医院运营效率较低。     

某县级医院业务量及收入的动态分析

目的 了解医院业务量及业务收入的动态发展趋势,为医院的管理和决策提供科学依据. 方法 利用统计的动态分析法对医院2005-2008年的业务收入发展速度、增长量及平均发展速度和平均增长速度进行统计分析. 结果 医院在新医保政策的影响下,2008年比2005年门诊业务收入增长了24.39%,平均增长7.5%,住院业务收入增长了59.63%,平均增长16.9%. 结论 新医保政策的实施使医院业务收入大幅增长,其中门诊人次与住院人次的增长对医院各方面的管理提出了更高要求.     

基于灰色关联度方法的内蒙古直属公立医院经济运行分析

目的:研究内蒙古自治区直属公立医院经济运行情况,分析存在问题并提出解决对策。方法:利用内蒙古自治区10家直属公立医院卫生财务年报数据,采用灰色关联度方法对其经济运行情况进行分析。结果:内蒙古自治区直属公立医院经济运行状况明显改善,但收支结构不合理,营利能力不强;债务负担较重、财务风险较大;资产运营能力较弱,医院发展后劲不足。结论:调整医疗服务价格,提高运行效率;控制负债规模,减少规模扩张;提高资产运营能力,保持医院良性发展。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.