国外全科医生队伍发展经验对我国的启示

在国外，全科医生发挥着医疗保健“守门人”职责，他们在合理利用卫生资源、控制医疗费用、保证卫生服务的公平性和可及性等方面为世界各发展中国家做出了很好的示范。     

关于大力发展社区卫生服务的举措

社区卫生服务是我国城市社区建设的重要组成部分，更是卫生改革的重要内容。只有大力发展社区卫生服务，才能实施城市卫生资源的战略性调整，逐步形成功能合理、方便群众的卫生服务体系；才能充分发挥全科医生在提供基本医疗服务中的“守门人”作用以及非基本医疗需求方面的“引路人”作用，合理分流病人，做到“大病到医院，小病在社区”，使广大人民群众花较少的费用获得较好的医疗卫生服务。     

英国卫生服务"守门人"模式的启示--中国卫生服务实行"守门人"模式的构想

2002年中国正式提出了全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标，其中不可缺少的一个方面就是要建立完善的卫生服务保障体系。然而，对于我们这样一个经济并不十分发达的人口大国来说，这将是一项十分复杂而艰巨的任务。英国国家卫生系统(NHS)被认为是卫生系统设计中的一个经久不衰的模式，其中一个重要的方面是全科医生(GP）的“守门人”作     

我国全科医生培养制度存在的问题和对策研究

近年来,随着我国改革的深入,全科医生数量已严重不足,并且对人才的培养和使用也仍处于初始阶段。“新医改”对改变全科医生分配不合理的现状也相应的提出了扩大培养和改善医疗资源的要求,缓解不堪重负的医疗费用便成为了加快改革的关键。因此,推进卫生体制改革,建立全科医生制度,扭转“看病难、看病贵”的情况,形成全科医生的初级卫生保健团队,对加速改革医疗保险步伐、提高基层医疗保健服务水平具有重要意义。     

澳大利亚卫生服务经验的启示

该文通过对澳大利亚卫生服务系统的分析，提出对中国卫生改革有意义的几点启示。（1）服务提供以目标为导向；（2）明确各级政府职能，实行全行业管理；（3）政府与市场可以共同干预医疗卫生服务市场；（4）兼顾资金配置的公平与效率；（5）建立医疗服务守门人制度；（6）构建医疗机构伙伴关系与网络组织；（7）实施连续性质量改进；（8）进行连续性保健。     

英国国家卫生服务制度的起源及几次重大改革

1　ＮＨＳ制度建立的背景“二战”结束前 ,英国的一些政客就已开始考虑如何建立战后新秩序的问题。作为设想之一 ,1944年他们提出了建立国家卫生服务制度的口号和建议 ,核心思想是 :(1)应对每个人提供广泛的医疗服务 ;(2 )卫生服务经费应该全部或大部分从国家税收中支出 ;(3)卫生服务体系应由初级服务、社区服务和专科服务三个部分组成。其中初级卫生服务由全科医生提供 ,社区服务由当地政府组织提供 ,专科服务由国立医院提供。 1948年 ,英国政府正式颁布“国家卫生服务法” ,宣布建立国家卫生服务制度 (ＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＨｅａｌｔｈＳｅｒ…     

英国整合型保健发展经验及启示

通过现场观察与深度访谈的定性研究方法,总结了英格兰NHS整合型保健的做法和经验,并针对我国卫生服务体系存在的碎片化问题,提出了相关的政策建议:大力发展初级卫生保健和社区卫生服务,加强以全科医生为核心的多学科服务团队建设,建立全科医生"守门人"制度,建立相关政府部门间的沟通协作机制,在社区层面横向整合多方社会服务资源等。     

全科，家庭医生吸引力从何而来？

为什么全科医生缺乏双重吸引力？ 对于医生而言，选择做全科医生没有吸引力；对病人来说选择看全科医生也缺少足够的动力。难不成全科医生真成了“鸡肋”？到底什么原因使全科医生陷入尴尬境地？中欧国际工商学院卫生管理与政策中心主任蔡江南教授抽丝剥茧提出第一个问题。     

东营市建立全科医生制度探讨

建立全科医生制度是深化医药卫生体制改革、提高基层卫生服务水平、转变医疗卫生服务模式、满足人民群众健康需求的一项重要措施。东营市通过加强领导、强化措施、创新机制、科学管理等措施,在全科医生人才培养、使用、激励和执业方式、服务模式转变等方面进行了一些探索,取得了一些成绩,实现了建立全科医生制度工作的稳步推进,较好发挥了全科医生城乡居民"健康守门人"的作用。另外,全科医生培养层次有待提高、分级医疗与双向转诊落实尚有难度、全科医生培训尚待规范化等问题也普遍存在。     

基本卫生服务提供体系及管理体制的国际经验研究

各国卫生体系的经验总结为:全科医生为守门人的、分层的医疗服务体系;重视社区初级卫生保健服务和老龄服务;关注农村居民的卫生保健计划;分权、民主的卫生服务管理体制;公立医院免费提供服务等。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.