营养素补充对健康人群机体营养状况及抗氧化能力影响的研究

目的采用3日24h食物回顾法调查研究人群营养素摄入情况,观察补充复合营养素对研究对象抗氧化能力的影响。方法选择广州市20～50岁的健康人群151名,随机双盲分为对照组和干预组,采用24h膳食回忆法进行3日膳食调查,干预组服用复合营养素片(成分包括VA、VC、VE、胡萝卜素、钙、镁、锌、铁、铜等各种维生素与矿物质),对照组服用颜色、形状、大小与复合营养素片完全相同的糊精片,每天随餐服用2次,为期8周。补充前后收集血样,分析血浆各种抗氧化营养素水平及机体抗氧化能力。结果膳食调查结果显示,研究对象存在营养素摄入不足;干预组血浆中的VC、α-生育酚(α-tocopherol)、β-胡萝卜素(β-carotene)、锌(Zn)、铁(Fe)、硒(Se)的浓度与对照组相比分别提高46%、28%、116%、7%、30%和28%(P<0.05),而血浆γ-生育酚(γ-tocopherol)含量干预后较干预前低25%(P<0.05);干预组血浆谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)活性较干预前及对照组增高(P<0.05),血浆过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及血浆8-异前列腺素(8-isoprostanes)含量未见明显改变。结论补充复合营养素能有效改善血浆抗氧化营养素水平,提高血浆GPX、CAT、T-AOC活性,增强机体抗氧化能力。     

微量营养素补充对儿童机体抗氧化及DNA氧化损伤影响的研究

目的通过营养调查了解农村儿童抗氧化营养素的摄入情况和观察补充五种营养素对儿童机体抗氧化能力及淋巴细胞DNA氧化损伤的影响。方法选择某农村9～11岁健康儿童82名,随机分为补充营养素组(补充组)和对照组,每组41名,采用24h膳食回忆法进行膳食调查。补充组儿童每日补充抗氧化营养素片[含维生素A(VA)600μg、维生素E(VE)100mg、维生素C(VC)300mg、β胡萝卜素(βC)1mg和亚硒酸钠(Se)200μg],而对照组则服用相同颜色和包装的安慰剂,试验期为8周。分别于补充前和补充结束时采集血样,分析两组血浆VA、VE、VC、βC、Se、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSHPx)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)水平以及淋巴细胞DNA自发性损伤和H2O2(5、10、25μmol/LH2O2)诱导的氧化损伤。结果膳食调查结果表明,农村儿童VA、VC和硒摄入量偏低,分别为推荐营养素摄入量(RNI)的50.6%、65.6%和67.3%。营养素补充8周后,补充组儿童血浆中βC、VA、VE、VC和Se的水平与对照组相比分别提高了13.4%、32.8%、11.5%、46.9%和24.6%(P<0.01)。GSHPx酶的活性达到161.7酶活力单位/ml,明显高于补充前(100.4酶活力单位/ml)和对照组(110.2酶活力单位/ml)(P<0.01),而血浆中MDA的水平由补充前7.2nmol/ml下降到干预后的4.6nmol/ml(P<0.01)。补充组血浆中SOD水     

儿童血清抗氧化维生素水平及其干预研究

目的　了解不同营养状态儿童维生素摄入情况、血清抗氧化维生素水平及其干预效果。方法　对北京市 2 94名 7～ 1 1岁儿童 (其中肥胖 1 57名、超重 68名、体重正常 69名 )进行了 3d记录法调查膳食维生素摄入情况、血清维生素 (α -生育酚、β -胡萝卜素及维生素A、维生素C)水平 ,并进行 6个月的维生素E、C合剂 (每日维生素E 1 0mg ,维生素C 80mg)干预。结果　随肥胖度增加 ,血清维生素A上升、α -生育酚下降 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5) ;β -胡萝卜素下降 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5)。肥胖儿童维生素E摄入低于体重正常儿童 ,但差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5)。服用维生素E、C合剂 6个月 ,血清α -生育酚、维生素C水平升高。结论　肥胖儿童血清抗氧化维生素水平低于体重正常儿童 ,服用日常供给量维生素E、C ,可以提高血清α-生育酚和维生素C水平     

病毒性心肌炎患儿抗氧化能力与营养素含量测定

目的 :探讨病毒性心肌炎患儿抗氧化能力的水平及微量元素之间的关系 ,抗氧化营养素的抗氧自由基损伤作用。方法 :测定抗氧化营养素 ( Vit C;Vit E;β胡萝卜素 ) ,微量元素 Zn,Se及抗氧化营养素治疗前后超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD) ,脂质过氧化物 ( LPO)的水平。结果 :病毒性心肌炎患儿体内的氧自由基反应和脂质过氧化反应呈病理性变化 ,与正常对照组比较 β胡萝卜素 Vit E水平下降 ,血 Se水平下降。与治疗前比较 ,治疗后的 SOD平均活性显著升高 ( P<0 .0 1 ) ,LPO含量显著降低 ( P<0 .0 1 )。结论 :抗氧化营养素具有显著减缓病毒性心肌炎患儿体内的氧自由基反应和脂质过氧化反应的抗氧自由基损伤作用 ,为临床补充抗氧化营养素治疗病毒性心肌炎提供科学依据和理论基础。     

复合营养素补充剂对中老年人营养状况及健康影响的研究

为研究复合营养素补充剂对老年人健康的影响 ,将 2 10名农村老年人分为对照组和试验组 ,试验组连续补充 5个月复合营养素补充剂 ,对照组食用安慰剂 ,补充前后分别测量身高、体重、生化、免疫等指标。用t检验和卡方检验 ,统计两组各项指标的差异。结果显示 ,补充复合营养素补充剂后 ,试验组血红蛋白水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,贫血患病率明显降低 ,血清维生素A水平、负荷尿维生素B2 、维生素C排出量均明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。提示复合营养素补充剂对改善中老年人贫血状况及改善维生素A、维生素B2 和维生素C营养状况有明显促进作用     

中国的吸烟者和不吸烟者抗氧化营养素摄入状况研究

目的分析中国人群非吸烟者、轻度吸烟者和重度吸烟者的食物及抗氧化营养素的摄入状况。方法利用2002年中国居民营养与健康调查的数据，选取15岁以上填写完整的吸烟情况并进行膳食调查的人群作为研究对象，共51115人（男性24077人，女性27038人）。结果按照地区、年龄调整后，吸烟者浅色蔬菜、酒精的平均摄入量高于不吸烟者，而深色蔬菜、水果的摄入量低于不吸烟者。男性吸烟者的能量及宏量营养素的平均摄入量均高于不吸烟者和轻度吸烟者，但是女性吸烟者有相反的趋势。按照地区、年龄、体重指数、能量摄入量的调整后，轻度吸烟者（LS）抗氧化维生素的摄入最显著低于不吸烟者（NS），胡萝b素（男性LS=1824．7μg、NS=1964．8μg，女性LS=1565．4μg,NS=2127．4μg）、硫胺素（男性LS=0．84mg、NS=0．85mg，女性LS=0．72mg、NS=0．74mg）、维生素E（a）（男性LS=9．2mg、NS=9．3mg，女性LS=7．4mg、NS=8．1mg）、抗坏血酸（男性LS=91．2mg、NS=94．2mg，女性LS=76．9mg、NS=87．5mg）。结论吸烟者膳食中抗氧化维生素的摄入量明显低于不吸烟者，吸烟者较低的抗氧化营养素的摄入是其慢性病发生和死亡率高的一个因素。     

香烟或烟嘴内植物色素对吸烟大小鼠的抗氧化损伤作用

目的　研究植物色素 (PP)分别加入香烟和烟嘴内对吸烟大、小鼠的抗氧化损伤作用。方法　抗氧化试验方法。雌性小鼠 4 0只 ,雄性大鼠 32只 ,分别随机分为 4组。 2个对照组 (阴性组和吸烟对照组 ) ,2个实验组 (烟内组和烟嘴组 )。观察PP对吸烟大小鼠血浆超氧化物歧化酶 (P SOD)、红细胞SOD(E SOD)和肝细胞丙二醛 (L MDA)的影响。数据经方差分析。结果　 2个试验组小鼠P SOD升高 ,烟嘴组E SOD也升高 ,上述升高与吸烟对照组比较差异非常显著(P <0 .0 1) ,与阴性组比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;2个试验组小鼠L MDA降低 ,烟内组与吸烟对照组比较差异非常显著(P <0 .0 1) ,与阴性组比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。 2个试验组大鼠P SOD、E SOD升高与吸烟对照组比较差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与阴性组比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;烟内组和烟嘴组大鼠L MDA降低与吸烟组比较差异显著和极显著 (P <0 .0 5、P <0 .0 1) ,与阴性组比较无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　PP加入香烟或烟嘴内 ,可显著的减轻吸烟大、小鼠的氧化损伤作用。     

危重患者抗氧化维生素血浆水平观察

目的了解危重患者体内抗氧化维生素水平。方法2002年5月～2003年2月间新华医院外科ICU收治的112例危重患者,采用高效液相法测定体内抗氧化维生素水平。结果112例危重患者抗氧化维生素水平明显低于正常对照组眼维生素A:(33.8±25.1)μg/dLvs(78.2±31.2)μg/dL,P=0.000;维生素E:穴6.5±4.4雪mg/Lvs(10.1±6.2)mg/L,P=0.000;β-胡萝卜素:(184±185)μg/Lvs(756±794)μg/L,P=0.000;维生素C:(5.0±4.2)mg/Lvs(6.7±3.9)mg/L,P=0.000演。危重患者中各维生素缺乏症发生率高于正常人,分别为维生素A:25.9%vs0%(P=0.000);维生素E:44.6%vs17.0%(P=0.000);β-胡萝卜素:46.4%vs12.8%(P=0.000);维生素C:62.5%vs31.2%(P=0.000)。危重患者中男性维生素A水平明显高于女性眼分别为(38.8±26.2)μg/dLvs(26.2±21.5)μg/dL,P=0.012演,且随年龄增长,维生素A水平显著降低(r=-0.234,P=0.015)。抽血日前禁食天数>7d组患者与≤7d组患者相比,各抗氧化维生素呈下降趋势,但无统计学差异。结论危重患者血浆维生素A、E和β-胡萝卜素水平明显低于正常人,且该人群中抗氧化维生素缺乏非常普遍。     

中老年人群抗氧化营养素摄入与体内抗氧化功能的探讨

了解中老年人群膳食中抗氧化营养素的摄入状况及体内抗氧化功能水平。 [方法 ]　对上海某社区 2 2 9名 45～ 79岁老年前期和老年期人群开展营养学调查和血清学分析。 [结果 ]　两组人群从膳食中摄入的抗氧化营养素不能满足需要 ,体内血清超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)普遍降低 ,而脂质过氧化产物 (MDA)则普遍升高。[结论 ]　衰老与年龄、抗氧化营养素摄入不足有关 ,中老年人群应增加抗氧化营养素的摄入 ,必要时使用抗氧化营养合剂。抗衰老应从中年人开始。     

抗氧化营养素降低DNA损伤的机制

人们暴露在日益恶化的环境中,在满足营养物质生理需要量（RDA）的基础上,越来越多的人渴望补充大量的营养素来防病治病（肿瘤、心脑血管疾病等慢性退行性疾病）.维生素A、E、C、β-胡萝卜素等是人体所需的重要营养素,其抗衰老、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、增强机体免疫功能等作用已有定论.近年来维生素的抗氧化作用及与DNA氧化损伤关系的研究越来越引起关注,但有关维生素在体内维持遗传物质稳定的作用却少见报道.有关抗氧化营养素对遗传物质具有保护作用还是损害作用意见不统一.本文现就抗氧化营养素对DNA损伤的保护作用的机制进行综述.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.