新型农村合作医疗保护农民免于疾病经济风险效果评价

应用新型农村合作医疗对保护农民免于疾病经济风险评价方法,对山东省某试点县实施新型农村合作医疗的效果进行评价。结果表明,我国农村地区有很多家庭因为家庭卫生支出而陷入贫困或灾难。样本地区因家庭卫生支出导致贫困的发生率为5.20%,灾难性卫生支出的发生率为9.58%。新型农村合作医疗对保护农民家庭免于因疾病导致的经济风险起到了一定的作用,但这种保护作用是有限的。被调查地区新型农村合作医疗使灾难性卫生支出下降了8.14%,使因卫生支出导致的贫困发生率降低了19.81%。模拟分析的结果显示,新型农村合作医疗对保护农民免于疾病经济风险可以发挥更大的作用,这种作用的大小取决于新型农村合作医疗的筹资水平和方案设计。如果报销的比例提高,则更多的家庭会避免陷入灾难性卫生支出或贫困。     

贫困农村地区高血压及其合并症病人家庭灾难性卫生支出分析

目的对贫困农村地区高血压及其合并症患者家庭灾难性卫生支出进行分析,评价新型农村合作医疗(简称新农合)对降低家庭疾病经济风险所起到的作用,为政府控制这类慢性病的经济负担提供政策建议。方法采取面对面的问卷调查方式收集高血压及其合并症患者家庭的卫生支出和费用报销资料,计算灾难性卫生支出和家庭因病致贫情况。结果研究发现,高血压及其合并症具有很强的家庭致贫作用,因高血压及其合并症导致家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为22.2%,经过新农合制度的费用补偿,灾难性卫生支出发生率下降到19.2%。结论贫困农村高血压及其合并症患者家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率较高,但新农合对缓解这类疾病导致的家庭灾难性卫生支出作用有限,政府应该采取更加有效的措施降低该类疾病的经济负担。     

我国农村居民灾难性卫生支出的制度成因分析

目的：中国农村人口的健康问题与中国社会的可持续发展密切相关。我国农村仍存在因病致贫、因病返贫现象。利用灾难性卫生支出率和致贫率作为测量工具,来衡量新型农村合作医疗的保障力度。方法：数据来源于第四次卫生服务调查,采用WHO推荐的方法计算灾难性卫生支出。结果：农村人口的灾难性卫生支出发生率为14.4%,致贫率为9.2%,且两者与地区经济水平呈负相关,最为贫困的西部灾难性卫生支出发生率及致贫率最高,分别为15.8%和10.8%;有住院病人的农村家庭发生灾难性卫生支出和致贫的风险最大。结论与建议：中国农村灾难性卫生支出发生率较高是受多种因素共同影响的结果。其中,新农合制度的保障水平不高,缺乏遏制医疗费用快速上涨有效机制,特别是现存以服务项目付费为主导的支付方式,是导致农村灾难性卫生支出发生率较高的主要制度成因。因此,应以完善新型农村合作医疗的制度设计为重点,加大政府对医疗机构的投入,强化各种配套制度和机制的安排。     

新型农村合作医疗补偿政策对灾难性卫生支出的影响分析

目的研究新型农村合作医疗补偿政策对住院费用导致的灾难性卫生支出的影响。方法从2006年、2008年和2011年3年个体水平面板数据中选取包含住院个体的家庭为研究对象,分析灾难性卫生支出发生的频率和强度,并且利用非条件Logistic回归模型分析其影响因素。结果 3年中新型农村合作医疗对降低灾难性卫生支出的发生率和严重程度的作用是逐步提高的。新型农村合作医疗住院实际补偿比与灾难性卫生支出的发生成反比。起付线与封顶线对灾难性卫生支出发生的影响没有统计学意义。住院天数两周以上与住院机构层级与灾难性卫生支出的发生成正比。结论新型农村合作医疗政策中补偿水平的提高在一定程度上降低了住院患者的疾病经济风险。     

疾病经济风险与疾病经济负担分析

新型农村合作医疗的根本目标是通过建立大病统筹方案,重点解决或缓解农民因病致贫与因病返贫的问题。基于云南省禄丰县新型农村合作医疗调查数据,运用风险测量技术测算该人群的疾病经济风险程度,以及疾病的经济负担状况,从而更进一步明确新型农村合作医疗抗风险的重点,为更加科学合理的完善新型农村合作医疗的补偿机制提供决策依据。     

疾病经济风险与疾病经济负担分析

新型农村合作医疗的根本目标是通过建立大病统筹方案,重点解决或缓解农民因病致贫与因病返贫的问题.基于云南省禄丰县新型农村合作医疗调查数据,运用风险测量技术测算该人群的疾病经济风险程度,以及疾病的经济负担状况,从而更进一步明确新型农村合作医疗抗风险的重点,为更加科学合理的完善新型农村合作医疗的补偿机制提供决策依据.     

新型农村合作医疗补偿效果分析

目的 了解新型农村合作医疗制度对农民疾病经济负担的缓解程度,衡量新型农村合作医疗制度的运行效果.方法 采用文献资料分析和分层抽样入户调查的方法,对7个试点县1 841户农民的家庭收入水平、家庭医疗费用支出水平等进行调查.结果 目前新型农村合作医疗住院费用的补偿比例为24%～28%,有3.35%的被调查农民"因病致贫";卫生支出使被调查人群的贫困缺口增加了11.38%,要使其摆脱贫困,需要每人增加补贴76元;合作医疗对提高贫困农民生活水平的能力有限.结论 应提高筹资水平、加强费用控制,以提高农民住院费用补偿水平,并重点关注"因病致贫"的敏感人群,着重缓解"因病致贫、因病返贫"的问题.     

新型农村合作医疗试点县农民疾病经济风险分析

目的明确农民疾病经济风险的水平和新型农村合作医疗抗风险的重点。方法利用2005年入户调查资料对疾病家庭总体疾病经济风险和特定人群疾病风险进行测量分析。结果医疗费用支付不平衡;贫困人群较易进入“因病致贫,因贫致病”的恶性循环;非劳动年龄人口住院经济风险比劳动年龄人口大。结论在新型农村合作医疗的方案设计中对不同人群设计不同的补偿比,合理配置卫生服务资源。     

医疗保险制度对降低我国居民灾难性卫生支出的效果分析

目的：2008年中国的医保制度已经覆盖87.9%的居民,接近全民医保覆盖的目标。然而,仍存在部分居民现金卫生支出比例过高的现象,导致家庭由于支付医疗卫生费用而陷入经济困境。本文通过计算中国灾难性卫生支出发生率和致贫率,来探究中国医疗保险制度的保障力度与水平。方法：本文利用第四次卫生服务调查的数据,通过世界卫生组织推荐的方法计算灾难性卫生支出和致贫率。结果：灾难性卫生支出发生率为13.0%,且发生率随着家庭经济水平的提高而降低;总体致贫率为7.5%;家庭中含有住院病人、慢性病人、肺结核病人及60岁以上老人,其发生灾难性卫生支出的风险高。结论与建议：通过分析脆弱人群发生灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素,为今后完善医疗保险制度设计提供具有可操作性的政策建议,增强其对居民抵御疾病经济风险的保障能力。     

我国新型农村合作医疗存在问题及对策思考

利用世界卫生组织提出的衡量医疗保障的指标——灾难性卫生支出及基尼系数，对当前我国新型农村合作医疗的运行状况进行评价。结果显明。目前我国新型农村合作医疗仍存在保障程度较低、灾难性卫生支出主要集中于贫苦家庭、对农民的补偿不够公平等问题，在此基础上提出调整和完善新型农村合作医疗的对策建议。     

Detecting changes in financial protection: creating evidence for policy in Estonia

Ninety-four per cent of the Estonian population is covered by public health insurance, but private expenditure has been increasing quickly both in real terms and as a percentage of total health expenditure. To date, little attention has been given to the impact this could have on the population's financial protection. Out-of-pocket payments, which account for the bulk of the private expenditure in many low- and middle-income countries, can push people into poverty and more generally represent too high a burden for some households. It is therefore very important that governments monitor the impact of out-of-pocket payments on health. Using an example from Estonia, this paper aims to illustrate that, if household budget survey data are available, monitoring a population's financial protection is not a complex undertaking. Further, by combining simple statistical analyses of these data with a good knowledge of a country's health system, it is possible to give a fairly detailed diagnostic of the nature of the population's coverage limitation. This allows for the presentation of easily interpretable results that can raise awareness among policy-makers and help to target adequate policy responses. Using Estonian household budget surveys from 1995, 2001 and 2002, we show that the proportion of households who spend more than 20% of their capacity to pay on health increased from 3.4% in 1995 to 7.4% in 2002 and that in 2002, 1.3% of the population fell into poverty because of health payments. Logistic regression helps in identifying the population most at risk: elderly patients who belong to poor households and spend high amounts on medicines. This study, which can be replicated, did raise awareness among policy-makers about the changes in financial protection over the years in Estonia.     

Catastrophic payments for health care in Asia

Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are the principal means of financing health care throughout much of Asia. We estimate the magnitude and distribution of OOP payments for health care in fourteen countries and territories accounting for 81% of the Asian population. We focus on payments that are catastrophic, in the sense of severely disrupting household living standards, and approximate such payments by those absorbing a large fraction of household resources. Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal and Vietnam rely most heavily on OOP financing and have the highest incidence of catastrophic payments. Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia stand out as low to middle income countries that have constrained both the OOP share of health financing and the catastrophic impact of direct payments. In most low/middle-income countries, the better-off are more likely to spend a large fraction of total household resources on health care. This may reflect the inability of the poorest of the poor to divert resources from other basic needs and possibly the protection of the poor from user charges offered in some countries. But in China, Kyrgyz and Vietnam, where there are no exemptions of the poor from charges, they are as, or even more, likely to incur catastrophic payments.     

Financial protection in Europe: a systematic review of the literature and mapping of data availability

BackgroundA comprehensive and context-specific approach to monitoring financial protection can provide valuable evidence on progress towards universal health coverage.ObjectivesThis article systematically reviews the literature on financial protection in Europe to identify trends across countries and over time. It also maps the availability of data for regular monitoring in 53 countries.MethodsTwo people independently searched for studies using a standard strategy. Results were extracted from 54 publications and studies analysed in terms of geographical focus, data sources, methods and depth of analysis.ResultsFinancial protection varies across countries in Europe; substantial changes over time have mainly taken place in the east of the region. Although the data required for regular monitoring are widely available, the literature presents major gaps in geographical scope - most studies focus on middle-income countries; it is not up to date - the latest year of data analysed is 2011; and cross-national comparison is only possible for a handful of countries due to variation in data sources and methods. The literature is also limited in depth. Very few studies go beyond analysing how many people incur catastrophic or impoverishing out-of-pocket payments. Only a small minority analyse who is most likely to experience financial hardship and what drives lack of financial protection.ConclusionsThe literature provides little actionable evidence on financial protection in Europe.     

Payments for health care and its effect on catastrophe and impoverishment: experience from the transition to Universal Coverage in Thailand

Equitable health financing was embodied in the reform strategies of Thailand's health care system when the country moved towards implementing the Universal Coverage (UC) policy in 2001. This study aimed to measure the pattern of household out-of-pocket payments for health care and to examine the financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to such payments during the transitional period (pre- and post-Universal Coverage policy implementation) in Thailand. This study used the nationally representative Socioeconomic Surveys in 2000 (pre-UC), 2002, and 2004 (post-UC), which contained data from 24747, 34758 and 34843 individual households, respectively. The proportion of out-of-pocket payments for health care as a share of household living standards among Thai households shows a decreasing pattern during the observed period. Moreover, the incidence and intensity of catastrophic payments for health care decline from the pre-UC to post-UC period. The distribution of incidence and the intensity of catastrophic payments for health care across quintiles also indicate that the lower quintile group (1st and 2nd quintiles) incurs lower catastrophic health care payments compared to the higher quintile group. The UC policy is also effective in preventing impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care since both the poverty headcount and poverty gap decline from the pre-UC to post-UC period. This study provides important evidence that the UC policy implementation is a valuable social protection and safety net strategy that contributes to the prevention of financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care. In conclusion, the UC policy in Thailand achieves one of the goals of improving the health system through equitable health care financing by reducing financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care.     

The impact of out‐of‐pocket health expenditure on household impoverishment: Evidence from Morocco

Health financing in Morocco relies mainly on out‐of‐pocket (OoP) payments. World Health Organization (WHO) has shown that these payments can expose households to catastrophic health expenditure (hereinafter CHE) and impoverish them. The study examines the financial burden of OoP health payments on Moroccan households. Two approaches—that developed by Wagstaff and Doeslear and the one advocated by WHO—are adopted to estimate the extent of CHE. These show that 1.77% of households incurred CHE at the 40% threshold for nonfood expenditure. At the 10% threshold for total consumption expenditure, 12.8% of households incurred CHE. We find that these OoP payments have made 1.11% of Moroccan households poorer. In analyzing the determinants of CHE, we estimated an ordered probit model. It appears that any of (a) hospitalization, (b) presence of an elderly person in the household, or (c) the level of poverty increases significantly the likelihood of health expenditure becoming catastrophic. On the other hand, we find that coverage by health insurance protects against CHE.     

Access of Roma to sexual and reproductive health services: Qualitative findings from Albania,Bulgaria and Macedonia

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore access of Roma in South-Eastern Europe to sexual and reproductive health services. We conducted 7 focus group discussions with a total of 58 participants from Roma communities in Albania, Bulgaria and Macedonia. Our study revealed a number of barriers for Roma when accessing sexual and reproductive health services. Among the most important were the overall lack of financial resources, requests by health care providers for informal payments, lack of health insurance and geographical barriers. Health systems in the region seem to have failed to provide financial protection and equitable services to one of the most vulnerable groups of society. There is also a need for overcoming racial discrimination, improving awareness and information and addressing gender inequalities.     

灾难性卫生支出分析方法研究

“灾难性卫生支出分析方法”是《卫生领域公平性系列研究方法》的组成部分。该研究在借鉴国际研究成果的基础上，结合我国实际情况对其分析方法进行探索性研究，旨在从卫生筹资公平性角度，详细阐述灾难性卫生支出的基本概念和分析方法。