10394例呼吸道感染儿童9种病原体的感染特征分析

目的探究呼吸道感染患儿中9种病原体的感染特征,分析呼吸道感染患儿的常见病因,为早期临床干预提供初步参考。方法选取2015年2月-2016年1月该院收治的呼吸道感染患儿10 394例,采用间接免疫荧光法检测血清中9种呼吸道病原体的IgM抗体,并对结果进行统计分析。结果 3 353例样本呈阳性,阳性率为32.26%,其中单一感染2 568例,混合感染785例,且以肺炎支原体(MP)混合其他病原体感染为主。单独统计9种病原体的感染情况,MP检出率最高,达26.71%;其次是乙型流感病毒(Flu B),检出率为9.79%。4种主要呼吸道病原体检出率特征分析显示:女童中MP阳性检出率(33.09%)大于男童(22.64%),女童中Flu B阳性检出率(12.31%)也大于男童(8.19%);MP阳性检出率在秋季最高(42.85%),春季最低(11.92%),副流感病毒(PIV)123和嗜肺军团菌(LP)也同上,但Flu B夏季最高(16.34%),冬季最低(4.79%);在3~6岁组中4种病原体的阳性检出率均最高,MP阳性检出率为42.71%,Flu B为17.77%,LP为3.98%,PIV123为2.44%,在<1岁组检出率均最低。结论 9种呼吸道病原体Ig M抗体联合检测能明确主要病原体的流行特征,对临床能够提供一定程度的参考。     

昆山地区儿童呼吸道病原体感染的病原学与临床特征分析

目的了解昆山地区儿童呼吸道病原体感染的流行特点及其分布情况。方法采用间接免疫荧光法对该院2015年10月1日-2016年9月30日1 894例因呼吸道病原体感染入院患儿的血清标本,进行嗜肺军团菌(LP)、肺炎支原体(MP)、Q热立克次氏体(COX)、肺炎衣原体(CPn)、腺病毒(ADV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、甲型流感病毒(IFA)、乙型流感病毒(IFB)、副流感病毒1型、2型和3型(PIV)检测,了解患儿呼吸道病原体感染的分布情况。结果1 894份标本中,共检出病原体阳性1 086例,主要为MP(720例)、IFB(104例)、PIV(450例),检出混合感染阳性标本232例,主要是MP混合IFB感染(61例)、MP混合PIV感染(81例);1岁~3岁患儿平均阳性率最高,以MP和PIV阳性率最高;MP检出的阳性率在冬季(11月、12月、1月)最高。临床诊断主要以支气管肺炎(953例)、发热(442例)为主。结论昆山地区儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原体为MP、PIV和IFB,其发病率与季节、年龄相关。     

2776例儿童急性呼吸道感染病原学检测

目的探讨2014年儿童急性呼吸道感染(ARI)的病原学特点。方法选取本院2014年3月-2015年2月急性呼吸道感染2 776例患儿的血清,采用间接免疫荧光法检测9项病原体Ig M抗体,包括副流感病毒(PIV)、甲型流感病毒(IVA)、乙型流感病毒(IVB)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、嗜肺军团菌(LP)、肺炎衣原体(CP)、肺炎支原体(MP)及Q热立克次体(CB)。结果 2 776份标本中,共检出病原体抗体阳性1 237份,占44.6%,阳性率最高的是肺炎支原体(12.7%)。RSV、ADV夏季病毒感染率最低,春季最高;0.5岁~6岁组检出率较高,0.5岁组检出率较低。509例患儿呈现混合感染。结论商丘地区儿童急性呼吸道感染主要病原体是流感病毒,其次是肺炎支原体。腺病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒感染与季节相关。儿童急性呼吸道感染中病原体的协同感染较为普遍。     

18252例儿童急性呼吸道感染常见非细菌病原体的流行特征分析

目的对天津地区18 252例急性呼吸道感染(ARI)患儿9种常见非细菌病原体的检出情况进行分析,为疾病的早期预防及临床诊疗提供依据。方法采用间接免疫荧光法,对2017年3月-2018年2月该院收治的18 252例ARI患儿进行嗜肺军团菌(LP)、肺炎支原体(MP)、Q热立克次体(COX)、肺炎衣原体(CPN)、腺病毒(ADV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、甲型流感病毒(INFA)、乙型流感病毒(INFB)及副流感病毒(PIV)的检测,并对结果进行统计分析。结果 18 252例ARI患儿中,共5 046例患儿检出病原体,检出率为27. 65%,男性患儿病原体检出率明显低于女性(P0. 01);呼吸道病原体按检出率由高到低依次为MP (22. 47%)、INFB (2. 56%)、PIV (2. 31%)、RSV (0. 72%)、LP (0. 71%)、ADV (0. 64%)、CPN(0. 27%)、COX (0. 15%)、INFA (0. 03%); 5 046例阳性病例中,一种病原体感染率为92. 03%,两种病原体混合感染率为7. 87%,3种病原体混合感染率为0. 10%。MP全年检出率高,夏、秋、冬季检出率均在20%以上; INFB 3月检出率最高,其次为2月、4月和1月; PIV在春末夏初检出率高。MP、INFB、PIV均在4～6岁组的检出率最高,其次为6岁组和1～3岁组,在1岁组的检出率最低。结论天津地区儿童呼吸道感染非细菌病原体以MP为主,其次是INFB和PIV,不同病原体流行的月份、季节不同,但均在4～6岁年龄组检出率最高,这提示要格外重视学前期儿童呼吸道感染的防治工作。     

1286例儿童急性呼吸道感染9种病原体检测分析

目的：了解本地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的病原学特点。方法：2011年12月-2012年11在本院儿科门诊和住院的急性呼吸道感染患儿1286例,每例取静脉血3．0ml。采用间接免疫荧光法应用9项呼吸道联检试剂同时检测9种主要病原体的IgM抗体,包括嗜肺军团菌1型（LP1）、肺炎支原体（MP）、Q热立克次体（COX）、肺炎衣原体（CP）、腺病毒（ADV）、呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）、甲型流感病毒（IFA）、乙型流感病毒（IFB）和副流感病毒1、2和3型（PIVS）。结果：1286例患儿标本中,756例检出至少1种病原体,总阳性率58．8％。各种病原体中,MP检出率最高,占46．7％,其次是流感病毒（IFV）。519例检出2种或2种以上病原体,混合感染率为40．4％。结论：引起儿童急性呼吸道感染的主要病原体以MP、IFV为主,不同季节和地区存在病原体感染的不同。     

广州地区2017—2022年儿童呼吸道感染疾病负担及常见病原体流行特征

目的 分析与探讨广州地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的疾病负担与常见病原体流行特征。方法 以2017—2022上半年广州市某院收治的18 542例因急性呼吸道感染住院儿童为研究对象,采用间接免疫荧光法检测患儿血清中抗呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、甲型流感病毒(IFV-A)、乙型流感病毒(IFV-B)、副流感病毒(PIV)、嗜肺军团菌(LP)、肺炎支原体(MP)及肺炎衣原体(CP)8项常见病原体IgM抗体。应用SPSS 22.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 18 542例急性呼吸道感染住院患儿平均住院7 d,平均住院总费用(中位数)为5 870.93元,～1岁患儿的住院总费用较高。18 542例患儿中,10 214例至少感染一种病原体,检出率为55.09%。男童检出率(52.31%)低于女童(59.77%),2017—2019年总检出率及混合感染率高于2020—2021年,高年龄组患儿总检出率及混合感染率高于低年龄组。4 973例为混合感染,以IFV-A+IFV-B+MP(1 033例)及IFV-A+IFV-B(1 022例)合并感染为主。病原体检出率前三分别为IFV-B(27.27...     

2608例呼吸道感染九项病原体IgM检测结果分析

目的 分析本地区呼吸道感染患者九项病原体分布情况？方法采用荧光免疫技术对2 608例呼吸道感染患者血液中嗜肺军团菌（LP）？肺炎支原体（MP）？ Q热立克次体（COX）？ 肺炎衣原体（CP）？呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）？腺病毒 （ADV）？甲型流感病毒（IFA）？乙型流感病毒（IFB）？副流感病毒（PIVS）等九项病原体的IgM抗体进行检测,分析不同性别？不同季节各种病原体的检出情况？结果在2 608例标本中,九项病原体IgM检测阳性率为62.96%（1 642/2 608）,单项病原体阳性检出率为48.35%（1 261/2 608）,依次为MP32.78%（414/1 263）,IFB28.98%（366/1 263）,LP14.49%（183/1 263）,PIVS12.59%（159/1 263）,RSV5.94%（75/1 263）,ADV2.37%（30/1 263）,CP1.42%（16/1 263）,COX1.19%（15/1 263）,IFA0.24%（3/1 263）;混合感染检出率为14.61%（381/2 608）;LP？MP？IFB在不同季节检出率差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,不同性别间各种病原体检出率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）？结论本地区呼吸道感染病原体检出率较高,以MP？IFB？LP？PIVS感染为主,应及早进行不同病原体IgM检测,给临床提供准确的检验信息？     

平顶山地区小儿呼吸道感染病原体实验研究

目的探讨平顶山地区小儿呼吸道感染病原体感染情况。方法对640例小儿呼吸道感染患者的血清标本采用间接免疫荧光法(indirect flaorescent antibody,IFA)同时检测九项主要病原体的Ig M抗体,包括肺炎支原体(mycoplasma pneumonia,MP)、乙型流感病毒(influenza B virus,IFB)、呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)、腺病毒(adenovirus,ADV)、副流感病毒(parainfluenza virus,PIVS)、肺炎衣原体(chlamydia pneumonia,CP)、噬肺军团菌(legionella pneumophila,LP)血清1型、Q热立克次体(Q coxiella burneti,QC)、甲型流感病毒(influenza A virus,IFVA)。计数资料采用Fisher确切概率法,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果 MP阳性率为12.66%(81例);IFB阳性为7.19%(46例);PIVS,阳性率2.19%(14例);ADV阳性率2.19%(14例);RSV阳性率1.25%(8例);CP阳性率0.16%(1例);其余病原体阳性率均为0.00%。不同年龄段的呼吸道感染的小儿感染9种非典型呼吸道病原体阳性率比较有差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 MP和IFB是平顶山地区小儿呼吸道感染感染的主要病原体,应予以重视,合理用药。     

广东河源地区患儿呼吸道感染病原学研究

目的探讨河源地区9项呼吸道病原体Ig M抗体在呼吸道感染儿童中的流行病学特点,为临床有效防治提供依据。方法收集诊断为呼吸道感染的922例患儿的血清,应用间接免疫荧光法检测嗜肺军团菌(LP1)、肺炎支原体(MP)、Q热立克次体(COX)、肺炎衣原体(CP)、腺病毒(ADV)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、甲型流感病毒(IFA)、乙型流感病毒(IFB)、副流感病毒1型、2型和3型(PIVS)Ig M抗体。结果 922例患儿中,9项呼吸道病原体Ig M抗体阳性率为29.39%(271/922),阳性率较高的为PIVS(14.21%)和MP(14.10%),COX未检出阳性。不同性别间比较,差异无统计学意义(χ~2=0.338,P0.05)。按年龄分组比较显示,除1岁组与各组间比较差异有统计学意义外,其他各组间比较差异均无统计学意义。以单一感染为主,混合感染率为7.16%,以肺炎支原体并发副流感病毒感染最多。结论呼吸道9项病原体Ig M抗体联检结果表明儿童呼吸道感染的主要病原体为PIVS和MP,为临床的合理用药提供参考。     

广州地区患儿呼吸道感染病原学研究

目的分析广州地区呼吸道感染患儿病原体检测结果及流行情况,为临床早期诊断及治疗提供依据。方法调查2013年1月-2014年12月医院门诊及住院呼吸道感染患儿29 979例,采用间接免疫荧光法(IFA)对呼吸道感染患儿血液中的腺病毒(ADV)、肺炎衣原体(CP)、甲型流感病毒(Influenza A virus,FA)、乙型流感病毒(Influenza B virus,FB)、嗜肺军团菌血清1型(LP1)、肺炎支原体(MP)、副流感病毒1、2、3型(PIV1、2、3)、Q热立克次体(QFR),呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)9种病原体进行检测,采用SPSS19.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 29 979份标本中IgM抗体阳性检出率为31.17%,其中MP 5 847株占19.95%;其次为ADV1 036株,占3.47%;女性患儿阳性率为38.24%,显著高于男性27.47%(χ2=365.685,P0.001);各年龄组中,4~6岁患儿的呼吸道病原体感染率最高,达44.21%;6岁组居中,为42.02%;3岁组感染率最低,为27.49%,各组差异有统计学意义(χ2=632.948,P0.01);各病原体感染的全年分布不同,其中MP全年阳性率均较高,ADV、FA、FB、RSV主要为冬春季节高发,LP1为夏季高发,其他病原体全年发病率均较低。结论广州地区引起患儿呼吸道感染的病原体主要是MP、ADV、RSV、FB及LP1;应在不同季节做好重点预防工作。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.