儿童腹股沟疝发病危险因素的配对病例-对照研究

目的探讨儿童腹股沟疝发生的主要危险因素。方法采用l：1配对病例一对照研究方法，对201例0-6岁腹股沟疝患儿与对照儿童的父母进行问卷调查，采用条件Logistic回归对所收集资料进行单因素及多因素分析．计算OR值及0R值的95％CI。结果多因素分析结果表明，儿童便秘史（OR=3．520，95％CI：1．238。10．015）、啼哭不安史（OR：6．532．95％CI：2．651～16．091）、母亲孕前1个月和孕期前3个月腌制品摄入史（彻=2．529，95％CI：1．271．5．031）及贫血史（DR：6．809，95％CI：2．530~18．322）、儿童腹股沟疝家族史（OR=11．250，95％CI：4．766～26．553）与儿童腹股沟疝的发病存在显著联系。结论儿童便秘史、儿童啼哭不安史、腹股沟疝家族史、母亲孕前1个月和孕期前3个月贫血史及腌制品摄人史是儿童腹股沟疝发生的危险因素。     

胃癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨各危险因素与胃癌的关系,方法 对天津市市内区1998年91例新发胃癌病人进行了1：1配对病例对照研究,资料处理采用条件Logistic回归分析,结果 烟熏食品OR＝4．88,OR95％／CI 2．54－9．38,吸烟量OR．6．12,OR95％CI 1．63－22．95,喜食重盐饮食OR．2．87,OR95％CI 1．80－4．58,过量摄入动物肉类OR＝1．71,OR95％CI 1．33－2．19。结论 经常食用烟熏食品,吸烟量大,喜吃重盐饮食,过量摄入动物肉类等可能是胃癌的危险因素。     

青岛地区儿童哮喘影响因素病例对照研究

目的探讨儿童哮喘的影响因素。方法应用1：1配对的病例一对照研究方法，采用问卷调查方式，调查300对病例和对照儿童，并分析有关的暴露因素。结果单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，有17个因素与儿童哮喘有关联，包括父亲呼吸系统疾病史、母亲呼吸系统疾病史、家庭收入情况、特应性体质、急性呼吸道感染史、食肉习惯、海产品摄入量、是否有泡沫制品、是否装修过、厨房排烟方式、排烟效果、是否饲养宠物、家族哮喘病史、家族过敏性鼻炎史、父母食物过敏史、父母粉尘过敏史、首次发病后是否经过系统治疗。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，7个因素进入主效应模型，其中父亲有呼吸系统疾病史（OR=3．771，95％CI：1．533～9．278）、家庭低收入（OR=I．503，95％CI：1．258～1．795）、特应性体质（OR=3．788，95％CI：2．368～6．058）、喜食肥肉（OR=2．042，95％CI：1．481～2．815）、家族哮喘病史（OR=I．710，95％CI：0．988～2．958）、家族过敏性鼻炎史（OR=I．991，95％CI：1．234～3.211）是儿童哮喘的危险因素，饲养宠物（OR=0．443，95％CI：0．265～0．739）是保护因素；回归系数分别为1．327，0．407，1．332，0．714，0．536，0．689，-0．814。结论儿童哮喘是遗传和环境双重因素共同作用导致的一种复杂疾病。     

胃癌病例对照研究

目的了解胃癌与其危险因素的关系。方法对洛阳市2003～2004年新发胃癌病人153例，按性别、年龄、民族、居住地为配比条件选取该市健康人153名进行1：1配对的病例对照研究，资料处理采用条件Logistic回归分析。结果吸烟OR 3.85，OR 95％CI2.73～6．98，饮酒OR 2．14，OR 95％CI 1．42～3．21，烟熏食品OR 4．92．OR95％CI 2．63～7．32，父母患瘤OR7.59，OR 95％CI 3．21～26．53。结论经常吸烟、饮酒、食用烟熏食品及其父母患肿瘤可能是胃癌的危险因素。     

煤矿工人胃癌发病危险因素的流行病学研究

[目的]研究煤矿工人胃癌发病的危险因素。[方法]采用1︰2配对病例对照研究方法,以问卷调查的形式对煤矿工人胃癌发病危险因素进行研究,通过条件Logistic回归单因素和多因素分析筛选主要危险因素。[结果]单因素分析显示15个因素与煤矿工人胃癌可能相关,多因素分析显示慢性胃病史、井下工作年限、粉尘暴露强度、高盐饮食、进食速度快、精神压力大、喜食新鲜蔬菜水果及生蒜与煤矿工人胃癌相关,其中喜食新鲜蔬菜水果及生蒜为保护性因素。[结论]煤矿工人胃癌的发生是多因素共同作用的结果,其中慢性胃病史、井下工作年限、粉尘暴露强度是煤工胃癌发病的主要危险因素。     

2009-2012年滕州市胃癌发病危险因素的病例对照分析

目的探讨滕州市居民胃癌发病的危险因素,为制定干预对策与措施提供依据。方法2009年5月至2012年6月,对滕州市中心人民医院经临床病理检查确诊的原发性胃癌住院患者及1：1配对的同期住院的非肿瘤疾病史患者资料89对进行调查,并进行影响胃癌患病的条件Logistic回归分析。结果在α=0．05的水平上,进人多因素条件Logistic回归模型的有7个因素,即多食新鲜蔬菜、多食水果者不易患胃癌（OR值分别为0．438、0．322）,有家族肿瘤史、有不良饮食习惯、有胃慢性疾病史、多食腌制食品、吸烟者易患胃癌（OR值分别为5．312、4．899、4．187、3．014、1．744）。结论家族肿瘤史、不良饮食习惯、胃慢性疾病史、多食腌渍食品、吸烟是本地胃癌发生的主要危险因素。     

赣榆县胃癌影响因素1：1配对病例对照研究

目的 探讨赣榆县胃癌危险因素及保护因素,为该地区胃癌防治工作提供依据.方法 对319例新发胃癌病例及其1:1配对的健康对照者进行相关因素调查,应用条件Logistic回归对相关因素进行分析.结果 胃癌的主要危险因素为进食热烫食物(OR=2.21,95CI:1.57～3.12)、上消化道炎症患病史(OR=4.26,95%CI:2.59～7.03)、癌症家族史(OR=2.29,95%CI:1.37～3.82);主要保护因素为经常生吃大蒜(OR:0.64,9CI:0.42～0.96)、经常饮茶(OR=0.37,95%CI:0.25～0.54).结论 胃癌的发病与不良的膳食习惯、上消化道炎症及癌症家族史有关,生吃大蒜和饮茶能有效预防胃癌的发生.     

骨关节炎影响因素的1∶1配对病例对照研究

目的 研究骨关节炎发病的影响因素,为骨关节炎的预防控制提供科学依据.方法 应用1∶1配对病例对照研究方法,从济宁市及兖州的4所医院调查108例骨关节炎患者,以性别相同、年龄相近(±2岁以内)作为配对条件选择对照108例,收集相关的资料进行单因素、多因素条件Logistic回归分析.结果 体质指数、饮酒和关节外伤史均与骨关节炎呈正相关,OR (95％ CI)分别为2.62(1.11 ～6.19),11.88(2.27 ～62.14),15.41(2.05 ～115.96),日照、食用豆制品、新鲜蔬菜和水果是骨关节炎的保护因素,OR(95％ CI)分别为0.30(0.13～0.69)、0.10(0.02 ～0.47)、0.07(0.02 ～0.30)和0.35(0.13 ～0.98).结论 肥胖、饮酒和关节外伤史均为骨关节炎的危险因素,多摄入新鲜蔬菜、新鲜水果、豆制品、多晒太阳则是骨关节炎的保护性因素.     

胃腺癌危险因素的病例对照研究

目的 探讨与胃癌有关的危险因素。方法 对天津市区1998－1999年的189例新发胃癌病人进行1：1配对病例对照研究,采用条件Logistic回归分析。结果 烟熏食品OR＝2．34,OR95％CI＝1．60－4．98;吸烟量OR＝6．07,OR95％CI＝1．26－7．16;喜食重盐饮食OR＝1．95,OR95％CI＝1．27－3．23;过量摄入动物肉类OR＝1．46,OR95％CI＝1．05－2．02。结论 经常食用烟熏食品、吸烟量大、重盐饮食、过量摄入动物肉类等可能是胃癌的危险因素。     

贲门癌危险因素病例对照研究

目的：探讨贲门癌发生的危险因素，为深入进行病因学研究提供线索。方法：对福州市6所医院2000年和2001年4月至7月的住院病人603例进行多组病例对照研究。贲门癌组为病理、手术和胃镜确诊的贲门癌191例，非贲门部胃癌190例，健康对照组为与肿瘤病例同期住院的骨科、泌尿外科的非肿瘤病人222例。采用统一调查表进行床边询问，对资料进行单因素及多因素Logistic分析。结果：贲门癌的主要危险因素有一一级亲属患肿瘤（OR＝4．286 95％CI：2．431－7．554）、进食速度快（OR＝2．028 95％ CI：1．142－2．912）、三餐不按时吃（OR＝1．909 95％ CI：1．396－2．610）、饮用井水（OR＝1．741 95％CI：1．042－2．910）每日吸烟量多（OR＝1．347 95％CI：0．989－1．835）。主要保护 因素有：常吃新鲜水果（OR＝0．645 95％CI：0．439－0．945）、使用冰箱年数长（OR＝0．731 95％CI：0．536－0．997）、化程度高（OR＝0．468 95％CI：0．276－0．74）。结论： 贲门癌与非贲门部胃癌可能有不同的危险因素，值得进一步研究。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.