健康服务业的发展特征与未来趋势分析

该文分析健康服务业发展的政策发展沿革,技术创新、需求倒逼、健康中国战略及新医改政策驱动着我国健康服务业发展驶入深蓝海;传统医疗服务供给模式改变,供给侧生产要素重新组合;社会资本多元化渗入,民营医疗机构和外资医疗机构发展迅速,健康服务业呈现开放式发展局面。随着公众健康服务需求由"医疗服务"向"健康服务"转型,"医联体+互联网医院"或将重构医疗行业生态,社会办医有望从公立医院的追随者、补充者发展为竞争者、超越者。     

民营医疗行业政策特点及影响分析

国务院《关于促进健康服务业发展的若干意见》提出了政府引导、充分发挥市场和社会的积极性和创造性的指导思想,并且提出了一系列推动社会办医的配套措施和政策,是我国民营医疗发展的一个重要里程碑,为民营医疗和社会资本办医开创了新的空间。然而,民营医疗在我国的发展仍任重而道远。     

医疗卫生体制改革中如何促进妇幼保健可持续发展的思考

我国的妇幼保健机构是新中国成立后最早建立的公共卫生服务机构,是国家提供妇幼保健和基本医疗服务的主导力量,至今己经形成以"一法两纲"为核心、涵盖国家宏观卫生政策和妇女儿童健康保护专项法律法规的较为完善的政策法律体系.但目前其地位与作用不相符合,这与政府责任不到位、社会发展政策缺乏衔接和协调、妇幼卫生的公共服务功能不明确以及妇幼健康在社会发展领域没有得到应有的重视有关.     

购买服务:破解医疗服务难题

新医改在制度设计时考虑到"保障人民群众基本医疗"问题,提出了通过政府财政补助基层医疗服务机构,从而使其为民众提供"低费用医疗服务"的政策,但这项政策与我国实行的"社会医疗保险"购买医疗服务的制度设计不匹配,在执行过程中出现了一些不良效果。如基层医疗卫生服务机构在政府直接投资建设、收支两条线管理等方式引导下实现了"旱涝保     

政府协同与医保助推:“四医联动”保障下的家庭医生服务

政府协同式治理是当前我国医改推进的必要支撑和重要方向。上海市长宁区家庭医生制度模式发展过程中,通过卫生、医保、民政、财政等部门面向困难人群的"基本医疗保险+基本医疗服务+政府医疗救助+社会组织医疗帮扶"的"四医联动"基本医疗保障协同治理模式实现了激励相容的可持续发展。十年的改革探索和政策实践表明,卫计委、民政部门精准确定服务人群,医保、财政支付家庭医生签约服务费的政策协同,社区家庭医生工作室的医疗资源整合支撑,社区健康共建共享是我国家庭医生服务模式不断完善的发展方向。     

我国农村医疗救助政策研究

基于我国农村医疗救助政策的实施状况,分析了医疗救助政策上存在的问题与挑战。同时,通过与其他国家医疗救助社会政策的比较与借鉴,提出在目前新型农村合作医疗制度逐步推进的基础上,我国应构建一个政府主导下,以"健康卡"为媒介的,医方和社会工作者共同提供医疗救助服务的发展型农村医疗救助制度。     

外国资本在华举办医疗卫生机构的宏观环境分析

目的 分析外资在国内举办医疗卫生机构的宏观环境,为外资医疗制定在华经营战略提供指导.方法 收集国内相关法律和政策、社会和经济数据,检索相关文献,整理资料并从政治环境(Politics)、经济环境(Economic)、社会环境(Society)和技术环境(Technology)4个方面进行PEST分析.结果 中国放开外资医疗的政策倾向明确、延续性较强,政治环境已趋于成熟;在当前经济环境下,医疗领域对外资具有一定的吸引力;从市场需求和民众的认同情况来看,国内社会环境适合外国医疗进驻;医疗和互联网技术飞速发展、医学模式积极转变、国际间合作关系日益紧密,增加了外资医疗的可及性;国内对外资医疗还有一定限制,引入外资医疗还需科学谋划、审慎推进.结论 当前的宏观环境有利于外国资本进驻中国医疗市场,外国资本将为中国医药卫生体制改革带来新的助力,外资医疗也将在国内取得长远的发展.     

政策工具视角下我国远程医疗国家层面政策分析(1997—2019)

目的:远程医疗是现代医学发展的重要方向之一,其健康发展有赖于政府政策的驱动,掌握远程医疗政策工具的供给结构是理解、评估和改善我国远程医疗发展的最佳途径。方法:从政策工具视角出发,基于"政策工具类型维度"和"政策工具目标价值维度",采用内容分析法对我国1997—2019年发布的222份国家层面的远程医疗相关政策文件进行统计分析。结果与结论:(1)从政策工具类型维度来看,我国远程医疗供给侧政策工具过溢,内部结构不均衡,需求侧政策工具应用不足,环境侧政策工具内部组合不协调,政策总体呈现以政府为主导的投入推动特征。个别政策工具如教育培训、公私合作、政策宣传等应用较少,医保支付政策工具也还需进一步完善。(2)从政策工具目标价值维度来看,政策工具在各阶段都存在明显的差异化选择特征,较少着眼于远程医疗产业整体良性循环的实现,不能够在规范和指导医疗机构间远程医疗平台建设的同时实现远程医疗产业的整体发展与质的提升。     

发展型农村医疗救助政策的探讨

基于我国农村医疗救助政策的实施状况描述,分析了医疗救助政策存在的问题与挑战.同时,通过对东亚其他几国医疗救助社会政策的比较与借鉴,提出在目前新型农村合作医疗制度逐步推进的基础上,我国应构建一个政府主导下,以'"健康卡"为媒介的,医方和社会工作者共同提供医疗救助服务的发展型农村医疗救助制度.     

发展社区医疗服务的政策思考

政府在一系列卫生改革文件中对社区卫生发展提出了明确的要求,然而数据显示:社区卫生的发展与党和政府的要求还有相当的差距,这一差距在社区医疗服务方面更加明显。我国人口结构和疾病模式变化的趋势使社区医疗服务的发展更具紧迫性。为使包括社区医疗服务在内的社区卫生服务能够全面、健康、快速地发展,文章提出了以"合理分工、各司其职"为核心的组合政策,以期能够有效地促进社区卫生服务的健康发展。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.