润肺治纤汤对实验性肺纤维化模型大鼠肺组织病理变化的影响

目的探讨润肺治纤汤对实验性肺纤维化大鼠肺组织病理变化的影响。方法54只Wistar大鼠均分为对照组、模型组、治疗组，14、28d两个时段处死大鼠做肺系数测定和肺组织羟脯氨酸（HYP）含量检测，28d肺组织苏术精-依红染色、VanGieson胶原染色。结果-模型组肺系数和肺组织HYP含量较正常对照组显著增加（P〈0．05），肺组织肺纤维化病理变化明显；28d治疗组肺系数、HYP含量与模型组比较显著降低（P〈0．05），肺组织肺纤维化病理变化程度轻于模型组。结论润肺治纤汤具有减轻实验性肺纤维化大鼠肺组织纤维化的作用。     

沙参对博来霉素大鼠实验性肺纤维化的病理形态学影响

为观察沙参对博来霉素(bleomycin,BLM)致大鼠肺纤维化的治疗作用。将150只大鼠按照性别、体重随机分为正常组、模型组、强的松组、沙参1.5 g/kg组和沙参3.0 g/kg组。按照BLM5 mg/kg复制大鼠肺纤维化模型。24 h后给药,观察各实验组7 d、14 d、28 d肺泡炎、肺纤维化程度、肺组织形态学改变,并采用病理图像分析系统,半定量分析肺纤维化程度。结果除正常组外,其他各组均出现不同程度的肺泡炎、肺纤维化改变,以模型组表现最明显。     

刍藜芦醇对大鼠肺纤维化逆转作用的研究

目的观察白黎芦醇（REs）对博来霉素（BLM）致大鼠肺纤维化的逆转作用。方法将60只SD大鼠分为对照组、模型组、RES中剂量干预组（50mg／kg）及R_ES高剂量干预组（100mg／kg）,以气管内滴注BLM制造肺纤维化模型;于第14d起用RES进行干预,分别取第17d、24d及31d三个时间点对大鼠肺组织行MASSON染色、羟脯氨酸含量（HYP）测定及TGF-／31mRNA测定。结果模型组第17天,大鼠肺组织呈现典型肺纤维化。RES各干预组较模型组纤维化程度随时间变化而有所减轻;模型组中HYP含量（751．80±22．5、996．00±39．48、1197．60±105．98）明显高于对照组（266．00±24．08、307．00±16．40、318．00±18．7,P〈0．05）;RES高剂量干预组中各时间点HYP含量（657．45±18．31、514．34±9．78,504．20±13．16）均较模型组（751．80±22．52、996．00±39．48、1197．60±105．98）下降（P〈0．05）;模型组中TGF邛1mRNA含量在第17天（1．000±0．782）较对照组（0．490±0．039）高表达,使用RES高剂量干预后TGF—β1mRNA各时间点（0．788±0．205、0．472±0．199、0．474±0．310）较模型组（1．000±0．782、0．759±0．226、0．603±0．147）均降低（P〈0．05）。结论RES可能通过调节TGF-β1对已形成的大鼠肺纤维化有逆转作用。     

缬草提取物对肺纤维化大鼠转化生长因子-β1的影响

目的探讨缬草提取物对博莱霉素所致肺纤维化大鼠转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）的影响。方法健康Wistar大鼠气管内一次性注入博莱霉素5mg／kg制造肺纤维化模型,取造模存活大鼠65只,随机分为缬草高剂量组（16只）、缬草低剂量组（16只）、秋水仙碱组（16只）及模型组（17只）4组。造模后第2天始分别灌胃给予缬草提取物100mg／kg、缬草提取物20mg／kg、秋水仙碱100μg／kg及生理盐水10ml／kg,1次／d次。模型组及用药组于第7天各处死大鼠6只,28d处死剩存大鼠。另取8只大鼠,气管内一次性注入生理盐水1．0mL／kg,灌胃给予生理盐水10ml／（kg·d）作为健康对照组,于第28天处死。大鼠处死后,取右下肺叶做HE染色和Masson染色观察肺组织结构的改变;免疫组织化学法检测肺组织中的TGF-β1表达改变。结果模型组鼠观察期内死亡3只（17．65％）,7d肺组织呈现重度肺泡炎改变,合并有TGF-β1表达显著升高,28d肺组织胶原纤维重度增生;缬草组及秋水仙碱组第7天时肺泡炎较模型组减轻,TGF-β1表达较模型组弱（P〈0．05）,第28d缬草组及秋水仙碱组肺纤维化病变较模型组减轻,TGF-β1表达较模型组弱。结论缬草提取物可以有效防治博莱霉素诱导的大鼠肺泡炎及肺纤维化,其机制可能是通过降低TGF-β1的表达来实现。     

苦参碱对肺纤维化大鼠肺组织HYP与HGF表达的影响

目的探讨HYP与HGF在肺纤维化中的作用及不同浓度苦参碱对博莱霉素诱导的肺纤维化大鼠肺组织中HGF及HYP表达的影响。方法健康雄性SD大鼠90只,随机分为6组。应用气管内给予博莱霉素（5 mg/kg）制作肺纤维化动物模型。各组动物大鼠在造模7、14、28 d时分三次取材。检测肺组织HYP的含量。用RT-PCR,Westernblot检测各组肺组织中HGF mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果在正常肺组织中,HGF及HYP均有表达。肺纤维化时,肺组织中HYP的含量较正常组织明显上升（P〈0.01）,而HGF明显减少（P〈0.01）。与模型组相比,高、中剂量苦参碱与泼尼松,均能减轻肺间质纤维化程度,以苦参碱高剂量组和泼尼松组明显（P〈0.01）。苦参碱低剂量组与模型组相比,其肺组织HGF、HYP的表达差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论苦参碱抑制肺纤维化的机制之一可通过增高HGF的活性实现,这种作用有一定的剂量依赖性。     

间断低氧对大鼠主要脏器及血清中锌铜铬含量的影响

目的观察大鼠在间断低氧时，主要脏器及血清中锌、铜、铬含量的变化，为合理补充微量元素提供实验依据。方法取大鼠60只，随机等分为对照组、实验组I组（低氧10d）、实验Ⅱ组（低氧20d）；将实验组大鼠置于低压舱内，以20m／s的速度上升至海拔7000m高度，停留1．5h，每日1次；分别于第10、20天时断头处死，取其血液和主要脏器，用原子吸收法测其锌、铜、铬含量。结果实验I组肾锌含量（85．304±4．947）mg／kg，明显低于对照组[（89．942±7．132）mg／kg]（P〈0．05）；血清锌含量也明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）；脾铜含量（4．969±0．804）mg／kg，明显高于对照组[（4．325±0．434）mg／kg]（P〈0．01）；血清铜含量也明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。实验Ⅱ组脑锌含量（35．681±4．907）mg／kg，明显低于对照组[（40．544±5．011）mg／kg]（P〈0．01）；肾锌和血清锌含量也都明显低于对照组（P〈0．01）；而肺锌含量明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）；肾铜含量为（17．016±1．712）mg／kg，明显低于对照组[（19．866±2．251）mg／kg]（P〈0．01）；而脑铜和血清铜含量，以及肺铬和肾铬含量都明显高于对照组（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。本研究结果还提示，实验Ⅱ组脑、心、肾、肺和血清中有些微量元素的改变大于实验工组。结论间断低氧可使大鼠肾锌、脑锌、血清锌、肾铜含量均明显降低，而肺锌、肺铬、脾铜、脑铜、血清铜含量则均明显升高。间断低氧时间愈长，影响的脏器愈多，变化愈明显。     

姜黄素对大鼠肺间质纤维化影响的机制研究

目的 研究姜黄素对大鼠肺间质纤维化的治疗作用及其可能机制.方法 健康雄性SD大鼠80只,随机分为对照组、模型组、泼尼松组和姜黄素组,每组20只.除正常对照组外,其余各组大鼠气管内一次性注入博来霉素诱导肺纤维化.造模后第15天起,姜黄素组和泼尼松组分别给予姜黄素（300 mg/kg）和泼尼松（5 mg/kg）每日灌胃一次,其余两组每日给予1%羧甲基纤维素钠（10 ml/kg）灌胃一次.各组动物分别于造模后第21、28、42及56天随机处死5只,取肺组织行HE、Masson染色评价肺组织病理变化,消化法测定肺组织羟脯氨酸（HYP）含量,免疫组化法测定肺组织转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）、血小板源性生长因子（PDGF）的表达.结果 姜黄素组肺纤维化程度,肺组织HYP含量在第42和56天显著低于同期模型组[42 d：1.28±0.61 vs 2.28±0.39,P〈0.01;（1.73±0.22）mg/g vs（2.50±0.37）mg/g,P〈0.01;56 d：1.00±0.59 vs 1.73±0.36,P〈0.05;（1.57±0.36）mg/g vs（2.20±0.42）mg/g,P〈0.01],第42天姜黄素组HYP含量显著低于同期泼尼松组（P〈0.05）,肺组织TGF-β1、PDGF蛋白表达于造模后第28、42及56天显著低于模型组（28d：TGF-β1：3642.05±839.31 vs 5067.35±738.39,P〈0.05;PDGF：2957.55±739.16 vs 4457.75±568.39,P〈0.05;42 d：TGF-β1：2689.73±529.22 vs 4089.50±619.37,P〈0.01;PDGF：2834.46±567.16 vs 3239.52±628.26,P〈0.01;56 d：TGF-β1：1968.57±408.36 vs 2968.20±498.42,P〈0.01;PDGF：1083.36±381.35 vs 2019.40±412.36,P〈0.01）,第42、56天显著低于泼尼松组（42 d,TGF-β1：3529.07±981.35,PDGF：2618.34±813.34;56 d,TGF-β1：2530.83±439.37,PDGF：1738.35±536.62,P均〈0.05）,其中第56天时与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论 在博来霉素诱导的大鼠肺纤维化形成阶段应用姜黄素于预能有效减轻肺纤维化程度,可能机制为姜黄素抑制了TGF-β1、PDGF蛋白在肺组织的表达.     

中华地鳖的安全性毒理学评价

目的：为中华地鳖安全性评价提供毒理学依据。方法：按卫生部GB．15193～94《食品安全性毒理学评价程序和方法》进行大鼠急性毒性和大鼠30d喂养试验。结果：中华地鳖对雌、雄大鼠经口LD50均大于10．0g／kg体重，属实际无毒级；对大鼠30d喂养试验结果，大鼠体重：雌性4．0g／kg体重组在实验第1周显著高于对照组，P〈0．05；大鼠进食量：雄性0．1g／kg体重组在实验第2、3周均显著高于对照组，均为P〈0．01，而雄性4．0g／kg体重组在实验第4周则显著低于对照组，P〈0．05；大鼠食物利用率：雌性1．0异／kg体重组在实验第1周显著高于对照组，P〈0．05，雌性3个剂量组在实验第4周均显著高于对照组，均为P〈0．01；4．0g／kg体重组雄性大鼠血红蛋白含量显著高于对照组，P〈0．05；雌性1．0、4．0g／kg体重组大鼠血清白蛋白含量显著高于对照组，均为P〈0．01。其余各剂量组雌、雄大鼠各项观察指标与对照组比较均无显著性差异。结论：中华地鳖属实际无毒级；对大鼠的未观察到有害作用最大剂量为4．0g／kg体重；提示中华地鳖尚有能促进雌性大鼠体重增长，提高其食物利用率的作用；对雄性大鼠，低剂量能使其进食量增加，而高剂量在实验末期使其进食量减少；同时，可能还有助于提高雄性大鼠血红蛋白含量和雌性大鼠血清白蛋白含量的功效，其原因值得进一步探讨。     

大豆异黄酮对肥胖大鼠血脂及瘦素水平的影响

目的：通过大豆异黄酮（SIF）对肥胖大鼠的干预，观察大鼠体重、血脂及血清瘦素水平的变化，探讨SIF对肥胖大鼠的减肥作用及机制。方法：用高脂饲料造成雄性大鼠肥胖模型，然后按体重将其随机分为4组，各组均继续给予高脂饲料。其中一组为肥胖对照组，灌胃生理盐水，另外三组灌胃SIF，剂量分别为50mg／kg BW、150mg／kg BW及450mg／kg BW。第4周末股动脉取血，用酶免法检测血浆中瘦素，酶法检测血脂。结果：与肥胖对照组相比，450mg／kg BW剂量组大鼠血清瘦素水平明显升高，大鼠体重、血清TG、TC水平降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；150mg／kg BW剂量组大鼠的体重及血清TC水平降低（P〈0．05）。结论：SIF对肥胖大鼠有减肥作用，机制可能与SIF调节瘦素表达和分泌有关。     

缬沙坦对博莱霉素所致大鼠肺纤维化的干预研究

目的观察AT1受体拮抗剂缬沙坦对博莱霉素A5（BLMA5）所致大鼠肺纤维化模型形成过程的影响。方法54只SD雄性大鼠随机分为正常对照组（C组）、模型对照组（B组）和缬沙坦治疗组（T组）3组，18只／组。T组于大鼠气管内滴注0．5％BLMA5生理盐水溶液（5mg／kg）以复制肺纤维化动物模型，并于造模当天每日给予缬沙坦（20mg／kg）灌胃；B组以生理盐水代替缬沙坦灌胃；C组则均用生理盐水代替BLMA5和缬沙坦。各组动物均于制模开始后的第7、第14、第28天分别随机处死6只动物，分取肺组织行病理切片HE染色和Masson染色于光镜下观察大鼠早期肺泡炎程度以及晚期肺纤维化程度、碱水解法检测肺组织羟脯氨酸（Hyp）浓度、免疫组化技术检测肺组织平滑肌肌动蛋白（α—SMA）和转化生长因子TGF—β1水平。结果（1）肺组织Hyp含量：制模第7天3组动物间比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；第14天和第28天，B组肺组织Hyp含量较C组明显升高（P〈0．01），T组较B组Hyp含量明显下降（P〈0．01）。（2）早期肺泡炎程度：HE染色可见B组在第7天时急性肺损伤、肺泡炎程度最为明显，可见肺泡间隔和肺泡腔内有大量炎性细胞浸润，肺泡隔增宽，其后炎症渐有减轻，但第14天和第28天时炎症仍较C组明显（P〈0．01）；T组在第7、第14天和第28天肺泡炎程度均较B组明显减轻（P〈0．05）。（3）晚期肺纤维化程度：Masson染色在第7天3组动物间肺纤维化程度差异无统计学意义，第14、第28天时B组可见胸膜下、大气道及血管壁周围的基质胶原明显及纤维组织增多，较C组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01），T组较B组肺纤维化程度明显减轻（P〈0.05）。（4）肺组织TGF—β1蛋白表达水平：B组第7天时肺组织内TGF-β1表达水平最强，以后逐渐减低，但与C组比较仍显著升高（P〈0．01）；T组TGF—     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.