胰十二指肠切除术后不同营养支持方式的疗效比较

目的:比较胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后病人肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持的临床疗效.方法:将71例在我院接受PD的病人随机分为EN组(n=36)和PN组(n=35).比较两组病人手术前后血肝功能相关指标、营养指标以及术后并发症的发生率、肛门排气时间、住院时间和营养支持费用的差异. 结果:两组病人术后血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)等均较术前明显降低(P＜0.05),术后第12天降低更加明显(P＜0.01).而在术后第8和12天,EN组病人ALT、AST、TBil、DBil较PN组明显降低(P＜0.05),总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)均升高(P＜0.05);术后第12天EN组的血淋巴细胞计数(LY)明显高于PN组(P＜0.05).EN组病人较PN组术后平均住院时间缩短、肛门排气时间早、并发症发生率低、营养支持费用少(P＜0.05). 结论:PD术后EN支持能明显改善病人的营养状态,促进术后恢复,降低住院费用.     

老年人胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的临床研究

目的:研究老年人胃癌术后早期肠内营养支持的安全性和合理性.方法:选择年龄60岁以上胃癌手术的26例病人,随机分为肠内营养(EN)组和肠外营养(PN)组,每组13例.检测手术前后人体测量学指标及血红蛋白(Hb)、血浆清蛋白(ALB)、转铁蛋白(TFN)和纤维连接蛋白(Fn),同时观察胃肠功能恢复情况.两组营养支持均为等热量.结果:术后两组病人的人体测量学指标和Hb、ALB差异均无显著性意义(P＞0.05);术后第8 d病人均由负氮平衡转为正氮平衡;术后第4、8 d时,两组的Fn比术前明显升高(P＜0.05、P＜0.01),而且术后第8d时EN组的上升比PN组更明显(P＜0.05);肛门排气时间EN组比PN组早(P＜0.05).结论:老年人胃癌术后给予早期肠内营养支持,可促进病人胃肠功能的恢复和改善营养代谢.     

早期肠内营养对胃癌术后近期免疫和营养状况的影响

目的:比较早期肠内(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对胃癌术后免疫和营养状况的影响.方法:将72例胃癌病人随机分为EN组26例、PN组26例及常规输液(对照)组20例.术后24 h开始给予EN或PN,分别检测术前和术后第9天营养和免疫指标,并观察术后严重并发症及肠功能的恢复.结果:EN组和PN组术后体质量、前清蛋白、清蛋白、IgG、IgM及IgA均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).而EN组与PN组间差异无显著性意义;EN组、PN组术后CD3 、CD4 、CD4 /CD8 均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),并且EN组术后CD4 、CD4 /CD8 亦显著高于PN组(P＜0.05);EN组胃肠功能恢复时间明显短于PN组和对照组(P＜0.001).结论:早期肠内营养可明显改善胃癌术后近期的营养和免疫状况,在术后细胞免疫和肠功能恢复方面明显优于肠外营养.     

胃癌病人术后早期营养支持对营养等状况恢复的比较

目的:探讨胃底贲门癌病人术后早期应用全肠外营养(TPN)和肠内营养(EN)对营养等状况恢复的比较分析.方法:将73例胃底贲门癌病人随机分为EN组(37例)和PN组(36例).于术后48 h内开始给予等氮、等热量营养支持,观察两组病人手术前、后的营养和免疫指标、术后肠鸣音恢复、肛门排气时间和并发症发生的情况.结果:两组病人术后营养支持的营养及免疫指标明显改善(P＜0.05),EN组前清蛋白和免疫指标较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组较PN组术后胃肠道功能恢复的更早,同时并发症的发生率亦明显减低.结论:胃底贲门癌病人术后早期肠内营养支持,既能促进胃肠道功能尽早恢复,又可改善病人术后营养状况和免疫功能.     

老年胃肿瘤病人术后早期肠内营养的应用

目的:探讨早期肠内营养对改善老年胃肿瘤病人术后的营养免疫状况及减少并发症的作用.方法:将84例老年胃肿瘤病人随机分为肠内营养(EN)组及肠外营养(PN)组,于术后24 h开始予以相同热量及氮量营养支持,分别观察营养支持前后的营养和免疫指标及术后并发症.结果:两组的营养及免疫指标于营养支持后明显改善(P＜0.05),免疫指标EN组较PN组明显提高(P＜0.05);EN组与PN组相比,明显促进病人术后胃肠道功能恢复,减少并发症的发生及住院费用.结论:老年胃肿瘤病人术后早期肠内营养是一种安全、有效、简便、经济和理想的营养治疗方法.     

重型脑损伤患者早期肠内加肠外营养效果观察

目的探讨肠内加肠外营养支持在重型颅脑损伤患者中的合理应用。方法140例重型颅脑损伤患者随机分成5组,每组28例,A组早期同时给予肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN);B组给予早期PN,一周后逐渐过渡到到EN;C组单给PN,PN时间超过2周;D组早期给予单纯EN;E组用传统延迟性EN。进行有关临床观察及统计学分析。结果重型颅脑损伤者伤后早期能从不同营养途经获得营养成分,A组2周时血糖及各项营养指标均优于B组(P<0.05)且A组早、晚期并发症发生率60.7%、35.7%均低于B组85.7%、57.1%,预后亦优于B组,A、B两组间比较,A组消化道出血发生率低于B组14.3%,费用更节约。结论重型颅脑损伤后早期联合进行EN、PN是临床较合理的营养支持方法,对预后有重要的价值。     

围手术期营养支持在胰十二指肠切除术病人的临床应用

目的:比较胰十二指肠切除术病人围手术期肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)支持的效果. 方法:60例胰十二指肠切除捆绑式胰肠吻合术后病人随机分为全肠内营养(TEN)组和完全胃肠外营养(TPN)两组,每组各30例.手术前3 d开始给予营养支持,TEN组口服百普素,术后24 h内开始经空肠造口管输注;TPN组术前3 d开始经腔静脉置管行PN支持,术后24 h恢复TPN支持,两组营养支持时间均为14 d. 结果:两组病人均完成营养支持计划,未发生吻合口瘘和腹腔感染.两组病人术后的体质量、体质指数、上臂周径均较术前略低,但组间比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05).两组病人血清蛋白水平在手术后均有明显下降,TPN组下降更明显,组间比较有显著性意义(P＜0.05).TPN组术后谷酰转肽酶和乳酸脱氢酶高于TEN组.术后监测氮平衡1周,两组均表现为负氮平衡.TEN、TPN组肠功能恢复时间分别为(2.5±0.5) d和(3.0±0.5) d(P＜0.05).术后排便时间分别为(4.0±1.0) d和(6.0±1.0) d(P＜0.01).两组病人住院天数无显著性差异(P＞0.05),但TEN组伤口愈合情况优于TPN组(P＜0.05),平均住院费用/药物费用TEN、TPN组分别为11 206/4 502元、15 430/7 500元(P＜0.05). 结论:对胰十二指肠切除术病人,术前3 d及术后早期行EN,可改善营养状况,降低蛋白质分解,促进肠功能恢复,符合生理需求.     

早期肠内营养在食管癌术后感染预防中的效果研究

目的 观察早期肠内营养对预防食管癌术后感染的效果,为临床治疗提供参考.方法 将100例食管癌手术患者随机分为肠内营养组(EN组)、肠外营养组(PN组)各50例,术后EN组早期行肠内营养,PN组给予全肠外营养支持;分别于术后第1、8天采用Array360测定仪检测体液免疫指标(血液中IgA、IgG、IgM),采用Beck-man-Coulter Epics XL流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫指标(T淋巴细胞及其亚群、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞).结果 EN组术后发生切口感染、肺部感染、吻合口瘘各1例,PN组分别为4、5、4例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);EN组术后第1、8天与PN组术后第1、8天的IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞比较,EN组术后第8天与术后第1天及PN组术后第8天比较,IgA、IgG、IgM、CD3+、CD4+、CD4 +/CD8+、NK细胞、B淋巴细胞升高(P＜0.05),而CD8+降低(P＜0.05).结论 早期肠内营养可预防食管癌术后感染的发生,可能与其提高机体免疫功能有关.     

围手术期肠内营养支持对食管癌患者术后免疫功能的影响

目的 研究围手术期肠内营养支持对食管癌患者术后免疫功能的影响.方法将80例食管癌患者随机分为肠内营养（EN）组与肠外营养（PN）组,以不同方式营养支持至术后第7天.所有患者均于术前、术后第1、8天测量IgG、IgM、IgA、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、C-反应蛋白（CRP）和α-抗胰蛋白酶.结果术后第1天,PN组免疫球蛋白均下降（P〈0.05）,EN组IgA下降（P〈0.05）;术后第8天两组免疫球蛋白均较术后第1天升高（P〈0.05）;EN组术后第8天免疫球蛋白均明显高于PN组（P〈0.01）;两组术后第1天的CD4淋巴细胞较术前下降（P〈0.05）,EN组术后第1天CD8明显升高（P〈0.01）,EN组术后第8天的CD4、CD4/CD8均高于PN组（P〈0.01）,CD8低于PN组（P〈0.05）;术后第1天CRP、α-抗胰蛋白酶较术前均显著升高（P〈0.01）,术后第8天较术后第1天均显著下降（P〈0.01）;术后第8天EN组患者CRP、α-抗胰蛋白酶均显著低于PN组（P〈0.01）.结论围手术期对食管癌患者进行肠内营养支持,能提高患者免疫能力,降低术后全身炎性反应,有利于术后恢复,值得推广.     

免疫肠内营养在高龄胃癌病人术后免疫调节作用的观察

目的:观察免疫肠内营养对高龄胃癌病人术后恢复、免疫功能、营养状况的影响。方法:将68例高龄胃癌病人(70岁)手术后随机分为免疫肠内+肠外营养(EN+PN)组和肠外营养(PN)组。于术前1 d、术后第1和第7天检测相关的营养和免疫血清指标,观察术后恢复情况,并比较和分析。结果:两组病人术后第1天血清总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)、Ig G、Ig A水平以及CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8较术前1 d有显著下降。术后7天EN+PN组血清TP、ALB、PA、Ig G、Ig A以及CD3、CD4、CD4/CD8与PN组比有显著性差异(P0.01)。术后EN+PN组和PN组发生术后并发症无显著性差异。结论:早期使用肠内免疫营养制剂,可改善高龄胃癌病人手术后的免疫功能和营养状态。     

营养环境与人群营养素摄入水平的相关性

完善了营养环境的概念及指标，提出可以用线性规划建立的数学模型计算营养环境的指标，即由该模型得出的营养素的理论达标率和营养素的边际成本。用天津１９８９年的营养素的理论达标率和１９８８年天津人群的营养素实际达标率进行线性回归分析，得出回归方程：实际达标率（％）Ｙ＝１５．１５（％）＋０．７８８Ｘ（Ｘ为理论达标率，％），其相关性显著（Ｒ＝０．９８６，Ｐ＜０．００１）；还发现天津营养环境中脂肪、动物性蛋白质的边际成本大于零。讨论了上述方程的意义，营养环境与营养干预的关系。认为，改善食物的营养素含量、降低价格、增加营养素含量丰富的食物品种的营养干预措施，效果较好。     

The enteral vs parenteral nutrition debate revisited

Many trials and several meta-analyses have been devoted to comparing enteral with parenteral nutrition support. In this review, these studies are subjected to critical analysis with particular emphasis on their methodology and clinical relevance. Evidence is produced to suggest that the heterogeneous patient populations of the studies and the rigid approach taken to comparing different nutrition therapies inter alia render their conclusions highly questionable and of very doubtful clinical significance. An alternative approach to nutrition research is suggested in which strategies of nutrition support rather than fixed menus are compared. It is suggested that objective measures of intestinal function be evaluated more fully in patients requiring nonvolitional nutrition support, and these are briefly reviewed. In addition, a more scientific approach to evaluating the physiological effects of nutrition support, including chemical tagging and evaluation of muscle function, is recommended.     

Ceramide in Lipid Emulsions Used in Parenteral Nutrition

Parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease is a prevalent and severe complication of long term parenteral nutrition. We present here for the first time data on the presence of ceramide, a bioactive compound involved in a variety of metabolic processes, in different lipid emulsions used in parenteral nutrition. Further research is needed to determine whether this potential harmful bioactive compound is involved in parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.     

Nutrition knowledge and attitudes of New Zealand registered midwives

Aim: The importance of nutrition for a healthy pregnancy is well established. In New Zealand, the majority of women choose midwives as their maternity provider. Therefore, it is important that midwives have an understanding of nutrition issues related to pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutrition knowledge of New Zealand midwives, and to assess the importance they place on nutrition during pregnancy. Methods: An 18‐question postal survey was sent to all members of the New Zealand College of Midwives (n = 1340). Results: A total of 370 questionnaires were returned (response rate of 27.6%). Less than 40% of midwives reported that they had formal nutrition education; however, nearly 75% of respondents indicated that they had received nutrition information through their midwifery education. Most midwives indicated that nutrition was important or very important during pregnancy (98.4%), and that they had a significant or very significant role in educating pregnant women (94.9%) about nutrition. Midwives generally reported a high level of confidence in dealing with nutrition‐related issues. Midwives answered most of the nutrition knowledge questions correctly. However, 64.6% of midwives (n = 369) incorrectly identified spirulina as a good source of iron for vegetarians, 28.1% (n = 104) incorrectly answered that maternal intake of cabbage and beans are often responsible for colic in breastfed infants, and 40.0% (n = 128) incorrectly answered that to reduce food allergies all lactating women should avoid peanuts and shellfish. Conclusion: Overall, midwives were knowledgeable on nutrition issues related to pregnancy and reported a high level of confidence on educating women about nutrition.     

Practice Analysis of Nutrition Support Professionals

Background: The National Board of Nutrition Support Certification (NBNSC) is an independent credentialing board responsible for administering the multidisciplinary certification examination in nutrition support. For an exam to be legally and practically defensible, it must represent practice. Validation is by practice audit, the highest level of supporting evidence. Objectives: To define the role of the nutrition support professional (NSP) and the current elements (knowledge and functions) required for competent NSP practice. Methods: A survey instrument was constructed using a content validation strategy to establish the link between job tasks and the content of the examination. Internet‐based surveys were made available to 5100 NSPs. NSP duties performed and knowledge required for patient safety and welfare were analyzed for the group as a whole and for each profession separately. Results: A total of 765 surveys were completed (return rate of 15%). The results of the practice audit demonstrate a common core of practice across the nutrition support disciplines as well as a universal core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Conclusion: The results of this survey continue to support a common core of practice across nutrition support disciplines as well as a common core of elements believed to be important for competent nutrition support practice. Accordingly, the NBNSC will continue to offer one examination to all disciplines both nationally and internationally and confer the Certified Nutrition Support Clinician (CNSC) credential to all individuals who successfully pass this validated examination.     

Future Doctors' Perceptions about Incorporating Nutrition into Standard Care Practice

Objective: The increasing prevalence of chronic disease has been largely attributed to long-term poor nutrition and lifestyle choices. This study investigates the attitudes of our future physicians toward nutrition and the likelihood of incorporating nutrition principles into current treatment protocols.Methods: Setting: The setting of this study was an Australian university medical school. Subjects: Subjects including year 1–4 students (n = 928) in a 4-year medical bachelor, bachelor of surgery (MBBS) degree program. Students were invited to participate in a questionnaire based on an existing instrument, the Nutrition in Patient Care Attitude (NIPC) Questionnaire, to investigate their attitudes toward nutrition in health care practices.Results: Respondents indicated that “high risk patients should be routinely counseled on nutrition” (87%), “nutrition counseling should be routine practice” (70%), and “routine nutritional assessment and counseling should occur in general practice” (57%). However, despite overall student support of nutritional counseling (70%) and assessment (86%), students were reluctant to perform actual dietary assessments, with only 38% indicating that asking for a food diary or other measure of dietary intake was important.Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that future physicians are aware of the importance of considering nutrition counseling and assessment. However, students are unlikely to adequately integrate relevant nutritional information into their treatment protocols, evidenced by their limited use of a basic nutritional assessment. This is potentially the result of a lack of formal nutrition education within their basic training.     

Transition Phase Nutrition Recommendations: A Missing Link in the Nutrition Management of Preterm Infants

Background: Despite the availability of international nutrition recommendations, preterm infants remain vulnerable to suboptimal nutrition. The standard approach of assessing nutrient intakes chronologically may make it difficult to identify the origin of nutrient deficits and/or excesses. Objective: To develop a “nutrition phase” approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabling analysis of nutrient intakes during the period of weaning from parenteral nutrition (PN) to enteral nutrition (EN), called the transition (TN) phase, and compare the data with those analyzed using the standard “chronological age” approach to assess whether the identification of nutrient deficits and/or excesses can be improved. Methods: Analysis of a comprehensive nutrition database developed using actual nutrient intake data collected on an hourly basis in 59 preterm infants (birth weight ≤1500 g, gestation <34 weeks) over the period of PN delivery (range, 2–21 days). Results: The nutrition phase analysis approach revealed substantial macronutrient and energy deficits during the TN phase. In particular, deficits were identified as maximal during the EN‐dominant TN phase (enteral feeds ≥80 mL/kg/d) of the infant’s nutrition course. In contrast, the chronological age analysis approach did not reveal a corresponding pattern of deficit occurrence but rather intakes that approximated or exceeded recommendations. Conclusion: Actual intakes of nutrients, analyzed using a nutrition phase approach to evaluating nutrition support, enabled a more infant‐driven rather than age‐driven application of nutrition recommendations. This approach unmasked nutrient deficits occurring during the transition phase. Overcoming nutrient deficits in this nutrition phase should be prioritized to improve the nutrition management of preterm infants.