郑州市2005年肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7感染状况调查

目的：了解郑州市肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7在腹泻病人中的检出情况和宿主动物带菌及毒力基因情况.方法：对采集的宿主动物和腹泻病人粪便及食品应用免疫磁珠富集分离法进行大肠杆菌O157∶H7分离和鉴定.结果：郑州市内共发现3例肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7感染病例,首次从腹泻病人中检出产毒O157∶H7菌株,采集5种以上动物粪便标本共计475份,从牛粪（247份）中分离到16株O157∶H7,检出率为6.48%,从羊粪（33份）中分离到3株O157∶H7,检出率为9.10%,并检出3株产毒O157∶H7菌株.采集5类市售食品共146份,未分离到O157∶H7.结论：郑州市存在发生肠出血性大肠杆菌O157∶H7感染暴发或流行的潜在危险.     

首次从病人中分离到产毒O157:H7菌株的多重PCR鉴定

目的 鉴定从病人粪便中分离到的大肠杆菌O157：H7菌株的毒素基因和rfbO157特异性基因。方法 多重PCR技术同时检测大肠杆菌O157：H7的四种毒素基因和O157特异性基因。结果 可疑菌株含有志贺氏毒素2（stx2)基因，溶血素基因（hlyA)，肠上皮细胞纤毛清除素基因（eaeA)和O157：H7特异性基因（rfbO157)，但不含有志贺氏毒素1（stx1)基因。结论 菌株为产志贺氏毒素大肠杆菌O157：H7血清型。     

郑州市肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7感染监测

[目的]2005年监测郑州市肠出血性大肠杆菌O157：H7感染状况及病原分布特点,为各级卫生行政部门制订新发传染病防治措施,提供基础疫情资料。[方法]监测标本用免疫磁珠集菌方法（IMS）做病原学分离培养、毒力基因检测用多重PCR方法、药敏试验用（K-B）常规方法。[结果]腹泻病人标本185份,大肠杆菌O157：H7检出阳性4份。外环境标本588份,检出大肠杆菌O157：H7阳性20份。用多重PCR方法做毒力基因检测,有6份家畜家禽阳性标本中检出O157：H7毒力基因（Stx2、eaeA、HIyA）为阳性。药敏试验24株肠出血性大肠杆菌O157：H7对8种抗菌药物敏感率为95%以上,对新生霉素100%耐药,其余7种对抗菌药物敏感程度各有差异。[结论]郑州市有散在的大肠杆菌O157：H7感染的病人及动物疫点。奶牛和波尔山羊是大肠杆菌O157：H7动物宿主。     

太康县部分腹泻病人、家畜家禽、外环境O157：H4大肠杆菌携带情况调查

[目的]了解O157：H7大肠杆菌的分布特征和污染程度。[方法]2001年5～10月在太康县采集腹泻病人、家畜家禽、外环境标本，用O157：H7大肠杆菌特异性筛查法进行病原体分离培养，应用细胞学技术进行毒素因子测定。[结果]检测1214份标本，52份检出O157：H7大肠杆菌，并测出毒素基因，显示有5个毒素因子组合型。其中，340份腹泻病人标本12份检出．704份家畜家禽粪便32份检出，133份坑塘水、蔬菜、生熟肉食等标本7份检出，37份苍蝇标本1份检出。[结论]O157：H7大肠杆菌在腹泻病人及家畜家禽中散在而较为广泛存在，并对环境造成污染。     

安阳市首次分离到产毒O157:H7菌株的PCR鉴定

目的:鉴定从生羊肉中分离到的大肠杆菌O157:H7菌株的毒性基因和rfbO157、flicH7特异性基因。方法:PCR技术同时检测大肠杆菌O157:H7的四种毒性基因和rfbO157、flicH7特异性基因。结果:可疑菌株含有鞭毛H7基因(fli-cH7),志贺毒素2(stx2)基因,溶血素基因(hlyA),肠上皮细胞纤毛清除素基因(eaeA)和O157:H7特异性基因(rfbO157),但不含有志贺毒素1(stx1)基因。结论:菌株为产志贺毒素大肠杆菌O157:H7血清型。     

安徽省1999～2003年O157：H7大肠杆菌实验监测及其意义

目的为了解我省肠出血性大肠杆菌O157：H7感染性腹泻的病人（宿主动物）带菌情况及其毒力基因携带情况,探索疾病发生的原因.方法对安徽省1999～2003年病人粪便进行O157：H7大肠杆菌的分离培养、动物宿主O157：H7大肠杆菌带菌状况调查及O157：H7大肠杆菌毒力基因的检测,并用免疫印迹法检测人群血清特异性O157：H7溶血素抗体.结果家禽家畜出血性大肠杆菌O157：H7带菌率为10.45%、2.50%、0.14%、0.72%和0.31%;从腹泻病人粪便中分离出O157：H7大肠杆菌、痢疾杆菌等,分离率分别为0.43%和4.75%;特异性O157：H7溶血素IgG抗体总阳性率为25.87%;志贺样毒素、溶血素毒力基因检测有53.2%的EHEC O157：H7菌株阳性.结论通过血清学、病原学、分子生物学实验监测,可以认为家禽家畜为O157：H7的动物宿主,分离的O157：H7大肠杆菌大部分携带毒力因子,染菌的家禽家畜是引起人群爆发流行的的重要传染源.     

太康县部分腹泻病人、家畜家禽、外环境O157:H7大肠杆菌携带情况调查

[目的]了解O157H7大肠杆菌的分布特征和污染程度.[方法]2001年5～10月在太康县采集腹泻病人、家畜家禽、外环境标本,用O157H7大肠杆菌特异性筛查法进行病原体分离培养,应用细胞学技术进行毒素因子测定.[结果]检测1 214份标本,52份检出O157H7大肠杆菌,并测出毒素基因,显示有5个毒素因子组合型.其中,340份腹泻病人标本12份检出,704份家畜家禽粪便32份检出,133份坑塘水、蔬菜、生熟肉食等标本7份检出,37份苍蝇标本1份检出.[结论]O157H7大肠杆菌在腹泻病人及家畜家禽中散在而较为广泛存在,并对环境造成污染.     

神州家畜O157：H7大肠杆菌调查分析

目的 了解福州市家畜中O157：H7大肠杆菌的带菌情况，为防制提供依据。方法 采集本市家畜中的牛、猪粪便标本，直接划种于SMAC培养基，经血清学试验、生化试验鉴定确诊的菌株做志贺样毒素测定和药物敏感性测定。结果 首次在福州地区195头牛和245头猪中各检出2株O157：H7大肠杆菌。结论 本市牛、猪等家畜中存在O157：H7大肠杆菌，要 加强监测。     

太康县部分腹泻病人、家畜家禽、外环境O_(157)∶H_7大肠杆菌携带情况调查

[目的 ]了解O157∶H7大肠杆菌的分布特征和污染程度。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 1年 5～ 10月在太康县采集腹泻病人、家畜家禽、外环境标本 ,用O157∶H7大肠杆菌特异性筛查法进行病原体分离培养 ,应用细胞学技术进行毒素因子测定。 [结果 ]检测 12 14份标本 ,5 2份检出O157∶H7大肠杆菌 ,并测出毒素基因 ,显示有 5个毒素因子组合型。其中 ,3 40份腹泻病人标本 12份检出 ,70 4份家畜家禽粪便 3 2份检出 ,13 3份坑塘水、蔬菜、生熟肉食等标本 7份检出 ,3 7份苍蝇标本 1份检出。[结论 ]O157∶H7大肠杆菌在腹泻病人及家畜家禽中散在而较为广泛存在 ,并对环境造成污染。     

2008-2012年南宁市肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7监测结果

目的 了解南宁市肠出血性大肠杆菌0157:H7在人群及外环境中的感染情况,为防制工作提供依据.方法 2008-2012年采集南宁市现症腹泻患者、动物宿主粪便标本、市场生熟食品和苍蝇标本,经mEC增菌后用SMAC分离,纯化菌株经生化鉴定、血清分型等方法进行检测.结果 在2 139份腹泻患者标本中未检出阳性标本;在3 088份外环境标本中检出阳性标本20份.南宁市肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7感染阳性率呈现逐年下降趋势;不同动物粪便肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7阳性率不同,以牛粪检出阳性率最高.结论 南宁市肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7仍有散在的动物感染,应加强对动物粪便的管理及肠出血性大肠杆菌O157:H7的监测工作.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.