大学生拖延行为与父母教养方式的相关研究

[目的]探讨大学生拖延行为与父母教养方式的关系。[方法]采用Lay一般拖延量表与父母教养方式问卷对山西某大学306名大学生的拖延行为进行调查,并用t检验等统计学方法对拖延行为与父母教养方式进行相关分析。[结果]1大学生拖延行为在性别、出生地、是否为独生子女三个方面差异均没有统计学意义(P0.05)。2文理科学生拖延程度差异有统计学意义(P0.05),且文科生的拖延水平高于理科生。3大学生的拖延行为与父母亲的关爱程度呈负相关(r=-0.411,-0.320,P0.05);此外拖延行为与父母鼓励程度呈负相关(r=-0.150,-0.155,P0.05),与父母亲的控制程度呈正相关(r=0.318,0.285,P0.05)。[结论]大学生拖延行为与父母的教养方式密切关系,父母关爱鼓励程度越高,拖延程度越低,父母控制程度越高拖延程度越高。     

父母教养方式和学业拖延对小学生学业水平影响的路径分析

了解小学生父母教养方式、学业拖延、学业水平三者之间的关系及其路径模型,为提高其学业水平提供参考.方法 采用修订的小学生学业拖延问卷和父母教养方式问卷,对分层随机抽取的邢台市814名小学生进行调查.结果 小学生学业拖延题目平均得分为2.65分,总体程度并不严重;小学生的父母教养方式民主性成分最多(M=3.62),溺爱性成分最少(M=1.66).父母教养方式中的溺爱性、民主性、放任性和不一致性4个因子与学业水平和学业拖延均相关均有统计学意义(R学业水平值分别为-0.214,0.164,-0.203,-0.130,r学业拖延值分别为0.246,-0.292,0.371,0.257,P值均<0.01),学业拖延与学业水平呈负相关(r=-0.483,P<0.01).路径分析结果显示,学业拖延直接影响学业水平(β=-0.447,P<0.01),父母教养方式中溺爱性维度直接影响学业水平(β=-0.104,P<0.05),民主性和放任性2个维度通过影响学业拖延间接影响学业水平(β值分别为-0.196,0.254,P值均<0.01).结论 可以通过改善父母教养方式来干预或减少小学生学业拖延行为的发展,从而达到提高学业水平的目的.     

青少年性知识、性态度、家庭教养方式与自我保护意识的相关性研究

目的调查青少年性知识与性态度的现状,并分析其相关因素。方法采用一般资料问卷、性知识量表、性态度量表、家庭教养方式量表以及自我保护意识量表对湖南省2所中学476名高三学生进行调查。结果青少年性知识总分为(64.77±7.23)分,处于中等水平;开放型、主动型及保守型性态度总分分别为(16.00±4.34)分、(11.42±3.79)分、(15.92±4.15)分,均处于中等偏下水平。青少年性别、性知识、专制型家庭教养方式对开放型性态度有影响(R~2=0.239,F=37.040;P0.001),青少年与父母关系、家庭经济状况、专制型家庭教养方式对主动型性态度有影响(R~2=0.062,F=5.201,P0.001),青少年家庭经济状况、自我保护意识对保守型性态度有影响(R~2=0.053,F=6.528,P0.001)。结论青少年性知识与性态度不完全一致,存在分离现象;开放型性态度与性知识、专制型家庭教养方式有关;主动型性态度与专制型家庭教养方式有关;保守型性态度与自我保护意识有关。     

父母教养方式在农村留守儿童创伤经历与健康危险行为关系中的调节作用

目的 探讨农村留守儿童创伤经历对健康危险行为的影响以及父母教养方式对其影响的调节作用,以期有效预防和干预农村留守儿童的健康危险行为。方法 2016年3-5月采用青少年健康相关危险行为问卷(AHRBI)、儿童期创伤经历问卷简版(CTQ-SF)和父母教养方式评定量表(EMBU)对364名农村留守儿童进行了调查。结果 1)农村留守儿童健康危险行为与儿童期创伤之间呈显著正相关(r=0.12～0.31,P<0.05),与权威型父母教养方式呈显著负相关(r=-0.21～-0.48,P<0.01),与专制型和放任/忽略型父母教养方式呈显著正相关(r=0.12～0.36,P<0.05);2)儿童期创伤与权威型父母教养方式呈显著负相关(r=-0.11～-0.44,P<0.05),与专制型和放任/忽略型父母教养方式呈显著正相关(r=0.12～0.47,P<0.05);3)父母教养方式在儿童期创伤对农村留守儿童健康危险行为影响的调节效应显著,结构方程模型拟合良好(χ²/df=2.774～3.460,IFI=0.91～0.92,CFI=0.90～0.92,GFI=0.93～0.94,RMSEA=0.07～0.08)。结论 儿童期创伤是农村留守儿童健康危险行为的重要危险性因素,权威型父母教养方式在其间起积极调节作用,专制型和放任/忽略型父母教养方式起消极调节作用。     

离异家庭儿童青少年家庭教养方式与心理韧性相关性

了解离异家庭儿童青少年家庭教养方式与心理韧性水平及其相关性,为特殊家庭儿童青少年身心健康教育提供依据.方法 采用多阶段抽样方法,对辽宁省6个城市小学三~六年级、初中一~三年级5 385名儿童青少年进行家庭教养方式量表和青少年心理韧性量表问卷调查,筛选出1 473名离异家庭的儿童青少年,运用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计分析.结果 不同性别离异家庭儿童青少年专制型家庭教养方式得分差异有统计学意义(t=4.84,P<0.05),不同年龄儿童青少年权威型与放任型家庭教养方式得分差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为2.54,7.58,P值均<0.05).不同年龄儿童青少年心理韧性总分及各维度得分差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);不同性别儿童青少年人际协助得分差异有统计学意义(t=-3.00,P<0.05),女生高于男生.权威型教养方式与心理韧性各维度和总分均呈正相关(r值分别为0.19~0.39,P值均<0.05);专制型教养方式分别与情绪控制、家庭支持、人际协助得分和心理韧性总分呈负相关(r值分别为-0.29-0.12,P值均<0.05);放任型教养方式分别与目标专注、积极认知、家庭支持、人际协助得分和心理韧性总分呈正相关(r值分别为0.05~ 0.15,P值均<0.05).多元回归显示,心理韧性总分的影响因素有权威型、专制型、是否是学生干部、年龄、父母文化程度.结论 离异家庭儿童青少年家庭教养方式与心理韧性具有一定相关性.学校与社会应加强对离异家庭儿童青少年心理健康的关注,提高学生心理韧性.     

儿童性别与父母教养方式对神经行为的影响

探讨儿童性别、父母教养方式对儿童神经行为的影响,为帮助家长针对不同性别儿童找到更为理想的教养方式提供理论依据.方法 采用多阶段抽样方法,在2015年4-10月,选取太原市6个城区和4个郊(县)区中的2 644名小学四、五年级学生完成《父母教养方式问卷》调查和《WHO神经行为核心测验组合》测试.结果 经单变量多因素方差分析显示,不同父母教养方式儿童数字跨度总得分、数字跨度顺序得分差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为3.170,3.207,P值均<0.05);不同性别儿童数字跨度顺序得分不同(F=4.682,P=0.031);儿童性别与父母教养方式对儿童数字跨度总得分(F=2.603,P=0.034)、数字跨度顺序得分(F=3.139,P=0.014)的影响均有交互作用.经分层方差分析,男童不同父母教养方式儿童数字跨度总得分(F=2.691,P=0.030)、数字跨度顺序得分(F=3.291,P=0.011)差异均有统计学意义;女童不同父母教养方式儿童数字跨度总得分(F=3.162,P=0.013)、数字跨度顺序得分(F=3.180,P=0.013)差异均有统计学意义.经t检验,女童数字跨度顺序得分高于男童(t=-2.590,P=0.010),男童习惯用手2次得分之和、非习惯用手2次得分之和高于女童(t值分别为4.204,7.572,P值均<0.01).结论 父母教养方式与儿童性别除直接影响儿童神经行为外,两者对儿童神经行为的影响还存在交互作用.     

山西省某高职护理学生的父母教养方式、手机依赖与人际关系困扰的相关性分析

目的探讨护理学生父母教养方式、手机依赖与人际关系困扰间的关系,为改善学生人际关系,降低手机依赖程度,培养父母积极的教养方式提供参考依据。方法采用父母教养方式量表、手机成瘾倾向量表和人际关系诊断量表对943名高职女护理学生进行调查。结果不同年级护理学生在父母拒绝否认、父母过度保护、手机依赖及人际困扰上差异均有统计学意义(t=8.993、8.796、4.492、3.785、-4.303、3.258,均P0.01);城镇护理学生在父母拒绝否认上的得分较高,差异有统计学意义(t=-2.823、-2.852,均P0.01);是否为独生子女护理学生在父母拒绝否认、父母过度保护、母亲温暖理解及人际困扰上差异均有统计学意义(t=-6.244、-5.453、-5.054、-4.447、2.901、2.371,均P0.01);不同性格特征的护理学生在父母教养方式和人际关系困扰上差异均有统计学意义(F=18.654、18.334、13.889、21.023、17.083、12.551、34.504,均P0.01)。护理学生父母拒绝否认、过度保护与手机依赖呈显著的正相关(r=0.251、0.228、0.230、0.216,均P0.01),父母温暖理解与手机依赖呈显著的负相关(r=-0.213、-0.208,均P0.01);护理学生父母拒绝否认、过度保护与人际关系呈显著的正相关(r=0.464、0.490、0.326、0.291,均P0.01),父母温暖理解与人际关系呈显著的负相关(r=-0.318、-0.377,均P0.01);护理学生手机依赖与人际关系呈显著正相关(r=0.394,P0.01)。手机依赖在父母教养方式和人际关系困扰间起部分中介作用。结论父母教养方式对护理学生人际关系困扰有直接影响,而且通过手机依赖产生间接影响;降低护理学生的手机依赖性,鼓励父母采取积极教养方式有助于减少护理学生出现人际交往障碍的现象。     

未成年罪犯共患注意缺陷多动障碍的父母教养方式调查

目的探讨未成年罪犯共患注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)与普通ADHD青少年父母教养方式间的差异。方法随机选择广东省佛山市禅城区某看守所2006年7月1日至2007年7月1日在押未成年男性罪犯(初犯、汉族)中确诊为ADHD者41例纳入研究组;选择同期佛山市第一人民医院神经心理科初诊的ADHD患者38例(男性、汉族)纳入对照组。ADHD诊断采用《Vanderbilt ADHD评定量表》中的《Vanderbilt ADHD家长评定量表》(VADPRS)。父母教养方式进行评定采用《父母教养方式量表》(EMBU)(本研究遵循的程序符合广东省佛山市第一人民医院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,分组征得受试者监护人的同意,并与其签订临床研究知情同意书)。结果有关父亲情感、温暖与理解,严厉惩罚,拒绝否认,过分干涉,过度保护和过分偏爱方面及母亲严厉惩罚,拒绝否认,过分干涉,过度保护和过分偏爱,情感、温暖与理解等父母教养方式方面,研究组父母存在更多不良教养方式,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组父亲、母亲教养方式在情感、温暖与理解,严厉惩罚,过分干涉,拒绝否认方面与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);而对照组父亲、母亲教养方式只在严厉惩罚和过分干涉方面比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),而在情感、温暖与理解,拒绝否认方面比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。另外,两组在父母偏爱方面比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明未成年罪犯共患ADHD者父母教养方式存在更严重分歧。两组父母高文化程度(中专、大专)与低文化程度(小学、初中)间比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001),说明研究组父母文化程度显著低于对照组。研究组残缺型家庭(母亡∕父亡、离异)较对照组多,且两组残缺型家庭与完整型家庭比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.01)。结论未成年罪犯共患ADHD的父母教养方式与普通ADHD青少年不同,主要表现为家庭残缺率高、父母文化程度偏低、不良教养方式更多及父母教养方式存在更大分歧。     

代际差异视角的青春期学生父母教养方式变化趋势

  目的  从代际差异视角探讨1999—2019年青春期学生的父母教养方式变化特点和趋势,为改善家庭教育支持环境、促进青少年高质量发展助力。  方法  运用多阶段分层整群随机抽样方法,采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)于1999、2009和2019年在同一地区且同一初、高中对2 590名学生进行问卷调查。  结果  父母教养方式的9个因子在不同年份间差异均有统计学意义(F=12.07~72.52,P值均 < 0.01),其中父母情感温暖理解(F1、M1)、父亲过分干涉(F3)随年份变化均值递减(F1:46.72±9.41,45.87±11.33,43.61±11.27;M1:51.56±9.38,51.03±11.59,46.23±12.27;F3:19.03±4.00,18.29±4.32,17.95±4.51),其他教养方式得分均为2019年高于2009和1999年(除母亲过分干涉、保护和母亲惩罚、严厉外)。性别上,父母家庭教养方式(除女生父亲拒绝、否认因子外)存在年份差异,性别总体变化趋势与总人群趋势相同。在初高中学生中,父母教养方式在年份间差异均有统计学意义(F=3.92~47.27,P值均 < 0.05),无论初中还是高中,F1和F3因子变化趋势与总体的递减趋势相同。因素分析结果显示,3个年份均将父母教养方式分成2个维度,但不同年份的因子载荷不同。  结论  不同年代青春期学生对父母情感温暖理解的体验及父亲过分干涉行为在减少,且存在明显的性别与学段差异。应注重需求的多样化与群体差异化,提出相应的干预方案,切实促进青少年高质量发展。     

拉萨市藏族青少年父母教养方式及影响因素调查

目的调西藏自治区查拉萨市藏族青少年父母教养方式及影响因素。方法于2015年9—10月采取多阶段随机整群抽样方法,在西藏拉萨市抽取871名学生采用藏文版简式父母教养方式问卷进行调查。结果父亲与母亲的教养方式较为相似。随着年龄的增长被调查者体验到的拒绝更少,情感温暖更多(P <0.001)。离异者的孩子比已婚者的孩子体会到更多父亲(B=0.20)及母亲的拒绝(B=0.23),更少父亲的情感温暖(B=0.19)。女性比男性体会到更多父亲(B=0.13)及母亲的情感温暖(B=0.16)以及母亲的过度保护(B=0.12)。家庭月收入<1 000元的家庭及高收入家庭的孩子体会到更多的父母情感温暖。低月收入家庭的孩子体会到更多母亲的过度保护(P <0.05)。结论拉萨市青少年的父母教养方式与父母婚姻状况、孩子年龄、性别、家庭收入等有关。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.