安徽省农村脆弱人群现金卫生支出致贫影响及其相关因素分析

目的:研究安徽省农村居民个人现金卫生支出对脆弱人群的影响,寻找可能性影响因素.方法:通过比较个人现金卫生支出对老年人、儿童、低收入人群的致贫和家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生情况,分析不同人群陷入贫困或加剧家庭贫困状况程度.采用logistic回归分析法筛选脆弱人群陷入贫困或加深贫困的相关因素.结果:2009年安徽省样本地区居民OOP发生后,儿童因病致贫率为0.28％,老年人群贫困发生率和平均差距人群比重高于其人口比重;老年人的灾难性卫生支出发生率为25.58％;家庭规模、抚养比、性别比、年龄与OOP后发生贫困相关性.结论:老年人的疾病经济风险很高,男性的疾病经济负担高于女性;家庭规模、抚养比和性别比对家庭发生先进卫生支出后是否陷入贫困有明显的影响.     

新型农村合作医疗保护农民免于疾病经济风险效果评价

应用新型农村合作医疗对保护农民免于疾病经济风险评价方法,对山东省某试点县实施新型农村合作医疗的效果进行评价。结果表明,我国农村地区有很多家庭因为家庭卫生支出而陷入贫困或灾难。样本地区因家庭卫生支出导致贫困的发生率为5.20%,灾难性卫生支出的发生率为9.58%。新型农村合作医疗对保护农民家庭免于因疾病导致的经济风险起到了一定的作用,但这种保护作用是有限的。被调查地区新型农村合作医疗使灾难性卫生支出下降了8.14%,使因卫生支出导致的贫困发生率降低了19.81%。模拟分析的结果显示,新型农村合作医疗对保护农民免于疾病经济风险可以发挥更大的作用,这种作用的大小取决于新型农村合作医疗的筹资水平和方案设计。如果报销的比例提高,则更多的家庭会避免陷入灾难性卫生支出或贫困。     

陕西省城镇居民现金卫生支出的致贫及灾难性影响研究

目的:探究陕西省城镇居民现金卫生支出的致贫及灾难性影响;方法:利用入户调查数据,比较不同贫困线下个人现金卫生支出前后的贫困发生率、贫困差距等,分析城镇居民的灾难性卫生支出发生率、支出差距及其集中指数。结果:个人现金卫生支出加深了城镇居民的贫困程度,贫困缺口为8.45亿元,对旧贫困人群影响比新贫困人群严重;灾难性卫生支出发生率在不同经济水平家庭差别较大;有约5%的家庭受到致贫性卫生支出和灾难性卫生支出的双重影响;结论:多种方式扶贫,逐步消除贫困,改革收入分配制度,提高住院补偿比,改善筹资公平性。     

贫困农村地区高血压及其合并症病人家庭灾难性卫生支出分析

目的对贫困农村地区高血压及其合并症患者家庭灾难性卫生支出进行分析,评价新型农村合作医疗(简称新农合)对降低家庭疾病经济风险所起到的作用,为政府控制这类慢性病的经济负担提供政策建议。方法采取面对面的问卷调查方式收集高血压及其合并症患者家庭的卫生支出和费用报销资料,计算灾难性卫生支出和家庭因病致贫情况。结果研究发现,高血压及其合并症具有很强的家庭致贫作用,因高血压及其合并症导致家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为22.2%,经过新农合制度的费用补偿,灾难性卫生支出发生率下降到19.2%。结论贫困农村高血压及其合并症患者家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率较高,但新农合对缓解这类疾病导致的家庭灾难性卫生支出作用有限,政府应该采取更加有效的措施降低该类疾病的经济负担。     

我国中老年慢性病患者疾病经济风险研究——基于社会-人群-家庭层面

目的：分析我国中老年慢性病患者的疾病经济风险，帮助政策制定者精准定位靶向目标。方法：利用2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据，以直接医疗费用、疾病相对风险度、家庭灾难性卫生支出为指标，衡量慢性病给社会、人群、家庭带来的经济风险。结果：2018年我国中老年慢性病患者的门诊总费用4792.48万元，住院总费用3 559.02万元，自我医疗总费用1 998.62万元；在15%、25%、40%的界定标准下，中老年慢性病患者家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生率分别为52.07%、44.97%、36.86%。结论：社会层面，门诊医疗和自我医疗给中老年慢性病患者带来的经济负担高于住院医疗；人群层面，女性、60～89岁、参加城乡居民医保和无医保的患者以及恶性肿瘤患者面临的疾病经济风险更高，承受经济风险的能力更弱；家庭层面，慢性病加剧了家庭发生灾难性卫生支出的严重程度，农村和低保慢性病家庭更易发生灾难性卫生支出。     

湖南三县新型农村合作医疗对农村居民灾难性卫生支出的影响

目的:评估新型农村合作医疗补偿对农村居民灾难性卫生支出的影响。方法:分析新型农村合作医疗补偿前后疾病经济风险和灾难性卫生支出的变化情况。结果:新型农村合作医疗报销前后,农村居民处于中高疾病风险的比例由8.25%下降到6.75%;在40%的标准下,报销前后灾难性卫生支出的发生率分别为16.50%和13.50%、灾难性支出差距分别为5.14%和3.63%、灾难性支出相对差距分别为31.16%和26.89%、集中指数分别为-0.3152和-0.3259。结论:低收入家庭疾病经济风险和灾难性卫生支出发生率较高;灾难性卫生支出的相对差距较高;新型农村合作医疗需要进一步提高补偿方式公平性;综合应用家庭经济风险和灾难性卫生支出评价家庭医疗支出更科学合理。     

昭通市家庭灾难性卫生支出及影响因素分析

[目的]了解昭通市居民的家庭灾难性卫生支出的情况及其影响因素,为完善医疗保障制度提供参考依据。[方法]采用随机分层整群抽样方法对昭通市3430户进行问卷调查,分析家庭灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。[结果]①昭通市家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为14%;②贫困家庭、家有老人、慢性病患者和住院病人会增加发生灾难性卫生支出的风险;③是否购买医疗保险对灾难性卫生支出发生没有影响。[结论]医疗保障制度未充分发挥作用,还需加大对老年人、慢性病人群医疗保障,贫困人群受影响较大,应考虑适当提高报销比例。     

黑龙江省国有林区职工家庭灾难性卫生支出及其影响因素分析

目的:分析2015年黑龙江省重点国有林区灾难性卫生支出现状,探讨林区职工家庭卫生支出对家庭经济负担的影响,提出降低灾难性卫生支出发生率的建议措施。方法:利用国际上灾难性卫生支出的计算方法,按照相应的标准计算出发生率、平均差距和相对差距,利用二元logistic回归分析影响因素。结果:在15%、25%、30%和40%的界定标准下,2015年黑龙江省国有林区灾难性卫生支出发生率分别为27.29%、14.79%、11.80%和8.27%,平均差距分别为5.29%、3.25%、2.59%和1.61%,相对差距分别为19.38%、21.97%、21.95%和19.47%。家庭经济收入和户主文化程度为灾难性卫生支出的保护因素,低保家庭、家中有65岁以上老年人口、家庭成员住院是灾难性卫生支出的危险因素。结论:政府应关注贫困人群,多渠道增加林区贫困职工家庭的收入;预防和及时就医,减低大病风险;加大教育投入力度,提升林区居民受教育文化程度;关注老年人口,完善医疗保障制度。     

黑龙江省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出分析

目的:测算黑龙江省农村家庭受灾难性卫生支出的影响,以了解贫困地区卫生服务利用的公平性,找出其政策支持的突破点。方法:采用2008年黑龙江省第四次卫生服务调查数据,利用灾难性卫生支出测算方法,测算全部家庭总体和按家庭收入5分组人群的家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率、平均差距和相对差距。结果:灾难性卫生支出发生率以最贫困组为最高、其次为次贫困组和中等收入组,相对差距以次富裕组为最高。结论:黑龙江省农村地区卫生服务利用公平性存在问题,解决的关键在于减少灾难性卫生支出对贫困人群的影响。     

医疗保险制度对降低我国居民灾难性卫生支出的效果分析

目的：2008年中国的医保制度已经覆盖87.9%的居民,接近全民医保覆盖的目标。然而,仍存在部分居民现金卫生支出比例过高的现象,导致家庭由于支付医疗卫生费用而陷入经济困境。本文通过计算中国灾难性卫生支出发生率和致贫率,来探究中国医疗保险制度的保障力度与水平。方法：本文利用第四次卫生服务调查的数据,通过世界卫生组织推荐的方法计算灾难性卫生支出和致贫率。结果：灾难性卫生支出发生率为13.0%,且发生率随着家庭经济水平的提高而降低;总体致贫率为7.5%;家庭中含有住院病人、慢性病人、肺结核病人及60岁以上老人,其发生灾难性卫生支出的风险高。结论与建议：通过分析脆弱人群发生灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素,为今后完善医疗保险制度设计提供具有可操作性的政策建议,增强其对居民抵御疾病经济风险的保障能力。     

农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素研究——基于2018年CHARLS数据

灾难性卫生支出是衡量健康公平性的重要指标。本文基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS),采用Logit、Tobit模型分别对农村贫困家庭的灾难性卫生支出发生率、发生强度进行分析。研究结果表明:我国农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为28.20%,平均强度为0.076,因病致贫率为32.40%。家庭规模较小、有65岁以上老人、被访者无工作、有慢性病患者、残疾人的农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出风险显著更高;而家庭人均收入、是否有5岁以下儿童,被访者的受教育水平、居民医保的人均保障水平对贫困家庭的灾难性卫生支出无显著影响。因此,本文建议以灾难性卫生支出风险为标准建立医疗费用支出型救助制度,帮助农村贫困家庭摆脱因病致贫、因病返贫的困境。     

Coping with health care expenses among poor households: evidence from a rural commune in Vietnam

With the 1980s "Doi Moi" economic reforms, Vietnam transitioned from state-funded health care to a privatized user fee system. Out-of-pocket payments became a major source of funding for treatments received at both public and private health facilities. We studied coping strategies used by residents of Dai Dong, a rural commune of Hanoi, for paying health care costs, assessing the effects of such costs on economic and health stability. We developed a 2008 survey of 706 households (166 poor, 184 near-poor, 356 non-poor; 100% response rate). Outcome measures were reported episodes of illness; inpatient, outpatient, and self-treatments; out-of-pocket expenditures; and funding sources for health care costs. Households of all income levels borrowed to pay for inpatient treatments; loans are also more heavily used by the poor and near-poor than the non-poor for outpatient treatments. Compared to low cost treatments, the use of loans is intensified for extremely high cost health treatments for all poverty levels, but especially for the poor and near-poor. The likelihood of reducing food consumption to pay for extremely high cost treatment versus low cost treatments increased most for the poor in both inpatient and outpatient contexts. Decreased funding and increased costs in health care rendered Dai Dong's population vulnerable to the consequences of detrimental coping strategies such as debt and food reduction. Future reforms should focus on obviating these funding measures among at-risk populations.     

Intra-urban Differentials in the Utilization of Reproductive Healthcare in India, 1992–2006

This paper examines trends in three reproductive healthcare indicators— namely, antenatal care, medical assistance at delivery, and contraceptive use among the urban poor and non-poor in India using data from the National Family Health Surveys, 1992–1993 and 2005–2006. The urban poor and non-poor are derived from composite wealth indices based on a set of economic proxies. Results indicate that the estimates of poor and non-poor are reliable. During the last 14 years, the service coverage in all three indicators has increased in the country, among both the urban poor and non-poor. However, the utilization of reproductive health services is concentrated among the urban non-poor cutting across the states, with the exception of Kerala. While the non-poor/poor gap in antenatal care and medical assistance at delivery remained large over the years, the gap in contraceptive use has narrowed down cutting across states. After adjusting for other confounders, household poverty was found to be a significant barrier in the utilization of reproductive healthcare services across the states. It has been observed that the utilization of reproductive healthcare services followed a continuum of rural total, urban poor, and urban non-poor.     

贫困缩短了老年人的预期寿命吗？——基于多状态生命表的研究

本文基于2008-2011年中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查（CLHLS）数据,利用logit模型和多增减生命表研究了贫困状态对老年人死亡风险和预期寿命的影响。结果发现：（1）非贫困老年人的死亡风险比贫困老年人显著低15.3%;贫困状态对老年人死亡风险的影响在不同居住地（城乡）、不同医疗保险拥有状况的老年人之间存在显著差异。（2）65岁非贫困老年人的平均余寿为16.75年,比贫困老年人长1.21年;其中,农村和城镇65岁非贫困老年人与贫困老年人的平均余寿之差分别为1.11年、2.01年;有无医疗保险者的平均余寿之差分别为1.32年、0.97年。本文建议完善建档立卡贫困人口、低保对象的社会救助体系,提高社会救助水平尤其是医疗救助水平,加强贫困地区医疗卫生服务体系建设,推进贫困地区与城镇地区的基本公共卫生服务均等化。     

四川省居民抑郁症状及其影响因素研究

目的 了解四川省居民抑郁症状的流行情况,并探讨其影响因素,为抑郁症状防治提供参考依据。 方法 利用2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,纳入四川省16岁及以上居民1727人,用多水平模型（家庭和个体两水平）分析抑郁症状的影响因素。 结果 四川省16岁及以上居民抑郁症状检出率为22.2%、多水平模型分析结果显示,居民抑郁症状具有家庭聚集性（VPC=0.175）。人均年收入低、家庭人口数少、患有慢性病、丧偶、记忆力差的居民抑郁症状的发生率较高（P＜0.05）,健康自评良好的居民发生抑郁症状的风险较低（OR=0.21,P＜0.05）,常锻炼的居民发生抑郁症状的风险较低（OR=0.65,P＜0.05）。结论 居民健康状况、生活方式、社会人口学特征和经济状况等多种因素均对居民抑郁情况有影响,应采取综合防治措施,改善居民精神状况,促进其心理健康。     

Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993-1998

This paper presents and compares two threshold approaches to measuring the fairness of health care payments, one requiring that payments do not exceed a pre-specified proportion of pre-payment income, the other that they do not drive households into poverty. We develop indices for 'catastrophe' that capture the intensity of catastrophe as well as its incidence and also allow the analyst to capture the degree to which catastrophic payments occur disproportionately among poor households. Measures of poverty impact capturing both intensity and incidence are also developed. The arguments and methods are empirically illustrated with data on out-of-pocket payments from Vietnam in 1993 and 1998. This is not an uninteresting application given that 80% of health spending in that country was paid out-of-pocket in 1998. We find that the incidence and intensity of 'catastrophic' payments - both in terms of pre-payment income as well as ability to pay - were reduced between 1993 and 1998, and that both incidence and intensity of 'catastrophe' became less concentrated among the poor. We also find that the incidence and intensity of the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments diminished over the period in question. Finally, we find that the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments is primarily due to poor people becoming even poorer rather than the non-poor being made poor, and that it was not expenses associated with inpatient care that increased poverty but rather non-hospital expenditures.     

COPING WITH THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF ILL HEALTH IN INDONESIA

We assess the economic risk of ill health for households in Indonesia and the role of informal coping strategies. Using household panel data from the Indonesian socio‐economic household survey (Susenas) for 2003 and 2004, and applying fixed effects Poisson models, we find evidence of economic risk from illness through medical expenses. For the poor and the informal sector, ill health events impact negatively on income from wage labour, whereas for the non‐poor and formal sector, it is income from self‐employed business activities which is negatively affected. However, only for the rural population and the poor does this lead to a decrease in consumption, whereas the non‐poor seem to be able to protect current household spending. Borrowing and drawing on family network and buffers, such as savings and assets, seem to be key informal coping strategies for the poor, which may have negative long‐term effects. While these results suggest scope for public intervention, the economic risk from income loss for the rural poor is beyond public health care financing reforms. Rather, formal sector employment seems to be a key instrument for financial protection from illness, by also reducing income risk. © 2015 The Authors. Health Economics Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stunting and Anemia in Children from Urban Poor Environments in 28 Low and Middle-income Countries: A Meta-analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data

Child malnutrition remains a global concern with implications not only for children’s health and cognitive function, but also for countries’ economic growth. Recent reports suggest that global nutrition targets will not be met by 2025. Large gaps are evident between and within countries. One of the largest disparities in child malnutrition within counties is between urban and rural children. Large disparities also exist in urban areas that have higher rates of child malnutrition in the urban poor areas or slums. This paper examines stunting and anemia related to an urban poverty measure in children under age 5 in 28 low and middle-income countries with Demographic and Health Survey data. We used the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) definition to define urban poor areas as a proxy for slums. The results show that in several countries, children had a higher risk of stunting and anemia in urban poor areas compared to children in urban non-poor areas. In some countries, this risk was similar to the risk between the rural and urban non-poor. Tests of heterogeneity showed that these results were not homogeneous across countries. These results help to identify areas of greater disadvantage and the required interventions for stunting and anemia.