我国卫生技术评估研究成果向决策转化的理论模型构建

在目前我国深入医药卫生体制改革的时代背景下,卫生技术评估领域开展了大量研究,如何顺利地实现相关研究成果向卫生政策的转化,成为亟待解决的重要问题。本文主要从知识转化的定义入手,回顾了在研究和实践中较多运用的三个知识转化理论模型,在此基础上提出了我国卫生技术评估研究成果向决策转化的理论模型,重点挖掘研究方和决策方影响转化的因素,并为促进研究成果的决策转化提出增进研究方和决策方之间的沟通交流、建立研究成果向决策转化的激励机制等建议。     

卫生技术评估决策转化的影响因素

目的:从研究者视角,描述我国卫生技术评估决策转化现状,挖掘卫生技术评估决策转化过程中的影响因素,为加强卫生技术评估决策转化利用提出建议。方法:采用问卷调查的方法收集数据,并运用logistic回归模型对卫生技术评估决策转化过程中的影响因素进行分析,探寻各变量和决策转化之间的关系。结果:共回收问卷382份,其中,有效回收353份,有效回收率92.4%。统计结果发现研究的政策相关性、研究人员对于转化的信心、研究人员与卫生技术使用部门的沟通情况、研究人员与决策部门对课题目标设定的沟通情况以及课题成果的传播和沟通对卫生技术评估决策转化有重要影响。结论:建议鼓励研究人员在今后研究成果的转化利用中发挥积极能动性,重视研究人员和技术使用部门的沟通,加强研究与政策需求之间的相关度,加强研究和决策双方的沟通以及合作重视知识中介的作用。     

我国卫生技术评估与决策转化研究概述

卫生技术评估在国际上已经得到广泛应用,并成为各国卫生决策的重要组成部分,发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文通过描述卫生技术的相关利益方,回顾卫生技术评估及转化的国际经验及潜在的影响因素,在结合我国卫生技术评估政策转化实际情况的基础上,提出了卫生技术评估知识转化程度测量、政策决策方和卫生技术评估研究方影响知识转化的因素挖掘以及转化程度测量等研究设想。     

卫生技术评估研究结果产出方式的偏好分析

目的 比较研究人员和决策人员对卫生技术评估研究结果产出方式的偏好程度的差异,为扩大卫生技术评估研究的决策使用提供依据.方法 采用问卷调查的方法,收集研究人员和决策人员对不同卫生技术评估研究结果产出方式的评价,运用统计描述的方法,对偏好差异进行描述分析.结果 研究人员和决策人员对卫生技术评估研究结果的产出方式偏好有所差异;在不同行政单位、不同行政级别以及不同教育程度的决策者之间,对产出方式的偏好也存在不同;而不同职称、不同教育程度的研究者,所偏好的成果产出方式则较为一致.结论 进一步强化研究方与决策方之间的沟通交流,根据不同决策人员的需求采取合适的产出方式,加强机构对卫生技术评估结果决策转化的支持,逐步完善激励机制,并强化卫生技术评估结果向广大社会公众的传播.     

研究者视角的中国卫生技术评估决策转化现状分析

目的 从研究人员视角描述中国卫生技术评估相关研究向决策转化的现状,并分析其中可能存在的影响因素,为促进我国卫生技术评估向决策转化提供建议.方法 采用问卷调查法和文献检索法,在全国范围内调查研究人员,收集研究人员对我国卫生技术评估现状、研究结果的政策转化和利用情况等观点.结果 研究共调查了382名研究人员.调查结果显示.尽管研究人员充分认可研究成果向政策转化的必要性,并且在进行选题时已经对决策转化有所考量,但多数卫生技术评估研究仍停滞在学术阶段,多数研究人员仅提交报告并在学术期刊上发表文章,仍缺乏决策转化的实际行动.此外,部分研究者未能获得充足的研究经费和时间,研究机构对卫生技术评估研究所给予的支持仍显不足,这些也是影响卫生技术评估向决策转化的重要原因.结论 有必要建立卫生技术评估研究必要的规范,以统一并提高研究质量,为决策转化打下坚实的基础：并完善卫生技术评估的研究系统,以保障研究经费、高素质的研究人员、多样化的研究成果传播渠道.     

决策者视角的中国卫生技术评估决策转化情况分析

目的 从决策者的角度来研究中国卫生技术评估在决策中的转化和利用情况,探索其中可能存在的影响决策转化的因素,为促进卫生技术评估决策转化提供参考.方法 采用问卷调查法对国家和地方层面的卫生政策决策人员利用卫生技术评估研究结果情况进行调查,并进行描述性分析.结果 调查共回收有效问卷112份.结果显示,决策人员对卫生技术评估能够一定程度上参考借鉴,或进行决策采纳,但在促进行动方面有所欠缺.决策部门内部相关培训、资助方面尚十分有限.但决策者对未来卫生技术评估在决策中能够起到的作用给予了很高的信心.决策者重视研究的时效性和语言的通俗易懂程度,因此与研究方也会较多地交流报告提交的方式,他们更倾向于收到报告的概述.结论 卫生技术评估决策转化程度和水平有待提升,决策部门对卫生技术评估的资助力度有待加大,将卫生技术评估引入决策过程的相关机制有待构建.     

我国卫生技术评估决策转化现状及影响因素的定性研究

目的探讨我国卫生技术评估研究人员对卫生技术评估决策转化现状和影响因素的看法,为加强我国卫生技术评估决策转化提供参考。方法运用关键知情人访谈法,对从事卫生技术评估研究的相关人员进行访谈。共访谈22名从事卫生技术评估研究的相关人员。结果访谈对象普遍认可决策转化,并在选取课题时考虑决策需要,采用多种方式与决策者进行沟通,从而促进研究结果转化。但多数被访者对决策程序缺乏了解,所在的研究机构也缺乏决策转化相关培训和激励措施。选题缺乏主动性,仍沿用传统传播方式,缺乏转化的主动性和创新性,总体研究质量不高。决策转化的影响因素包括研究人员选题的重要性、紧迫性和可行性,其所处的研究机构类型,对政策制定的了解程度,与决策者沟通的畅通程度,研究结果的产出方式,在语言转换方面所做的努力以及研究质量、决策环境等。结论目前,我国卫生技术评估决策转化尚处于起步阶段,研究人员需加强与决策人员的沟通,建立传播推广机制,加强对决策程序的了解,增强语言转换等。     

我国开展医院卫生技术评估的路径与策略

随着我国卫生医疗领域改革的不断深入和新版《医疗技术临床应用管理办法》的实施,医院在卫生技术准入和管理中的作用逐渐加强,对以医院卫生技术评估为代表的循证支持决策的需求也在增加。本文基于对我国开展医院卫生技术评估试点医院评估项目问题和经验的总结,并结合国际上典型国家的理论基础和实践经验,探索提出我国医院卫生技术评估的发展路径:一是技术路径,包括评估的技术类型、评估流程和评估结果等,并从五个维度提出了我国开展医院卫生技术评估需要重点关注的十个因素;二是治理路径,即如何引入和引导利益相关方以独立的方式参与评估。我国开展医院卫生技术评估试点项目和理论研究的发展目标是尽快探索出符合我国国情的医院卫生技术评估方法、流程及相关制度,发展策略是加强国家指导和与全国医院绩效考核工作相结合以强化认知共识;与医疗联合体建设相结合推进决策转化应用;注重在医院内部通过成果实施、传播和升华培养评估文化;加强卫生技术评估决策转化监管与评估。     

基于因子分析法的药品临床综合评价决策转化影响因素分析

目的:用因子分析法分析影响我国药品临床综合评价决策转化的主要因素。方法:在文献研究和专家咨询的基础上设计调查问卷,对医疗机构的药学人员开展调查。结果:因子分析提取的5个公因子显示了影响评价决策转化的主要影响因素。按照影响程度由大到小依次为决策需求因子、机构支持因子、沟通交流因子、学术转化因子、传播形式因子。结论:应以决策需求为导向,构建药品临床综合评价科学决策机制;加大对药品临床综合评价体系建设的投入,建立对评价决策的支持机制;加强评价过程中的沟通交流,强化沟通交流协作机制;建立评价结果发布系统,促进多形式传播和成果转化。     

英国NICE卫生技术评估研究决策转化机制及对我国的启示

英国国家卫生与服务优化研究院(NICE)被认为是利用卫生技术评估研究结果促进卫生循证决策的典范,在应对新医疗技术带来的过快卫生费用增长方面发挥了重要作用,其证据开发过程和研究成果向政策的转化过程同样也成为世界各国纷纷效仿的重要方面。本文介绍了NICE在英国卫生服务体系中的法定定位、开展卫生技术评估的类别、过程和政策转化机制,以期为促进国内卫生技术评估研究成果在循证卫生政策制定中的应用提供借鉴。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.