母婴依恋关系对幼儿认知和行为发展的影响

目的 探讨母-婴依恋关系对幼儿认知和行为发展的影响作用。方法 对160例12~18个月婴儿采用“陌生情境法”进行母-婴依恋类型的测评,并在幼儿期进行随访:采用贝莉婴幼儿发育量表-第二版测评幼儿的认知发育水平;采用Achenbach儿童行为问卷(2~3岁)调查幼儿的行为问题。结果 完成随访的幼儿共计118例,其中:安全型依恋的婴儿在幼儿期的MDI(智力发育指数)水平为102.9±12.6;不安全型为97.5±14.8,差异有统计学意义(t=3.322,P<0.05)。不安全依恋类型中,回避型的MDI水平为99.7±16.5,与安全型比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);反抗型的MDI水平为95.1±13.9,明显低于安全型,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);但回避型和反抗型之间的MDI水平,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。此外,安全型依恋婴儿在幼儿期的行为问题检出率为9.0%,不安全型为22.5%,差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.127,P<0.05)。结论 安全的母婴依恋关系为儿童的认知和行为发展提供了一种更好的可能性;不安全的母婴依恋关系可能导致幼儿期的认知损害和更多的行为问题。     

影响母婴依恋关系的家庭因素研究

【目的】 探讨家庭因素特别是母亲因素对母-婴依恋关系形成及其质量的影响作用。 【方法】 对160例12~18个月婴幼儿:采用“陌生情境法”进行了母-婴依恋类型的测评;采用母亲行为Q分类法调查母亲对小儿看护的敏感性;采用Olson婚姻质量问卷调查父母的婚姻质量;采用自制问卷调查小儿的其它家庭养育因素。 【结果】 160例婴幼儿中,安全型依恋(B型)占68.2%,不安全型依恋占31.8%,其中后者A型(焦虑/回避型)占7.5%,C型(焦虑/反抗型)占21.8%,D型(混乱型)占2.5%。统计学分析发现,母亲看护的敏感性以及母亲对婚姻质量的满意度、由于母亲上班其他多个带养人的介入和小儿夜间睡眠的安排对母婴依恋安全性的影响差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而父母年龄、父母文化程度、家庭收入、母亲工作情况,与母婴依恋类型之间无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 【结论】 母亲的敏感性和父母的婚姻质量是家庭养育因素中影响母婴依恋质量的重要因素,家庭中其他多个带养人的介入对母-婴依恋关系的影响亦不容忽视。     

1~2岁幼儿依恋特征及有关影响因素的探讨

【目的】 了解128名1~2岁幼儿依恋特征及母亲敏感性、气质等基本因素对其影响作用。 【方法】 采用陌生情境试验和现场观察对儿童依恋状况和儿童母亲敏感性进行测评,并由母亲填写家庭一般人口学资料和幼儿气质问卷。 【结果】 128名幼儿中,安全型依恋99人(77.3%),回避型24人(18.8%),抗拒型5人(3.9%),未发现混乱型。不同依恋类型儿童母亲的敏感性得分差异显著;趋避性、心境、持久性、注意分散等气质维度与儿童某些依恋行为呈现明显相关关系。 【结论】 济南市城区幼儿依恋安全型比例较高;母亲敏感性是影响儿童依恋重要因素之一;儿童气质对依恋类型不产生直接影响,但某些气质维度影响儿童特定情景下的依恋行为表现。     

上海62例婴幼儿依恋类型及相关心理发育的研究

【目的】探讨上海地区婴幼儿依恋类型及其与气质的关系,以及母-婴依恋质量对于婴幼儿认知发育等的影响。【方法】对62例12～18个月婴幼儿分别采用"陌生情境法"进行了母-婴依恋类型的测评;采用Carey气质问卷进行了气质类型的分析;采用贝莉婴儿发育量表-Ⅱ(BSID-Ⅱ)进行了认知和运动发育的测评。【结果】安全型依恋(B型)占67.8%,不安全型占32.2%,后者其中A型(焦虑/回避型)占6.4%,C型(焦虑/矛盾型)占25.8%,未发现D型;安全型与不安全型两者的气质类型分布差异无显著性(P>0.05);但二者的智力发育指数间的差异有显著性(P<0.05)。【结论】上海地区婴幼儿依恋类型有其特定的文化特征性,依恋质量对儿童的认知发育产生影响。在我国开展儿童依恋领域的研究十分迫切和必要。     

九江市城区2～6岁儿童气质特征和依恋的关系研究

【目的】了解城区2~6岁儿童依恋类型及与气质的关系,探讨儿童气质特征在依恋形成中的作用。【方法】对203名2~6岁儿童分别采用"幼儿依恋行为分类卡片"(attachment Q-set,AQS)和幼儿、儿童气质问卷(CTTS、CPTS)进行依恋类型和气质测评,并调查儿童家庭养育情况。【结果】安全型依恋占54.7%,不安全型占45.3%;安全型与不安全型两者的气质类型分布差异有统计学意义(P0.01);儿童依恋水平有13.8%受气质情绪维度的影响;Lo-gistic回归分析显示节律性低、情绪本质消极、代养人为祖辈、教养态度不一致,儿童依恋更倾向于不安全型。对依恋类型影响贡献大小依次是情绪本质、带养人是否为母亲、节律性和教养态度是否一致。【结论】调查儿童依恋类型以安全型为主,儿童气质影响家庭中的亲子依恋性质。     

儿童依恋模式的代际传递性研究

依恋的形成对儿童的一生有着深远的影响。作者以依恋的概念及其类型为起点,分析依恋模式代际传递性的理论背景,从照料者与依恋的代际传递性关系、成人依恋模式与其子女依恋模式的关系、"将心比心"对依恋模式代际传递性的解释、干预研究4个方面对儿童依恋模式代际传递性研究的新近成果进行介绍与归纳。     

母婴安全依恋关系与婴儿情绪情感

目的:探讨母婴安全依恋关系对婴儿情绪情感的影响。方法:定期对观察组96例婴儿母亲进行早期教养知识的指导,并对观察组96例、对照组93例婴儿定期体检、周岁婴儿素质测评及家庭情况调查。结果:两组母婴依恋类型及婴儿情绪情况相比,有显著性差异;观察组与对照组婴儿睡眠习惯、饮食习惯、情绪情感三好婴儿中,母婴安全依恋关系的发生率相比,有显著性差异;两组家庭教养意见、母亲教养方式、亲子态度、对早期教养知识的掌握情况及父亲对早期教养支持情况等相比,有显著性差异;婴儿情绪与母亲文化程度、职业、孕期疾病、教养方式、亲子关系、对早期教养知识了解及早期教养活动的开展情况、父亲对妻子态度、在家时间、对早期教养支持情况等因素相关,影响有显著性。结论:定期对婴儿母亲进行早期教养指导能有效地促进母婴安全依恋关系的建立。而母婴安全型依恋关系的建立是婴儿身心健康的重要保证,也是婴儿良好情绪情感的基础。     

家访式预防性干预对流动家庭母婴依恋的影响

目的 针对流动家庭婴儿进行早期的预防性干预,通过改善母亲看护行为,提高流动家庭婴儿的依恋安全性。方法 将20对流动家庭母婴对随机分为实验组与控制组。对实验组进行6次家庭访问式的入户干预,控制组不做任何处理,干预前后分别通过陌生情境实验程序和依恋Q分类评估两组婴儿的依恋安全性,同时,采用家庭观察评估两组母亲的看护行为。通过比较干预前后两组婴儿依恋安全性和母亲看护行为。结果 1)干预前,实验组与控制组母亲的看护行为不存在差异;干预后,实验组母亲看护行为得分显著高于控制组(P>0.05);干预前后,控制组母亲看护行为并不存在显著差异(P<0.05);实验组母亲看护行为后测得分要显著高于前测得分。2)干预前,两组婴儿依恋分类不存在差异;干预后,实验组婴儿依恋安全性得分比控制组要高;依恋安全性Q分类中,除与其他成人的互动分量表,与母亲进行良好地互动,接近母亲和与母亲身体接触分量表上,实验组婴儿的得分均显著高于控制组。结论 该干预方案能够有效改善流动家庭母亲的看护行为及其婴儿的依恋安全性。     

1～2岁幼儿依恋对发育商的影响及幼儿依恋相关因素的研究

目的 了解1～2岁幼儿依恋特征及幼儿依恋对其发育商的影响作用,并分析安全型依恋的相关因素,以指导母亲与幼儿建立良好的亲子关系。方法 2018年1-8月采用陌生情境试验对200名幼儿依恋状况进行测评,并通过Gesell发育诊断量表对幼儿发育商进行评估。母亲填写家庭成员一般资料,养育方式资料,以及Olson婚姻质量问卷。由幼儿主要抚养人填写幼儿气质问卷。通过t检验分析不同类型依恋关系的幼儿发育商是否存在统计学差异。通过χ²检验和Logistic回归分析研究安全型依恋的相关因素。结果 200名幼儿中,安全型依恋137人(68.5％);不安全型依恋63人(31.5%),其中回避型15人(7.5％),抗拒型44人(22.0％),混乱型4人(2.0%)。安全型依恋幼儿的发育商与不安全型依恋幼儿比较,差异有统计学意义(t=6.327,P＜0.01)。安全型依恋与夜间同父母亲同睡、父母高质量陪伴时间长短,以及母亲婚姻满意度存在明显相关性,(χ²＝5.644、7.484、10.711,P<0.05)。结论 幼儿依恋安全型比例较高;安全型依恋幼儿发育商明显高于不安全依恋幼儿。母亲日常生活中高质量陪伴幼儿,夜间幼儿与母亲同睡,以及母亲婚姻满意度高分对建立安全型依恋相当关键。     

小学高年级儿童攻击行为与亲子依恋关系

目的了解我国小学高年级儿童攻击行为与亲子依恋关系的发展情况,探讨攻击行为与儿童亲子依恋之间的关系。方法采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对我国安徽、云南、广东、黑龙江、湖北5省15个大、中、小城市6 587名小学四～六年级学生进行Buss-W ar-ren攻击问卷和亲子依恋关系调查。结果小学高年级儿童的攻击性随着年级增加而逐渐增加(P<0.01),对父母的亲子依恋逐渐降低(P值均<0.01)。亲子依恋与攻击行为呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。家庭依恋类型中,双亲依恋安全型的儿童攻击性最低,其次为母亲安全父亲非安全型,再次为父亲安全母亲非安全型,最高为双亲非安全型,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。单亲家庭和重组家庭儿童与核心家庭和大家庭儿童相比,有着更高的攻击性及较差的亲子依恋关系(P<0.01)。结论对青少年攻击行为的干预应更多关注母子关系,单亲家庭以及重组家庭儿童应作为重点关注人群。     

Emotional availability and attachment across generations: variations in patterns associated with infant health risk status

Background The presence of limits or distortions in the children's communicative behaviours (due to a chronic illness) may interfere with the possibility to build secure attachment relationships. Moreover, the distress that the atypical chronic illness condition brings to family life may interfere the intergenerational transmission of attachment. Methods This study evaluated the associations between maternal attachment representations, emotional availability and mother–child attachment in a clinical and in a comparison group. Forty infants (23 female) in their 14th month of life and their mothers participated in this study, 20 dyads with clinical infants (10 premature infants and 10 infants affected by atopic dermatitis) and 20 full‐term and healthy comparison infants. The Adult Attachment Interview, the Emotional Availability Scales (EAS) and the Strange Situation Procedure were used to assess, respectively, the security of mothers' attachment representations, the emotional availability and the quality of mother–child attachment. Results We found that the two groups (clinical vs. comparison) did not differ with respect to the Adult Attachment Interview and the Emotional Availability Scales measures. A significant difference was found in the distribution of the infant–mother attachment patterns, with a higher incidence of insecure infants in the clinical group. In the typically developing group, more secure maternal attachment representations predicted more emotional availability in mother–infant interactions, which predicted more secure infant–mother attachments. However, we did not find similar support for intergenerational transmission of attachment in the clinical group. Conclusions We speculate that constant concerns about the child's health condition and communicative difficulties of clinical infants may hamper or even mitigate the intergenerational transmission of attachment.     

Child Care Predictors of Infant-Mother Attachment Security at Age 12 Months

This paper will present initial research outcomes from the child care component of the Sydney Family Development Project, a longitudinal study of emotional development in infancy and early childhood. The study discussed in this paper included 145 first-born children and their mothers. Interviews with mothers at infant-age 4 and 12 months provided details of children's experience of non-maternal child care. Security of infant-mother attachment was assessed in the Strange Situation procedure at 12 months. Results indicated that amount and type of child care were significant predictors of attachment security. The use of more than 10 hours per week of non-maternal care was associated with higher proportions of secure attachment. Children attending formal, government-regulated child care services also had a greater likelihood of being securely attached than those using informal, non-regulated child care. Discussion will focus on the implications of these results for policy and practice in the provision of infant care.     

Promoting secure attachment: evaluation of the effectiveness of an early intervention pilot programme with mother-infant dyads in Santiago, Chile

Background Research indicates that the early attachment patterns of babies could influence their socio‐emotional development and prevent the emergence of problematic behaviours in the child later in life. Many studies in the field of early attachment interventions have promoted a secure attachment bond between mother and infant. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an early pilot intervention programme designed to promote a secure attachment bond in mother‐infant dyads belonging to a population seeking regular treatment at urban health centres in Santiago, Chile. Methods Primipara mothers were randomly assigned to two intervention conditions: a secure attachment promotion programme (experimental group = 43) or an educational talk (control group = 29). The Strange Situation Assessment was used to collect data on the attachment patterns of babies. Results The results show that after the intervention, there were more babies with secure attachment in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusions These findings represent a preliminary step towards evaluating interventions aimed at promoting secure attachment in Chilean mother–child dyads. While the effect of the intervention is not significant, the effect size obtained is respectable and consistent with other meta‐analytic findings.     

Marital change during the transition to parenthood and security of infant-parent attachment

To extend research on the characteristics and determinants of marital change during the transition to parenthood to include the consequences of such change, the security of infant-parent attachment was examined. The subject pool for this study consisted of 64 caucasian families participating in the 2nd cohort of the Pennsylvania Infant and Family Development Project. Data concerning infant and family development were gathered at several points in time, beginning during the last trimester of pregnancy and continuing througgh the infant's 1st year of life. Groups were formed on the basis of attachment security at 1-year and compared in terms of marital change displayed by mothers and fathers. Mothers of insecure infants experienced significantly greater declines in positive marital activities and sentiments and greater increases in negative marital activities and sentiments than did mothers of secure 1-year olds, and this difference emerged between 3 and 9 months postpartum. Even before babies were born, mothers of secure and insecure infants differed in their marital appraisal. Specifically, mothers of secure infants tended to base their prenatal marital satisfaction appraisals more on positive than negative aspects of the marriage whereas the reverse was true of mothers of insecure infants. It seems that important differences characterize the marriages of mothers of secure and insecure babies; the tendency of mothers of secure babies to base their overall marital satisfaction on the positive aspects of the marriage more than the negative aspects may enable them to look beyond the negative marital events that invariably accompany the transition to parenthood. No relationship between marital change and attachment was discerned for husbands. Marital change may be more pronounced for wives than husbands during the transition to parenthood, and the marriage may not exert the same influence on the infant's relationship with the father as it does on the infant-mother relationship.     

‘Adoption and attachment theory’ the attachment models of adoptive mothers and the revision of attachment patterns of their late‐adopted children

Objective This study examined the attachment patterns of late‐adopted children (aged 4–7) and their adoptive mothers during the first 7‐ to 8‐month period after adoption and aimed to evaluate the effect of adoptive mothers' attachment security on the revision of the attachment patterns of their late‐adopted children. Design We assessed attachment patterns in 20 adoptive dyads and 12 genetically related dyads at two different times: T1 (time 1) within 2 months of adoption and T2 (time 2) 6 months after T1. Methods The children's behavioural attachment patterns were assessed using the Separation‐Reunion Procedure and the children's representational (verbal) attachment patterns using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task. The attachment models of the adoptive mothers were classified using the Adult Attachment Interview. Results We found that there was a significant enhancement of the late‐adopted children's attachment security across the time period considered (P= 0.008). Moreover, all the late‐adopted children who showed a change from insecurity to security had adoptive mothers with secure attachment models (P= 0.044). However, the matching between maternal attachment models and late‐adopted children's attachment patterns (behaviours and representations) was not significant. Conclusions Our data suggest that revision of the attachment patterns in the late‐adopted children is possible but gradual, and that the adoptive mothers' attachment security makes it more likely to occur.     

Supporting insensitive mothers: the Vilnius randomized control trial of video-feedback intervention to promote maternal sensitivity and infant attachment security

Objective   This randomized control trial examined the effects of a short-term, interaction-focused and attachment-based video-feedback intervention (VIPP: video-feedback intervention to promote positive parenting).
Design   VIPP effect on mothers' sensitive responsiveness and infant–mother attachment security was evaluated in a sample ( n  = 54) of low sensitive, non-clinical, middle class Lithuanian mothers.
Methods   Maternal sensitivity was assessed in a free play session with the Ainsworth's sensitivity scale, and attachment security was observed using the Attachment Q sort for home observations.
Results   We found that the intervention mothers indeed significantly improved their sensitive responsiveness through participation in our VIPP. The effect size was large according to Cohen's criteria, d  = 0.78. VIPP enhanced maternal sensitive responsiveness even when maternal age, educational level, depression, daily hassles, efficacy, infant gender, and infant negative and positive affect were controlled for. However, attachment security in the VIPP infants was not enhanced after the intervention, compared with the control infants, and the infants did not seem to be differentially susceptible to the increase in maternal sensitivity dependent on their temperamental reactivity.
Conclusion   We suggest that a relatively brief and low-cost programme can provide effective support for mothers who lack sensitivity in the interactions with their infants.     

A new measure of toddler parenting practices and associations with attachment and mothers' sensitivity,competence, and enjoyment of parenting

Self-determination theorists argue that parents can support or thwart their children's psychological needs for relatedness, autonomy, and competence. The first aim of this study was to develop a measure to assess six dimensions of parenting theoretically linked to meeting toddlers' needs. The second aim was to examine the associations of these dimensions with mothers' sensitivity, attachment, and parenting attitudes. Participants were 61 mothers who expressed having parenting difficulties. Mothers completed questionnaires to assess their warmth, autonomy support, structure, rejection, coercion, and chaos, and self-reported their parenting competence and enjoyment. Mother–toddler interactions were observed to assess mothers’ sensitivity, and attachment was assessed with the Strange Situation. Mothers who reported less coercion were more sensitive. Most parenting practices were associated with parents' perceptions of competence and enjoyment of parenting in the expected directions. Self-reported parenting was not associated with attachment, but greater sensitivity was observed among secure compared to insecure mother–toddler pairs.