哈尔滨市城乡中学生焦虑状况及其影响因素分析

目的 了解哈尔滨市中学生焦虑情绪的流行特征及其相关影响因素,为学校实施有效的干预措施提供依据.方法 采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、特质焦虑问卷(STAI)和自拟量表,对哈尔滨市城乡初一至高二年级学生5130名进行调查.结果 中学生焦虑状况得分为(43.44±10.75)分,40.3%的学生存在不同程度的焦虑.农村中学生焦虑得分高于城市中学生,差异有统计学意义;男生焦虑得分高于女生,差异有统计学意义;初、高中学生焦虑情绪的差异无统计学意义.逐步回归分析显示,特质焦虑、母亲惩罚严厉(MF4)、神经质、父亲情感温暖(FF1)、学习压力、精神质、父亲偏爱被试(FF4)、父亲过度保护(FF6)、师生关系、父亲拒绝否认(FF5)、母亲情感温暖理解(MF1)以及内-外向对焦虑的作用明显.结论 哈尔滨市城乡中学生的焦虑状况较为严重,农村中学生尤其令人担忧.     

哈尔滨市中学生考试焦虑影响因素研究

目的研究中学生考试焦虑与影响因素之间的关系,为开展考试焦虑的干预提供理论依据。方法在期末考试前2周,采用考试焦虑量表、特质焦虑问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表对初一到高三学生910名进行调查。结果考试焦虑水平较高的学生占32.0%,女生较高考试焦虑的比例(36.1%)高于男生(26.9%);年级间考试焦虑水平差异有显著性,初中毕业班学生考试焦虑水平(21.66±7.03)最高。逐步回归分析显示,自我负面认知、特质焦虑、学校社会压力、神经质、父母压力对考试焦虑的作用明显。结论中学生考试焦虑问题较普遍,学生自我认知因素和特质焦虑、神经质对考试焦虑作用较大。     

哈尔滨市中学生焦虑状况及其影响因素研究

【目的】了解哈尔滨市中学生焦虑情绪的发生状况及其相关影响因素分析。【方法】采用焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)、特质焦虑问卷(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,STAI)、父母教养方式评价量表(EgmaMinnen av Bardndosnauppforstran,EMBU)、艾森克个性问卷(Eysenck Personality Questionnaire,EPQ)和自拟量表对4030名(初一、初二、初三及高一、高二年级)中学生进行了调查。【结果】本研究中焦虑状况的平均得分为(41.42±12.78),35.5%的学生存在不同程度的焦虑状况。男女生在焦虑水平上不存在较为明显的性别差异;初中生焦虑水平高于高中生,初三学生的焦虑水平最高(42.29±0.47)。逐步回归显示,特质焦虑、神经质、自尊、师生关系、学习压力、父惩罚严厉(FF2)、父过分干涉(FF3)、父过度保护(FF6)、母惩罚严厉(MF4)和母情感温暖(MF1)对焦虑的作用明显。【结论】哈尔滨市中学生的焦虑水平高于中国正常人常模中的焦虑平均分值,并与多种因素相关。     

城乡中学生焦虑影响因素的通径分析

[目的]探讨城乡中学生焦虑的影响因素及因素间相互作用的方式. [方法]采用焦虑自评量表、特质焦虑问卷、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表,用分层整群抽样的方法,对4 030名(初一～初三及高一、高二年级)中学生进行了问卷调查.并应用通径分析方法探讨各影响因素对中学生焦虑的影响路径. [结果]特质焦虑、学习压力、父母温暖理解以及负面教养方式对城乡中学生焦虑均有直接作用;而自尊和学习成绩则通过学习压力或特质焦虑间接影响中学生焦虑;引起城市学生焦虑的直接因素还包括神经质、精神质和内外向等人格因素,而农村学生的人格因素中的精神质和神经质则足通过学习压力间接对学生焦虑起作用. [结论]减小学习压力、改善不良的父母教养方式可能是降低中学生焦虑水平的根本途径.应用通经分析推断焦虑影响因素之间的路径关系,计算各因素对中学生焦虑直接和/或间接作用的大小,可以为中学牛焦虑的干预提供理论依据.     

父母教养方式对中学生焦虑的影响

目的 探讨父母教养方式对中学生焦虑的影响.方法 以沈阳市两所高中和两所初中的一、二年级学生为调查对象,每个年级各抽取4个班.采用父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)测定研究对象的父母教养方式,采用特质焦虑问卷对研究对象焦虑状况进行调查.结果 不同性别学生焦虑水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);低焦虑组与高焦虑组的父母教养方式不同,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);父亲的情感温暖、过分干涉和过度保护是影响中学生焦虑水平的主要因素.结论 父母教养方式是中学生焦虑的影响因素.     

医学生社交焦虑状况及影响因素的研究

目的了解某医学院校公共卫生专业学生社交焦虑现状以及相关影响因素,为今后开展综合干预提供依据。方法采用社交回避及苦恼量表、状态-特质焦虑量表、父母教养方式评价量表、艾森克个性问卷和自拟量表对公共卫生专业552名本科生进行问卷调查。结果(1)被试医学生的社交焦虑总体水平8.95±5.58,不同生长地、每月不同生活费、父亲不同文化程度组别间焦虑水平差异有统计学意义。(2)社交焦虑与状态、特质焦虑,个性中的精神质、神经质和内外向,父母教养方式中的母亲拒绝、否认和惩罚、严厉,自拟量表中的害怕否定评价、学校压力正相关;与父母教养方式中的父、母情感温暖、理解,自拟量表中应付方式、家庭亲密程度、社交情绪反应、社会适应能力、社会资源与支持和对未来的期望值的负相关。(3)逐步回归显示,特质焦虑、社会资源与支持和害怕否定评价对社交焦虑的作用明显。结论医学生社交焦虑问题较普遍。学生特质焦虑、害怕否定评价和社会资源与支持对于社交焦虑作用较大。     

大学生体育运动量与焦虑关系的研究

[目的]了解大学生体育运动和焦虑状况并探索两者之间的关系.[方法]采取整群抽样方法,使用<状态-特质焦虑问卷>和自编的<运动量等级问卷>对231名大学生进行调查.[结果]①大学生运动量(44.58±13.85)及状态焦虑(40.75±9.53)和特质焦虑(42.16±8.31)值均较低;②男女生的状态焦虑水平差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);③体育与非体育专业在统计学意义上不存在状态与特质焦虑水平差异(P＞0.05);④中等强度的运动量最有利于降低焦虑水平;⑤男生参与体育运动对降低焦虑水平的效果比女生好(P＜0.05),女生不适合参加高强度的体育运动.[结论]适量的运动有助于降低焦虑,大学生应要有适量的运动.     

哈尔滨市城乡中学生考试焦虑情况及家庭影响因素研究

【目的】研究中学生考试焦虑与家庭相关因素之间的关系,为开展考试焦虑的干预提供理论依据。【方法】在期末考试前2周,采用考试焦虑量表、状态特质焦虑问卷、家庭环境量表中文版、艾森克个性问卷对哈尔滨市城乡初高中学校的1 096名学生及家长进行了问卷调查。【结果】被试中学生考试焦虑的总体水平为16.94±6.406,其中重度考试焦虑约占1/3;女童考试焦虑平均水平略高于男童(17.61±6.435,16.02±6.256;t=4.115,P0.001);农村中学生的考试焦虑均分(17.45±5.921)明显高于城市(16.54±6.738)(P0.05);初中和高中学生考试焦虑分值差异无统计学意义。经逐步回归分析显示,父母个性中的神经质和家庭环境中的亲密度和娱乐性对考试焦虑的作用明显。【结论】中学生考试焦虑问题较普遍,家庭相关因素是考试焦虑重要的影响因素,应引起社会和家长的广泛认识。     

大学生自信心与家庭教养方式的关系研究

目的了解大学生的自信心状况及其与家庭教养方式的关系。方法采用随机抽样的方法,于2012年5月对菏泽学院250名大学生进行个人评价问卷(PEI)和家庭教养方式问卷(EMBU)的施测,使用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行独立样本t检验和皮尔逊积差相关分析。结果回收问卷240份,回收率为96%,有效被试223名,有效率为89.2%。其中90.01%的大学生自信心处于一般水平;不同性别大学生自信心水平差异有统计学意义(t=-3.498,P0.01),女生自信心水平高于男生(女生:131.177±12.813,男生:124.546±12.813);男女生在父亲惩罚严厉、过度保护因子上差异有统计学意义(P0.05),男生(20.419±8.335)体会到的父亲惩罚严厉、过度保护高于女生(17.816±6.458)。大学生自信心总分与父亲的过度保护,与父母亲的惩罚严厉、拒绝否认均存在显著正相关关系;与父母亲的情感温暖理解、偏爱均存在显著负相关关系。结论良好的家庭教养方式有利于提高大学生的自信水平。     

334名大学生择业焦虑与人格特征的相关研究

目的探讨大学生择业焦虑与人格特征的相关性,为心理健康教育提供依据。方法采用择业焦虑量表和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ),对四川省南充市380名大学生采用无记名方式问卷调查。结果大学男生的择业焦虑程度明显高于女生,男生与女生在人格各因子得分上差异无统计学意义;理科生择业焦虑程度略高于文科生;大学生的择业焦虑与内外向、神经质、精神质、掩饰等人格因子差异有统计学意义。结论大学生择业焦虑与个体人格特征具有相关性。人格差异是大学生择业焦虑产生的重要内部因素。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.