一白族长寿地区岩石土壤和泉水的元素分析

用电感偶合等离子体发射光谱法（ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ）,对一白族长寿地区的岩石、土壤和泉水进行了无机元素分析。结果表明,岩石、土壤和泉水中均含有人体必需的Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｎａ（Ｋ）、Ｐ、Ｓ５种宏量元素及Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｍｏ、Ｃｒ、Ｓｒ、Ｓｅ８种微量元素。这一优越的微量元素谱可能与该地区人能健康长寿和各种疾病发病率低密切相关     

云南省白族长寿区猪肉中19种元素的测定分析

用电感偶合等离子体发射光谱法（ＩＣＰ－ ＡＥＳ）,对云南省云龙县金竹林地区和城区的猪肉进行了１９种元素的测定。结果表明,在两地区的猪肉中,均含有人体必需的Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｎａ、Ｐ、Ｓ５种常量元素及Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｏ ５ 种微量元素（Ｓｅ和Ｓｒ未检出）,且这些元素在金竹林地区猪肉中的含量高于云龙县城区;有害元素Ｃｄ、Ｂ、Ａｌ均未检出,Ａｓ、Ｐｂ 的含量甚微。金竹林地区猪肉中还含Ｃｒ,这与该地区自然环境中有一个优越的微量元素谱密切相关     

冠心病患者头发中微量元素相关性研究

用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法测定了８７ 例冠心病患者头发样品中的Ａｌ、Ｂａ、Ｃａ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｚｎ等１３种微量元素的含量,并和健康人进行比较,结果显示：冠心病患者机体中Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ 超载,Ｃｒ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｇ、Ｍｎ 含量降低,其它元素无显著性差异。初步分析了头发中微量元素含量与冠心病的相关性     

蛇蜕药材的微量元素分析

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法检测了１３种蛇蜕药材的２４种微量元素，结果表明蛇蜕中微量元素的种类较蛇类药材为多，并含有丰富的Ｆｅ、Ｍｇ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ和Ｃｕ等人体必需的微量元素，同时蛇蜕中还有含量较高的Ａｌ和Ｐｂ，一部分还有Ｂｅ、Ｃｄ和Ａｓ等有害元素存在，故入药时应考虑这些有害元素的影响     

诊断丙型肝炎病毒感染的3种ELISA的比较研究

将新建立的检测血清中抗丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）总抗体的双抗原夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ（夹心法）与普遍采用的检测抗ＨＣＶ－ＩｇＧ的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ（ＩｇＧ间接法）及检测抗ＨＣＶ－ＩｇＭ的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ（ＩｇＭ间接法）进行比较研究。检测１５份ＩｇＭ间接法阳性、ＩｇＧ间接法阴性（ＩｇＭ单阳）血清及２０份ＩｇＧ间接法阳性、ＩｇＭ间接法阴性（ＩｇＧ单阳）血清,夹心法均为阳性,这３５份血清经ＰＣＲ检测ＨＣＶＲＮＡ均阳性。夹心法可同时检出ＩｇＧ和ＩｇＭ抗体,检出率高于后两者。检测２０份ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阴性血清,３种方法均阴性。用生物制品检定所检测ＨＣＶ－ＩｇＧ抗体的质控血清为标准品,夹心法和ＩｇＧ间接法均可达到检测标准     

对应分析法在大气颗粒物微量元素分布特征研究中的应用

应用对应分析方法对太原市６个环境监测点大气颗粒物表面微量元素的分布特征进行分析评价。６个监测点与１５种微量元素分为两类，与Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｅ、Ｆ点分为一类的微量元素为Ａ１、Ｓｉ及Ｆｅ，主要来自土壤扬尘和燃煤飞灰；与Ａ、Ｄ点分为一类的微量元素为Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｔｉ、Ｓ、Ｖ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｕ、Ａｓ、Ｐｂ。因Ａ、Ｄ点位于冶金企业、热电厂、化肥厂等工业较集中的地区，考虑与工业排放物较多有关。因子对应图直观地表述了采样点与微量元素之间的内在联系与分布特征．     

木立芦荟中的微量元素与功用

用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪（ＰＬＡＳＭＡ－８ＰＥＣ美国制造）测定了木立芦荟（ａｌｏｅ ａｒｂｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｓｍ ｉｌｌｅｒ）中的Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃａ、Ｓｅ、Ｇｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｏ、Ｃｄ、Ｓｒ、Ｃｒ、Ｂａ、Ｌｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｓｉ、Ｐｂ、Ｌａ、Ａｌ的含量,发现芦荟中除富含人体必需的多种微量元素外,还富含硒和锗,是一种极具开发和利用价值的中药植物。     

体外甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯-DNA加合物的研究

目的 探讨新诱变剂甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯（ＧＭＡ）与ＤＮＡ形成加合物的类型和特性。方法 在体外条件下,dＡＭＰ、dＣＭＰ、dＧＭＰ、dＴＭＰ及小牛胸腺ＤＮＡ与ＧＭＡ发生反应,反应产物经紫外光谱、反相高效液相色谱（ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ）和质谱先进方法分析。结果 ＧＭＡ能与dＡＭＰ、dＣＭＰ、dＧＭＰ及小牛胸腺ＤＮＡ形成专一性共价结合。已 被证实１捉ＧＭＡ－ＤＮＡ加合物为Ｎ３－甲基丙烯酸－２羟丙－基－脱氧胞嘧啶核苷一磷     

核桃楸果中微量元素的分析

用火焰原子吸收分光光度法（ＡＡＳ）测定核桃楸果中的１１种微量元素。结果Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ元素未检出,Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｓｅ等人体必需元素较丰富。酒提取液中Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｓｅ的溶出率在４％～２４％之间,Ｐｂ未检出     

随机引物聚合酶链反应对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌基因分型的研究

目的建立耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（ＭＲＳＡ）随机引物聚合酶链反应（ＡＰ－ＰＣＲ）基因分型的方法用于；临床流行病学调查。方法优化ＡＰ－ＰＣＲ方法并与抗生素敏感谱分型法比较，评价ＡＰ－ＦＣＲ基因分型法的可靠性与分辨力；并对４９株ＭＲＳＡ进行ＡＰ－ＲＣＲ基因分型。结果４９株医院感染的ＭＲＳＡ可分为１０个ＡＰ－ＰＣＲ谱型，主要谱型为 Ａ３型，分型率 １００％；其中 ４１株 ＭＲＳＡ为流行病学相关株。结论 ＡＰ－ＰＣＲ基因分型是一种经济、快捷、可靠的分型方法；是在分子水平上对微生物感染进行病原学、发病机理及流行病学研究较理想的工具。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.