金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染的临床及耐药性分析

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌所致医院感染的危险因素、临床特点及耐药情况,为临床治疗金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染提供指导。方法收集确诊为金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染病例的临床资料,分析发病的危险因素及临床特点,对分离到的菌株进行药物敏感性测定。结果共73例金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染患者,均存在着严重的基础疾病,82.19%的患者接受过侵入性操作,感染部位以肺部最多见;共分离出79株金黄色葡萄球菌,包括耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）66株（83.54%）和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）13株（16.46%）;金黄色葡萄球菌对多种抗菌药物呈普遍耐药,而MRSA的耐药性明显高于MSSA（P〈0.01）,未发现对耐万古霉素MRSA菌株。结论金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染常发生在有严重基础疾病、接受侵入性操作的患者,肺部感染最常见,MRSA表现为多药高度耐药,但糖肽类药物敏感性高。     

重症监护病房耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染调查

目的分析造成重症监护病房(ICU)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)感染的原因,提出有效的预防与控制措施,进一步加强医院感染管理。方法对2005年12月-2006年2月初入住ICU患者,发生耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染进行前瞻性调查分析。结果9例患者发生下呼吸道医院感染,痰培养结果均为同一株MRSA所致;医护人员手、口咽、鼻腔培养出与患者同株MRSA。结论ICU为医院感染高发科室,患者病情危重、免疫低下、侵入性操作多、抗菌药物使用复杂且量大、耐药率高等都是导致医院感染的危险因素,所以提高医护人员医院感染控制理念,规范诊疗操作行为,树立合理使用抗菌药物的观念,是降低ICU发生MRSA感染的关键环节。     

头孢西丁和苯唑西林检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的比较

目的比较头孢西丁和苯唑西林两种抗生素检测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(meticillin-resistant-Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)的阳性率差异,并对91株MRSA进行临床调查,为临床诊断和控制该类菌引起感染的提供依据. 方法苯唑西林及头孢西丁分别采用K-B法和MIC法鉴定213株金黄色葡萄球菌中的MRSA阳性率. 结果 213株金黄色葡萄球菌中对苯唑西林耐药的有99株(46.5%);用头孢西丁纸片法和MIC法检测结果一致,耐药菌株有91株(42.7%);以头孢西丁检测方法作为标准,苯唑西林检测方法的假阳性率为8.1%,假阴性率为0%;MRSA的高发病区为重症监护病房(ICU)和呼吸科;MRSA对10种抗生素的耐药率高于MSSA. 结论检测MRSA头孢西丁法优于苯唑西林法;MRSA具有多重耐药的特性,应严格控制MRSA医院感染.     

ICU患者分离金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性及分子流行病学特征

目的了解某院重症监护病房（ICU）金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药特点及分子流行病学特征。方法收集2014年1—12月该院ICU分离的金黄色葡萄球菌,进行细菌鉴定及药物敏感性试验,采用金黄色葡萄球菌A蛋白(spa)分型及多位点序列分型(MLST)方法进行分型。结果160株金黄色葡萄球菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）120株（占75.00%）。MRSA对红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星的耐药率均＞80%;MSSA对头孢唑林敏感,对红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星的耐药率分别为62.50%、35.00%、10.00%。spa分型和MLST结果显示,120株MRSA主要为ST239 t030、ST239 t037、ST5 t2460 3种型别,其中ST239 t030（105株,87.50%）为主要流行菌株,8个ICU均有检出;MSSA存在较多型别,ST59 t437仅在神经内科(8株)和消化科（2株）检出,ST6 t701、ST398 t3625、ST398 t1793和ST121 t2092分别仅在神经内科（7株）、麻醉科（5株）、神经外科（4株）和心外科（4株）检出。结论该院ICU MRSA分离率较高,以ST239 t030克隆株为主,存在医院内流行;不同型别MSSA在各科室内存在流行趋势。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染现状及耐药性分析

目的监测耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)医院感染现状及耐药性,为临床医师合理选用抗菌药物提供参考。方法药敏试验及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌检测均采用琼脂扩散法(K-B)法,操作及结果判断按照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(Nccls)进行。结果 67株金黄色葡萄球菌,其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)为48株,占71.6%;MRSA感染前均使用≥2种抗菌药物,(MSSA)为19株占28.4%。结论 MRSA检出率不断升高,严重的基础疾病、接受侵入性操作、长期应用广谱抗菌药物等可能是MRSA感染的危险因素;MRSA除对万古霉素外显示多重耐药。应加强与重视MRAS检测与报告,采取由效措施,预防与控制MRSA医院感染。     

152例金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染的临床特征及预后分析

探讨金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染的临床特征及影响预后的主要危险因素, 为临床预防和控制金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染提供参考依据。本研究回顾性分析广东省人民医院2019年1月至2021年12月诊治的152例金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染患者的临床资料, 包括基础疾病、临床特点、危险因素、细菌耐药性、治疗药物及预后等临床因素, 采用χ2检验、t检验等统计学方法对可能影响金黄色葡萄球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)血流感染患者临床特征及预后的相关危险因素进行单因素分析, 然后将单变量分析中P<0.05的变量纳入多因素logistic回归模型分析其预后不良的独立危险因素。结果显示, 152例金黄色葡萄球菌血流感染患者中, 检出MRSA 50例(32.89%), 甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)检出102例(67.11%)。MRSA组留置导尿管、留置引流管、使用碳青霉烯类抗生素、使用β-内酰胺酶抑制剂比率明显高于MSSA组(χ2分别为8.272、11.972、4.998、4.776, P均<0.05)。MRSA组血流感染预后不良发生率高于MSSA组(34.00%vs 13.73%)(χ2=...     

157株葡萄球菌的耐药性分析

目的　监测葡萄球菌 (包括MRS和MSS株 )的耐药性 ,为临床合理选择抗生素提供依据。方法　药敏试验及耐甲氧西林葡萄球菌的检测均采用琼脂扩散法 (K -B法 ) ,操作及结果判断均按NCCLS标准执行。结果　金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的分离率分别占 30 . 5 %和 6 9 .5 % ;MRSA和MRSCON株的检出率分别为 4 0 . 5 %和 6 7 .3% ;MRSA株对喹诺酮类的耐药性 (2 2 . 3%～ 5 8. 5 % )明显低于MRSCON株(80 . 7%～ 88 .5 % ) ;除万古霉素、呋喃妥因、阿米卡星和部分青霉素类外 ,MRSA和MRSCON株的耐药性显著高于MSSA和MSSCON株 (P <0 . 0 5 ) ;未发现VRS株。结论　由MRS菌株引起的严重感染首选万古霉素治疗 ,发现MRS株实验室要根据NCCLS的有关规定修订药敏报告 ,并且及时切断传播途径 ,降低细菌的耐药性和医院感染。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌医院感染及社区感染的流行特点

目的了解住院患者中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)医院感染及社区感染的流行特点,为积极预防和控制MRSA的感染与传播提供科学依据。方法 2008年7月1日-2010年12月31日,由专职人员每天根据细菌培养结果按照统一的方法到病房对患者进行前瞻性调查,2005年1月1日-2008年6月30日对金黄色葡萄球菌培养阳性住院患者进行回顾性调查。结果 MRSA医院感染率为0.10‰,入院患者中MRSA社区发病的感染率为1.40‰;医院感染中MRSA感染率为70.40%,显著高于社区感染感染率为46.04%(P<0.001);MRSA感染主要发生在重症监护病房(ICU)、内科及干部病房,呼吸系统的感染;MRSA感染率最高的是ICU和干部病房,>80.0%,呼吸系统和泌尿系统的感染。结论金黄色葡萄球菌耐药状况在医院内形势依然严峻,预防与控制MRSA感染重点在ICU、内科及干部病房,主要发生在呼吸系统的感染。     

金黄色葡萄球菌277株的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分布及耐药性。方法应用药敏试验对277株金黄色葡萄球菌（SAU）进行检测,然后对其临床分布及耐药性进行分析。结果 277株SAU主要来自痰液（占35.74%）和脓液（占35.37%）。临床分布主要在ICU病房和骨科（分别占24.19%）。277株SAU中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）201株,检出率为72.56%,其余为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）。16种抗生素药敏试验,MRSA对苯唑西林、青霉素、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明等6种的耐药率明显高于MSSA的耐药率,两者间差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。其余十种两者耐药率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 MRSA是医院感染的重要病原菌,对苯唑西林、青霉素、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明的耐药率比MSSA明显增高。     

213株金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及药敏分析

目的调查分析医院耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及药敏率。方法采用VITEK-2微生物鉴定仪及纸片扩散法K-B对2006-2010年收集到的213株金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药物敏感性试验分析。结果 213株金黄色葡萄球菌中,49.3%为耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA),50.7%为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA);在105株MRSA中ICU、普通外科、呼吸科、脑外科检出率较高,儿科检出率相对较低;所有MRSA均对青霉素耐药(100.0%),同时对测试的多种抗菌药物耐药;所有金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素敏感,敏感率100.0%。结论 MRSA的高检出率对多种药物的耐药性表明,应加强其监测,合理使用抗菌药物,防止MRSA医院感染暴发的流行。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.