广东省首次分离斑点热群立克次体

目的 从宿主动物及蜱中分离斑点热群立克次体，以了解广东省是否存在斑点热自然疫源地。方法 从广东省封开县七星自然保护区采用笼日法捕活鼠，采集鼠脾及鼠表的蜱，用PCR进行初筛，鸡胚卵黄囊培养法直接分离立克次体，血清学试验对分离株进行鉴定。结果 采集鼠脾103份，鼠表的蜱38匹；从2只针毛鼠体表捉获的蜱中分离到2株斑点热群立克次体，命名为GDFK58—2000株、GDFK59—2000株立克次体，经血清学鉴定为西伯利亚种。结论 首次从病原学上证实了广东省存在斑点热自然疫源地。     

应用PCR／RFLP对我国北方斑点热群立克次体分离株的基因型分析

应用立克次体１９０ＫＤ蛋白基因的ＰＣＲ／ＲＦＬＰ分析我国北方斑点热群立克次体分离株的基因型，并和国际标准株作了比较。结果，分离自黑龙江省、内蒙、新疆等地不同蜱类的５个，分离株呈现２种不同的ＲＦＬＰ图谱：ＪＨ－７４株、Ｈｕ－８４株及ＨＬ－８４株和西伯利亚立克次体相同；黑龙江立克次体５４株、３６株二者相同，与其它相关菌株均有差异。基因型结构分析证明，我国北方斑点热群立克次体分离株存在２个种，即西伯利亚立克次体种和斑点热群新种—黑龙江立克次体。     

福建省宁化林区蜱类及宿主感染斑点热群立克次体调查

目的：１９９４～１９９７年间作者对福建宁化已发现的斑点热疫区内进行蜱类及宿主感染调查。方法：分别在鼠类、野兔、野猪、麂、狗、牛等宿主体表捕捉各种蜱类,用鸡胚卵黄囊感染法分离斑点热群立克次体,用微量室温补体结合、免疫萤光及ＰＣＲ／ＲＦＬＰ技术对分离株进行鉴定。结果：分类鉴定５０００余只蜱类共５属１３种。麂、鼠类、野猪斑点热群立克次体感染率分别为１２．５０％,９．４７％,５８．３３％。分别从野兔、麂体表寄生的越原血蜱中分离出斑点热群立克次体。结论：从媒介、宿主、病原学上进一步证实福建存在北亚斑点热疫源地的可能性。     

再次从福建分离出斑点热群立克次体

目的：从蜱类媒介中分离斑点热群立克次体。方法：用鸡胚卵黄囊培养法直接分离。结果：自福建省宁化县林区麂体表捉获的越原血蜱（Ｈａｅｍｅｐｈｙｓａｌｉｓｙｅｎｉ）中分离到１株斑点热群立克次体，经微量补结试验和ＰＣＲ检测初步确定为西伯利亚立克次体（Ｒｉｃｋｅｔｓｉａｓｉｂｉｒｉｃａ）。结论：进一步从病原学上证明了福建省存在北亚斑点热自然疫源地的可能性     

河北省西部山区蜱传斑点热群立克次体分子流行病学研究

目的 调查河北省西部山区蜱类斑点热群立克次体带菌情况,为蜱传斑点热群防控提供科学依据.方法 根据已发表斑点热群立克次体OmpA外膜蛋白基因序列设计特异性引物,对河北省西部山区采集的长角血蜱进行PCR检测,并对阳性样本进行测序和序列分析,建立分子系统进化树.结果 在1227份蜱DNA样本中检测出91份阳性,阳性率为7.42％;序列分析结果显示河北省西部山区长角血蜱携带立克次体与河北株暂定种(登录号:HQ651815、HQ651817、HQ651818、HQ651819、HQ651823、HQ651824)、福建株FUJ(登录号:AF169629)同处于一个分支,与河北株立克次体暂定种同源性最高(99.02％),其次是福建株(98.50％)、黑龙江立克次体绥芬株HLJ-054(登录号:AF179362)和黑龙江立克次体虎林株HL-93(登录号:AF179364)(98.13％)、日本株YM(登录号:U43795)(97.92％).结论 河北省西部山区蜱传斑点热群立克次体感染较为严重,应尽快制定防制措施,以免危及动物及人类健康.     

黑龙江口岸蜱携带斑点热群立克次体及嗜吞噬细胞无形体复合感染调查

目的为了研究黑龙江地区密山、绥芬河、嘉荫、东宁、虎林、同江、逊克、萝北、牡丹江、黑河、饶河11口岸蜱类分布、携带及复合感染新发蜱传病原体的情况。方法 2014年4月到2015年10月,利用布旗法采集蜱类样本,通过建立斑点热群立克次体(spotted fever group Rickettsia,SFGR)及嗜吞噬细胞无形体(Anaplasma phagocytophilum,A.P.)特异性引物,利用PCR方法对所有样本进行特异性片段扩增,通过基因测序对五种新发蜱传疾病作进一步鉴定并分型。结果共采集1306只蜱标本,经分类鉴定分属于革蜱属的森林革蜱、硬蜱属的全沟硬蜱和血蜱属的嗜群血蜱和日本血蜱。共检测出528例(40.43%)斑点热群立克次体阳性样本和31例(2.37%)嗜吞噬细胞无形体阳性样本。并证实存在三种斑点热群立克次体,分别为劳氏立克次体Rickettsia raoultii、新塔拉塞维奇立克次体Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae、黑龙江立克次体Rickettsia heilongjiangensis。共检测到复合感染12例,复合感染率为0.92%(12/1306)。结论黑龙江口岸媒介蜱类存在斑点热群立克次体及嗜吞噬细胞无形体的复合感染现象,提示黑龙江地区蜱媒疾病的危险程度很高,急需加强黑龙江口岸地区蜱媒传染病及其复合感染的监测与防控技术研究,进而建立科学合理的新发蜱媒疾病预警监测和防控技术体系。     

用PCR/RFLP技术对福建省宁化林区鼠蜱类中斑点热群立克次体的检测

目的 了解福建省宁化林区斑点热自然疫源地存在情况.方法 用聚合酶链反应(PCR)对该林区鼠、蜱类中感染斑点热群立克次体(SFGR)进行扩增.用限制性酶切片段长度多态分析(RFLP)法对分离株NH-97进行鉴定,并同已知的西伯利亚立克次体等国际标准株进行比较.结果 从越原血蜱、金泽革蜱、微小牛蜱中扩增出SFGR特异的DNA片段,NH-97分离株的PCR产物经PstI和RsaI酶切后发现它们的酶切图谱与西伯利亚立克次体246国际标准株相同.从社鼠,黄胸鼠脏器中扩增出康氏立克次体DNA片段.由不同来源批次的越原血蜱中扩增出近缘于日本立克体DNA片段和相关序列提示:可能是斑点热群立克次体新成员.结论 福建宁化林区除存在西伯利亚立克次体外,还可能存在康氏立克次体,日本立克次体等多种斑点热群立克次体的疫源地.     

斑点热群立克次体HN-98株的分离和初步鉴定

目的 从海南省斑点热疫源地不明热病人体内分离斑点热群立克次体。方法 用鸡胚卵黄囊培养法直接从斑点热疫区一不明热病人血标本中分离立克次体,继之用分子生物学及血清学试验对分离株进行鉴定。结果 从海南省琼中县斑点热疫区一不明热男性民工的血标本中分离到了一株立克次体,命名为ＨＮ－９８株立克次体,西伯利亚种。结论 该结果进一步从病原学上证实海南省琼中县存在有斑点热疫源地。     

用PCR/RFLP技术对黑龙江沿岸蜱类和鼠类中北亚蜱传斑点热的检测

为了解黑龙江沿岸部分地区斑点热自然疫源地存在情况，作者用PCR／RFLP的方法检测该地区蜱类及鼠类中的斑点热群（spottedfevergroup，SFG）立克次体。结果从该地区的森林革蜱、嗜群血蜱、黑线姬鼠、东方田鼠、麝鼠及棕背中均扩增出了斑点热群立克次体的特异片段，而对斑疹伤寒立克次体、恙虫病立克欢体、Q热立克次体则为阴性。PCR产物经PstⅠ及RsaⅠ酶切后发现它们的酶切图谱与西伯利亚立克次体完全相同，而有别于其它斑点热群立克次体标准株。作者认为黑龙江沿岸调查点可能存在北亚蜱传斑点热的自然疫源地。     

中国北亚蜱传斑点热分子流行病学研究

作者报告建立和应用包括单克隆抗体结合免疫荧光、蛋白免疫印迹、DNA同源性杂交、DNA酶切图谱、脂肪酸气-质谱及免疫电镜在内的一套分子立克次体学方法,对我国蜱传斑点热立克次体病进行了分子流行病学研究。结果:(1)证明在新疆精河县、内蒙呼盟陈旗及北京昌平县存在北亚蜱传斑点热(北亚热)的自然疫源地;(2)在我国首次从北亚热病人中分离出西伯利亚立克次体(An-84,Se-85、W-88 3株),从草原革蜱(FT-84、MT-84 2株),中华革蜱(BJ-90 1株),草原革蜱蜱卵(TO-85 1株)也分离出同一性质立克次体,自易感人群、传播媒介和传染源3个环节中都找到了病原学证据;(3)在种的水平上研究了上述7株分离株和1株国内参考株(草原革蜱JH-74株),在分类学上确定了它们均属立克次体属、斑点热群、西伯利亚立克次体种(Rickettsia sibirica)。在我国东经80～135°,北纬40～50°广大地理范围内,用分子流行病学方法,确证和新发现了一个病种——北亚蜱传斑点热(North Asia Tick Borne Spotted Fever)。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.