社区卫生服务纳入基本医疗保险服务项目的界定

社区卫生服务与基本医疗保险的衔接问题是卫生改革与发展的主要趋势,是带动一系列改革的核心问题,是关系到两者生存发展的关键。目前国内外对社区卫生服务和医疗保险服务方面的研究和试验报道很多,但对社区卫生服务纳入基本医疗保险服务项目的界定方面的研究很少,且因各地经济发展状况不同,社区卫生服务机构现状不同,保险的政策取向、方法不一,多处于探索阶段,因此本文就哈尔滨市社区卫生服务中心基本情况和基本医疗保险病种现状进行了专题调查,旨在将社区卫生服务纳入基本医疗保险项目进行初步的     

社区卫生服务与医保改革衔接的实践与体会

国务院《关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》、国家十部委《关于发展城市社区卫生服务的若干意见》都明确提出 :“要把符合要求的社区卫生服务机构作为职工基本医疗保险定点医疗机构 ,把符合基本医疗保险有关规定的社区卫生服务项目纳入基本医疗保险支付范围”。随着社区卫生服务、医疗保险制度改革在全国各地的开展 ,研究两者的结合机制成为一项重要的工作。卫生部与联合国开发计划署于 1 997～ 2 0 0 0年在盐城市实施“社区医疗保障实验”合作项目 ,该项目旨在研究社区卫生服务的有关理论和政策 ,重点探索社区卫生服务与医疗保险的…     

盐城市实施社区卫生服务与医疗保险制度衔接的实践与体会

国务院《关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》、国家十部委《关于发展城市社区卫生服务的若干意见》都明确提出 :“要把符合要求的社区卫生服务机构作为职工基本医疗保险定点医疗机构 ,把符合基本医疗保险有关规定的社区卫生服务项目纳入基本医疗保险支付范围”。随着社区卫生服务、医疗保险制度改革在全国各地的开展 ,研究两者的结合机制就成为一项重要的工作。卫生部与联合国开发计划署于 1997～ 2 0 0 0年在盐城市实施“社区医疗保障实验”合作项目 ,该项目旨在研究社区卫生服务的有关理论和政策 ,重点探索社区卫生服务与医疗保险…     

社区卫生服务纳入基本医疗保险问题分析及政策建议

通过对社区卫生服务纳入城镇职工基本医疗保险政策落实的现状分析[1] ,表明在改革的过程中 ,产生这样或那样的问题在所难免。有些问题可随城镇职工基本医疗保险的逐步推开、医疗保险政策和制度的逐步完善以及社区卫生服务的发展迎刃而解。但是 ,一些更深层次的问题 ,则需在改革的进程中进一步的研究解决。一、问题分析一是部分地区基层卫生主管部门及社区卫生服务机构与医疗保险部门间缺乏协作与沟通。目前 ,医疗保险和社区卫生服务均处于起步阶段 ,二者之间缺乏了解 ,甚至有些地区各自为政。某些地区医疗保险主管部门将注意力主要集中在二…     

社区卫生服务与城镇职工基本医疗保险制度改革的互动作用

通过对我国部分城市的专题调查研究,对社区卫生服务与城镇职工基本医疗保险制度改革的互动作用进行分析,认为：社会卫生问题决定了医疗保险体制改革必须与卫生体制改革相配套;医疗保险制度改革控制医疗费用的最有效方法是合理引导参保职工利用卫生服务;社区卫生服务在功能合理定位的基础上,争取城镇职工基本医疗保险的政策倾斜与支持是其发展的关键。     

社区卫生服务纳入城镇职工基本医疗保险若干问题的思考

近年来,各地认真贯彻落实国家卫生部等10部委《关于发展城市社区卫生服务的若干意见》,深入开展社区卫生服务活动,已经取得了一定的成效。但在实施社区卫生服务的过程中,也存在机构准入、技术、补偿以及与相关改革政策的衔接等问题。课题组受国家卫生部的委托,对我国社区卫生服务纳入城镇职工基本医疗保险的有关政策进行探索。我们刊发这组稿件,旨在进一步开展对社区卫生服务有关政策的研究。通过调查研究,揭示矛盾、分析问题、制定对策,为有关部门完善社区卫生服务政策提供依据,以促进社区卫生服务稳步、健康发展。     

社区卫生服务门诊统筹政策的比较分析

将社区卫生服务门诊纳入城镇居民基本医疗保险是完善城镇医疗保障体系,扩大医疗保险制度受益面的重要措施。上海市长宁区、江苏省无锡市、浙江省宁波市江北区在推进门诊统筹政策的过程中加大对医保的投入、提高对居民的保障程度和水平、向社区卫生服务中心的政策倾斜。在强化社区卫生服务公益性的同时引导居民合理就医,形成了符合不同经济发展水平和医疗条件基础下的门诊统筹“三阶段”模式。未来的政策推广将面临社区卫生服务能力、人员绩效考核以及稳定的医保政策等方面的挑战,卫生部门和医保部门应加强合作,将完善城镇居民基本医疗保险政策与有效的社区卫生服务体系相衔接。     

城镇医疗保险与社区卫生服务的政策对接研究

城镇医疗保险与社区卫生服务的政策对接是新医改的突破口。文章论证了城镇医疗保险与社区卫生服务的政策对接的重要意义,分析了城镇医疗保险与社区卫生服务的现状及存在的问题,提出了政策建议:确立医疗保险与社区卫生服务对接的法律地位,发挥法制的强制作用;加大政府的资金投入;统一管理机构;加强监督审核;发挥社区卫生服务与基本医疗保险的互补优势;进一步扩大基本医疗保险范围。     

关于促进医疗保险参保人员充分利用社区卫生服务的指导意见

各省、自治区、直辖市劳动和社会保障厅（局）： 促进医疗保险参保人员充分利用社区卫生服务，对保障参保人员基本医疗，提高医疗保险基金使用效率具有重要意义。医疗保险制度改革以来，各地在大力推进医疗保险制度建设的同时，按照党中央、国务院的统一部署，结合本地实际，通过扩大社区卫生服务机构及基层医疗机构定点范围、将社区卫生服务中的基本医疗服务项目纳入医疗保险支付范围、以及适当降低参保人员医疗费用自付比例等措施，引导参保人员利用社区及基层医疗服务，既方便了参保人员就医购药，减轻了参保人员费用负担，又促进了医疗机构的公平竞争和社区卫生服务事业的发展。根据《国务院关于发展城市社区卫生服务的指导意见》（国发[2006]10号），为进一步发挥社区卫生服务在医疗保障中的作用，促进医疗保险参保人员充分利用社区卫生服务，现提出如下意见：     

发展社区卫生服务的实践与思考

《国务院关于建立城镇职工基本医疗保险制度的决定》指出：要合理调整医疗布局结构，优化医疗卫生资源配置，积极发展社区卫生服务，将社区卫生服务中的基本医疗服务项目纳入基本医疗保险范围。医疗保险中的社区医疗问题因此被提出。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.