新疆出血热北疆株单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立

作者应用新疆出血热病毒北疆株９０－９株鼠脑免疫ＢＡＬＢ／Ｃ小鼠，取脾细胞与ＳＰ２／０骨髓瘤细胞融合，共获得４株分泌抗ＸＨＦＶ北疆株单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）杂交瘤细胞系。核型分析表明符合杂交瘤细胞的标准。用间接免疫荧光法及间接酶联免疫吸附试验检测表明，ＭｃＡｂ的腹水具有很高滴度，其中２株可达５×１０５（ＥＬＩＳＡＰ／Ｎ≥２．１）。ＭｃＡｂ免疫球蛋白亚型鉴定均属ＩｇＧ，其中３株为ＩｓＧ１，１株为ＩｇＧ２ａ。对ＭｃＡｂ的初步应用表明，在反向被动血凝抑制试验（ＲＰＨＩ）中，分别采用南、北疆ＭｃＡｂ致敏血球检测小鼠腹水，其结果有明显差异。     

抗A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞系的建立与中和效应

用提取的Ａ型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素包涵体免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠，取小鼠脾细胞与ＳＰ２／０骨髓瘤细胞进行融合和克隆化，经ＥＬＩＳＡ筛选，共获得７株稳定分泌单克隆抗体（ＭｃＡｂ）的杂交瘤细胞株，分别命名为１Ａ８、１Ｃ３、１Ｄ５、１Ｄ８、１Ｆ１、１Ｈ１和２Ｅ３。经鉴定，７株ＭｃＡｂ的Ｉｇ亚类有ＩｇＧ１（１Ｄ８）、ＩｇＧ３（１Ａ８、１Ｃ３和２Ｅ３）和ＩｇＭ（１Ｄ５、１Ｆ１和１Ｈ１）。细胞培养上清和腹水抗体效价分别为：１∶５１２～１∶１０２４和１∶１０６～１∶１０８。尤为重要的是，２Ｅ３杂交瘤细胞株分泌的ＭｃＡｂ不仅能够中和α毒素的磷脂酶Ｃ活性和溶血活性，而且能够对致死性腹腔感染小鼠产生良好的被动保护作用     

干扰素治疗丙型肝炎疗效相关因素分析

目的：探讨预测干扰素治疗慢性丙型肝炎（ＣＨＣ）疗效的临床上适用、简便、易行的指标。方法：对采用干扰素（ＩＦＮα－１ｂ）治疗３２例ＣＨＣ临床资料进行观察,包括治疗前后肝功能（ＡＬＴ、ＳＢ、ＧＧＴ）、抗－ＨＣＶＯＤ水平、ＨＣＶ基因型、ＨＣＶＲＮＡ、ＳＩＬ－２Ｒ、β２－ＭＧ等,治疗结束时有效者为肝功能复常同时ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阴转,其余反应模式均为无效者。结果：ＨＣＶ基因型为Ⅲ型患者疗效（５／１０）明显高于Ⅱ型（２／１９）（Ｐ＜０．０５）,有效者治疗前血清抗—ＨＣＶＯＤ明显低于无效者（Ｐ＜０．０５）,治疗后有效者β２－ＭＧ升高水平（３．４５±１．０８）ｍｇ／Ｌ明显高于无效者（１．３３±０．９５）ｍｇ／Ｌ（Ｐ＜０．０５）,而两者治疗前ＡＬＴ、ＳＢ、ＧＧＴ、ＩｇＭ、β２－ＭＧ患者的年龄无明显差别（Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论：感染ＨＣＶ基因型,治疗前抗—ＨＣＶＯＤ水平及治疗后β２－ＭＧ变化对预测ＩＦＮ治疗ＣＨＣ疗效有一定参考价值。     

抗河豚毒素单克隆抗体的制备及其特性的初步研究

将用合成的匙孔形虫戚血蓝蛋白－甲醛－河豚毒素（ＫＬＨ－ＨＣＨＯ－ＴＴＸ）连接物免疫的ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠的脾细胞与小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系Ｓｐ２／０融合，经３～４次亚克隆，建立了３个稳定分泌抗河豚毒素的杂交瘤细胞株，分别命名为１Ｇ３、４Ｇ３、６Ｄ９。其中１Ｇ３和４Ｇ３分属ＩｇＧ２ｂ亚类，６Ｄ９属ＩｇＧ１亚类。腹水的抗体稀释度为１∶１０５～１：５×１０６。用竞争抑制性酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）测定三种抗体的最低反应浓度为１×１０－３ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

两种方法提纯的抗—HBe单克隆抗体及其酶结合物的比较

抗－ＨＢｅ单克隆抗体（ＭＡｂ）腹水分别经辛酸－硫酸铵法和单纯硫酸铵法提纯，前法蛋白获得量虽仅为后法的１／４，但蛋白纯度高于后法。两法所提ＭＡｂ经辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）标记后，前法提纯ＭＡｂ酶结合物的比活性和可生产的试剂盒的数量分别为后法提纯ＭＡｂ酶结合物的１０．９倍和２．６７倍，且标记前法提纯ＭＡｂ的ＨＲＰ用量仅为标记后法提纯ＭＡｂ的１／６。两种酶结合物与相应试剂配套后组成检测ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗－ＨＢｅ试剂盒，质量均达国家标准．所以，用辛酸－硫酸铵法提纯抗－ＨＢｅＭＡｂ用于生产，质量可靠，且经济实惠．     

ELISA微板法检测乙型肝炎病毒核心抗原的研究

以双抗体包被的抗体夹心法，用微板ＥＬＪＩＳＡ检测血清ＨＢｃＡｇ，确定双包被工作度ＭＣ－抗－ＨＢＣ（效价１：１０００）为０．０４μｌ／孔，ＭＣ－抗－ＨＢＳ（１ｍｇ／ｍｌ，５ｍｇ／ｍｌ）为３～４μｌ／孔；最佳裂解剂及其工作度为７％ＮＰ－４０巯基乙醇溶液。分别用不同的酶标记抗体检测，均证明双包被具有特异性。加入抗－ＨＥｃ进行阻断试验，其阻断率为７９．３％。对临床８４４例ＨＢｓＡｇ阴性的血清及１１４例ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ探针阴性血清用本法进行ＨＢｃＡｇ检测，均为阴性。在临床应用上，本法阳性率明显高于试管法，与ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ探针阳性符合率为９１．４％，且特异性与ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ探针一致。     

应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测乙型肝炎患者的HBV一DNA

应用聚合酶链反应（ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅｃｈａｉｎＲｅａｃｔｉｏｎ，ＰＣＲ）检测１０８例乙型肝炎患者血清中ＨＢＶ一ＤＮＡ，在不同类型的ＨＢＶ感染标志物（ＨＢＶＭ）的血清中结果有所不同：（１）在ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率８６．１１％（３１／３６）；（２）在ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗ＨＢｅ和抗ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率５５．８８％（１９／３４）；（３）在抗ＨＢｓ、抗ＨＢｅ和ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率为２０％（２／１０）；（４）在抗ＨＢｅ和抗ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率为２５％（２／８）；文中就ＰＣＲ检测的结果及临床意义作了扼要的讨论。     

乙型肝炎病毒e系统状态与慢性乙型肝炎纤维化分期的关系

表１慢性乙型肝炎不同纤维化期与乙型肝炎病毒ｅ系统状态的关系　（％）状态Ｓ１Ｓ２Ｓ３Ｓ４ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性８５２（２３／２７）７２．７（２４／３３）６３．３（１９／３０）５０．０（１２／２４）抗－ＨＢｅ阳性１１．１（３／２７）２１．１（７／３３）２６．７（８／３０）３７．５（９／２４）△ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗－ＨＢｅ阴性３．７（１／２７）６．１（２／３３）１０（３／３０）１２．５（３／２４）　　注：Ｓ３、Ｓ４分别与Ｓ１ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性（率）比较χ２＝５２４９～７３０６,Ｐ＜００５,Ｐ＜００…     

广西吸毒成瘾者丙型肝炎病毒的感染及其分子生物学研究

选择２８３名静脉吸毒者（ＩＶＤＡｓ）和１２１名献血员（ＢＤｓ）进行Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ、ＨＣＶ血清基因型、ＨＣＶ基因型和ＨＣＶｃＤＮＡ序列的检测。结果表明，ＩＶＤＡｓ和ＢＤｓ的Ａｎｔｉ－ＨＣＶ检出率分别为９１．１７％和０．８３％；ＩＶＤＡｓ的ＨＣＶ血清基因型为１型８１．８５％（２２１／２７０），２型１．４８％（４／２７０），ｌ＋２型０．３７％（１／２７０），不能定为１和／或２型１６．３０％（４４／２７０）；ＨＣＶ基因型为１ａ型：２８．６％（３４／１１９）；ｌｂ型：３８．７％（４６／１１９）；２ａ型１０．９％（１３／ｌ１９）；２ｂ型１４．３％（１７／ｌ１９）；３ａ型２６．９％（３２／１１９）；３ｂ型４０．３％（４８／１１９）；６ａ型８．４％（１０／１１９）；６ｂ型２６．７％（３１／１１９）；其中１４．３％的病例有４～５种不同基因亚型的混合感染现象。     

应用聚合酶链反应（PCR）检测乙型肝炎患者的HBV—DNA

应用聚合酶链反应（ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅ ｃｈａｉｎ Ｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ，ＰＣＲ）检测１０３例乙型肝炎患者血清中ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ，在不同类型的ＨＢＶ感染标志物（ＨＢＶＭ）的血清中结果有所不同：（１）在ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ和抗ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率８６．１１％（３１／３６）；（２）在ＨＢｓＡｇ、抗ＨＢｅ和抗ＨＢｃ阳性血清中，ＰＣＲ阳性率５５．８８％（１９／３４）；（３）在抗ＨＢｅ和ＨＢｃ阳性血清     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.