浙江省2015年HIV分子亚型特征及其传播关系研究

目的 了解浙江省现阶段HIV毒株亚型流行分布特征和分子网络传播关系。方法 采用分层随机抽样方法抽取浙江省2015年4-6月新发现HIV感染者302例进行横断面调查,运用RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增pol基因成功获得276份序列,结合流行病学调查数据开展测序及系统进化树分析。结果 276例HIV感染者毒株亚型构成：CRF07_BC 122例（44.2%）,CRF01_AE 103例（37.3%）,CRF08_BC 17例（6.1%）,B亚型9例（3.2%）,CRF55_01B 6例（2.2%）,C亚型5例（1.8%）,CRF59_01B 1例（0.4%）,CRF67_01B 1例（0.4%）,A1亚型1例（0.4%）,URFs 11例（4.0%）。CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE毒株亚型在进化树上已形成明显的分簇现象,传播簇主要集中分布在MSM人群（76.5%）。MSM人群的成簇比例高于其他人群,且不同传播途径感染人群存在传播联系。结论 2015年浙江省HIV主要流行毒株以CRF07_BC、CRF01_AE为主,亚型构成有复杂化趋势,应加强对HIV毒株亚型和流行簇的监控和预警,开展分类管理,针对高风险人群和传播链开展有效防控。     

福建省HIV-1 新近感染者流行毒株基因亚型及其流行特征分析

目的 了解福建省HIV-1 新近感染者流行毒株的亚型分布和流行特征。方法 随机抽取福建省2011－2012 年使用BED捕获酶免疫试验检出的104 例新近感染者血样标本,采用反转录巢式PCR扩增,gag、pol 和env 基因片段,并测定和分析核酸序列。结果 目标人群中存在B亚型和01_AE、07_BC、08_BC、55_01B 四种流行重组型,其中以01_AE 和07_BC 流行重组型为主,分别占45.68%和35.80%。基因亚型的流行特征分析显示,亚型分布中01_AE 所占比例下降,07_BC 所占比例上升;性传播是主要感染途径,其中同性传播比例明显上升。结论 福建省HIV-1 流行毒株亚型分布众多,随着时间推移,亚型构成和传播途径已发生改变,应加强对HIV-1感染的分子流行病学趋势动态监测。     

柳州市1998－2012年新发现HIV基因亚型变化及HIV感染者首次CD4+T淋巴细胞计数比较

目的 分析柳州市1998－2012年新发现HIV基因亚型变化,比较HIV感染者首次CD₄⁺T淋巴细胞计数（CD₄）,为艾滋病防治提供参考依据。方法 选取我国艾滋病综合防治信息系统中1998－2012年柳州市新发现HIV感染者,对其血浆进行RNA提取、扩增、测序和分型。采用Coharan-Armitage趋势检验法分析HIV基因亚型变化的趋势,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验法分析比较HIV感染者的首次CD₄。结果 研究对象共有1 877例HIV感染者。1998－2012年,CRF01_AE、CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）和CRF07_BC亚型构成比分别从78.4%（76/97）上升至91.5%（1 441/1 574）、63.9%（62/97）上升至74.0%（1 164/1 574）和17.5%（17/97）下降至4.6%（72/1 574）,趋势性检验差异均有统计学意义（Z=4.632,P<0.001;Z=2.455,P=0.014;Z=-5.943,P<0.001）。CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）、CRF01_AE（Cluster 2）、CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC亚型HIV感染者首次CD₄的中位数及四分位数间距分别是230（83～375）、215（48～351）、365（254～503）和334（206～479）个/μl。CRF01_AE（Cluster 1）和CRF01_AE（Cluster 2）亚型HIV感染者的首次CD₄均Z=-4.795,P<0.001;Z=-4.238,P<0.001）。结论 1998－2012年柳州市新发现HIV感染者以CRF01_AE亚型为主并呈上升趋势,其首次CD₄较低,且新发现CRF01_AE亚簇的种类在增加,其亚簇构成比存在变化趋势。     

云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州2016年新报告艾滋病病毒感染者的基因亚型分析

目的 分析2016年云南省德宏傣族景颇族自治州（德宏州）新报告HIV感染者HIV基因亚型,了解中国籍和缅甸籍HIV感染者基因亚型分布特征。方法 对2016年德宏州新报告的HIV感染者提取核酸,使用RT-PCR法对HIV基因gag、env和pol进行反转录扩增,直接测序扩增产物,综合分析3个基因的测序结果,确定最终基因亚型。结果 2016年德宏州新报告HIV感染者1 112例,成功测定基因亚型的感染者860例。C亚型所占比例最大（占33.6%,289/860）;其后为独特重组（unique recombinant forms,URFs）（占28.4%,244/860）、CRF01_AE（占18.6%,160/860）等亚型;URFs中主要包括4种形式的重组,其中以CRF01_AE和C亚型重组为主。缅甸籍感染者的亚型分布与民族和传播方式相关。结论 德宏州2016年新报告HIV感染者基因亚型主要集中在C、URFs和CRF01_AE亚型,URFs分布依然复杂多样。     

浙江省义乌市2016年新报告HIV/AIDS的HIV-1亚型和传播簇分析

目的 了解浙江省义乌市HIV亚型分布和传播簇特征，为HIV流行趋势分析和疫情防治提供依据。方法 对该地区2016年新报告HIV/AIDS开展分子流行病学横断面研究，从168例血浆中提取RNA，通过RT-PCR和巢式PCR扩增pol基因并测序。构建系统进化树分析亚型和传播簇，通过CPR 6.0在线软件工具分析耐药突变位点。结果 研究对象年龄（39.1±13.4）岁，男性为主（86.3%，145/168），外省户籍居多（66.7%，112/168），感染途径为同性传播（51.2%，86/168）和异性传播（48.8%，82/168）。HIV序列成功获得率为89.9%（151/168），优势亚型为CRF01_AE 74例（49.0%）和CRF07_BC 64例（42.4%），其他亚型包括CRF08_BC 5例（3.3%），CRF55_01B 3例（2.0%），B、CRF45_cpx、CRF59_01B、CRF85_BC和URF （B/C）各1例。CRF45_cpx和CRF85_BC在浙江省首次发现。共发现26个传播簇（含65个病例），总成簇比例43.0%（65/151），CRF01_AE成簇比例54.1%（40/74），高于CRF07_BC的32.8%（21/64）；各传播簇平均大小为2.5例/簇，CRF01_AE中异性传播的传播簇最大（3.5例/簇）。传播性耐药率为4.6%（7/151），7例检出监测性耐药突变，包括M46L 5例，F77L和Y181C各1例。结论 义乌市HIV亚型复杂多样，多种传播簇并存且特征多样，应继续加强亚型监测，重点对传播簇病例开展专题调查，实施针对性有效干预。     

广西壮族自治区2008 - 2009年HIV-1流行毒株基因型及其分布

目的了解广西地区目前HIV-1流行毒株的基因型及其分布。方法收集广西地区13个市294名2008-2009年新诊断的HIV感染者血浆标本和背景信息,感染途径主要为异性性传播(86.1%)。采用RT PCR法分别扩增HIV-1 gag,pol全长基因(分别为1584 by和3147 by)及enu:基因的C2V3片段(558 bp),序列编辑后用Genotyping及Mega 5.031具确定病毒的基因型,用Simplot和Recombinant HIV-1 Drawing Tool软件进行病毒基因的重组分析。结果获得全长gag基因序列270条、全长pol基因序列246条、。enu>基因C2V3区序列223条,确定272例标本的基因型。CRFO1_AE占的比例最高(77.6% ),其次为CRF08_BC(10.7%)和CRF07_BC ( 7.4% ),有4例B(B'')亚型,1例G亚型,还有7例未知重组型。性别、民族间病毒基因型分布的差异无统计学意义。7株新型重组毒株有6株以CRF01_AE为母株,嵌人B和/(或)C的片段,还有1株为CRF07_BC和CRF08_BC的二代重组。结论广西地区目前流行的HIV-1毒株以CRFO1_AE为主,并出现以CRFO1_AE为母株嵌人其他毒株基因片段的新型重组毒株,呈现基因组结构复杂化趋势。     

昆明市2018年男男性行为者HIV-1基因型及耐药特征分析

目的 了解2018年昆明市MSM的HIV-1基因型及耐药特征。方法 收集昆明市2018年1-12月新报告HIV-1感染的MSM的血浆样品193份,提取病毒RNA,采用巢式PCR扩增gag、pol和env区基因片段,进行基因分型和耐药分析,通过Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo（MCMC）方法分析昆明市MSM感染者中CRF55_01B和CRF68_01B的进化特征。结果 193份样品中发现多个HIV-1基因型,包括CRF07_BC（39.4%,76/193）、CRF01_AE（34.2%,66/193）、独特型重组（20.2%,39/193）、CRF08_BC（3.1%,6/193）、CRF55_01B（1.6%,3/193）、B亚型（1.0%,2/193）和CRF68_01B（0.5%,1/193）。Bayesian进化分析结果显示CRF55_01B从外省进入昆明市后已开始在本地传播,而CRF68_01B可能来自于我国东部地区。2018年昆明市MSM抗病毒治疗前的HIV-1耐药株流行率为2.6%（5/190）,对非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂的耐药突变发生率最高（2.1%,4/190）。结论 昆明市MSM的HIV-1基因型多样性逐年增加。MSM未接受抗病毒治疗HIV-1感染者耐药发生率虽然较低,但存在抗病毒治疗一线药物的多重耐药株。     

云南省2008-2009年HIV-1病毒株亚型分布

目的 了解云南省目前HIV-1流行株的基因型及其地区和人群分布。方法 收集2008-2009年云南省15个地市788例HIV感染者/艾滋病患者（HIV/AIDS）的血浆标本和背景信息,采用RT-PCR法分别扩增HIV-1 gag、pol全长基因（1584 bp和3147 bp）及env基因的C2V3片段（558 bp）,序列编辑后用Genotyping及Mega 5.03软件工具确定病毒基因型,分析HIV-1株的地区和人群分布特征。结果 788例标本获得1728条HIV-1基因序列,其中全长gag基因序列599条、全长pol基因序列564条、env基因C2V3区序列525条,确定617例基因亚型,构成比分别为CRF08 BC（50.2%）、CRF01 AE（25.0%）、未知重组（10.2%）、CRF07_BC（9.2%）、C亚型（2.9%）和B（B''）亚型（2.4%）。HIV-1株在云南省具有地域分布特征,可分为以临沧和昆明为代表的CRF08_BC为主的地区,以德宏和西双版纳为代表的CRF08_BC与CRF01 _AE构成比相近的地区;未知重组型在云南省少数民族中所占比例（17.0%）显著高于汉族（6.7%）;异性性传播感染者和静脉注射吸毒感染者的CRF08 BC亚型均占总数的50.0%以上,但前者CRF01_AE的构成比占约30.0%,后者未知重组型和CRF07 BC的比例分别达到约15。0%。未知重组病毒株呈现两种重组模式,分别为B（B''）/C重组和以CRF01 AE为母株嵌入B（B''）和/或C片段重组,并以前者为主（74.6%）。结论 云南省HIV-1株组成复杂,具有显著的地域、民族和传播途径相关的特征,并出现新型重组病毒株,应密切监测。     

台州市2016-2018年新报告HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗前HIV-1耐药及亚型流行特征分析

目的 了解台州市新报告HIV/AIDS抗病毒治疗（ART）前HIV-1耐药情况及亚型流行特点。方法 于2016年1月至2018年12月在台州市开展新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药的横断面调查,RT-PCR扩增获得HIV-1 pol基因片段并测序,提交序列至斯坦福大学耐药数据库,根据2014年WHO耐药监测指南的推荐标准,确定耐药突变位点以及HIV-1毒株对抗病毒药物的敏感性。结果 2016-2018年台州市新报告HIV/AIDS中成功获得HIV-1 pol基因区序列的研究对象806例,ART前HIV-1耐药率为2.9%（23/806）,其中,非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NNRTIs）、核苷类反转录酶抑制剂（NRTIs）和蛋白酶抑制剂（PIs）耐药率分别为1.9%（15/806）、0.6%（5/806）和0.0%。2016-2018年新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药率依次分别为1.6%、1.8%和4.8%。NNRTIs和NRTIs耐药突变位点以K103 N（0.7%）和M184I/V（0.5%）为主。HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（42.7%,344/806）、CRF07_BC（28.9%,233/806）和CRF08_BC（11.2%,90/806）为主。同性性传播者HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（53.3%,136/255）和CRF07_BC（32.2%,82/255）为主;异性性传播者HIV-1亚型以CRF01_AE（37.7%,203/539）、CRF07_BC（27.5%,148/539）和CRF08_BC（16.1%,87/539）为主。结论 2016-2018年台州市新报告HIV/AIDS在ART前HIV-1耐药率处于低流行状态,但存在上升趋势,需加强对HIV-1耐药型毒株的监测工作。     

广州市2008-2015年男男性行为人群HIV-1亚型分布特征及变化趋势

目的 了解2008－2015年广州市MSM人群HIV-1感染者（MSM感染者）HIV-1亚型分布特征及变化趋势。方法 研究对象为2008－2015年确证的HIV-1感染者、男男性行为途径感染、现住址为广州市。收集血清样本提取HIV-1 RNA,采用巢式 PCR法扩增HIV-1 pol区基因片段,测序后构建系统进化树,确定HIV-1亚型,比较不同年份和不同特征样本的HIV-1亚型分布。结果 从2 473份血清样本中成功获得2 210份样本的pol区基因片段。2 210份样本人群的年龄（30.19±8.22）岁;未婚者占73.39%;汉族占90.81%。独特重组形式（URFs）亚型在职业为农民及农民工的构成比高于其他职业者（P＝0.017,99%CI：0.014～0.020）,URFs亚型在多性伴者的构成比高于非多性伴者（ χ²＝5.733,P＝0.017）。HIV-1亚型分布以CRF07_BC（38.10%）和CRF01_AE（34.84%）为主,其次为CRF55_01B（14.62%）、B（6.06%）、URFs（3.58%）、CRF59_01B（2.17%）和其他亚型（0.63%）。B、CRF07_BC、CRF55_01B和URFs亚型在2008－2015年的各年份构成比的差异有统计学意义（B：P＝0.000,99%CI：0.000～0.000;CRF07_BC：χ²＝14.965,P＝0.036;CRF55_01B：χ²＝18.161,P＝0.011;URFs：P＝0.001,99%CI：0.000～0.001）,其中B亚型的构成比呈逐年下降趋势（P＝0.000,99%CI：0.000～0.000）,URFs亚型的构成比呈逐年上升趋势（P＝0.000,99%CI：0.000～0.000）。结论 2008－2015年广州市MSM感染者HIV-1亚型分布表现为CRF07_BC和CRF01_AE为主、多个亚型共存的特点。URFs亚型的构成比呈上升趋势提示HIV-1在MSM感染者中在不断发生重组。应针对MSM感染者农民及农民工、多性伴者加强干预。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.