北京市常见食物熟制前后叶黄素和玉米黄素及β-胡萝卜素的含量比较

目的 测定北京市常见食品中叶黄素、玉米黄素和β-胡萝卜素的含量,并比较熟制后其含量的变化.方法 于2009年9-10月在北京市海淀区选取8类46种食物,使用高效液相色谱法对其熟制前后叶黄素、玉米黄素和β-胡萝卜素的含量进行检测.结果 茄果瓜菜类蔬菜、葱蒜类蔬菜和坚果中叶黄素含量丰富,其中韭菜(18 226.9μg/100 g)和甘栗南瓜(13 265.2μg/100 g)中含量较高.甘栗南瓜、蒜薹、玉米和蛋类中含有较丰富的玉米黄素,分别为444.6、283.5、279.7、118.6～377.9 μg/100 g,熟制后其含量分别改变为483.9、239.3、279.1、149.5～594.7μg/100 g;生韭菜中未检出玉米黄素,熟制后其玉米黄素含量达1081.2μg/100 g.β-胡萝卜素广泛存在于各种蔬菜水果中,其中胡萝卜中含量最高,达17 234.3 μg/100 g,熟制后其β-胡萝卜素含量变为17 013.5 μg/100 g.结论 选择性摄入不同种类食物及改变食物的加工制作方法将有利于增加膳食叶黄素、玉米黄素和β-胡萝卜素的摄入量.

Abstract：

Objective To measure lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene level in foods commonly consumed in Beijing,and compare the content difference between raw and cooked food. Methods Forty-six commonly consumed foods of 8 classes were collected in Haidian district of Beijing from September to October in 2009. A high performance liquid chromatography method was used to determine the content of lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene in both raw and cooked samples. Results Lutein was abundant in cucurbitaceous and solanaceous,alliums and nuts,especially in Chinese chive (18 226. 9 μg/100 g) and pumpkin (13 265.2 μg/100 g). Major sources of zeaxanthin included round pumpkin,green garlic shoot,corn and eggs, whose level of zeaxanthin were 444.6, 283.5, 279.7, 118.6-377.9 μg/100 g,respectively. Zeaxanthin level of those cooked foods changed to 483.9, 239. 3, 279. 1, 149. 5-594. 7 μg/100 g, respectively. The zeaxanthin level of cooked Chinese chive reached 1081.2 μg/100 g, while we did not detect any zeaxanthin in raw Chinese chive. β-carotene was present in a wide variety of vegetables and fruits. Carrot (17 234. 3 μg/100 g) was a good source of β-carotene,while its level in cooked carrot was 17 013.5 μg/100 g. Conclusion Consuming the proper kinds of foods and changing the method of food processing were beneficial to increase the intake of lutein, zeaxanthin and β-carotene.     

Carotenoid content and in vitro bioaccessibility of lycopene from guava (Psidium guajava) and watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) by high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection

The carotenoid content and in vitro accessibility of the ‘Sugar baby’ variety of watermelon and the ‘Horana red’ variety of guava from Sri Lanka was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The high-performance liquid chromatography chromatogram showed that the Guava ‘Horana red’ variety contained almost exclusively lycopene (45.3 ± 8.0 μg/g fresh weight (FW)), with a small amount of lutein (2.1 ± 0.6 μg/g FW), β-carotene (2.0 ± 0.2 μg/g FW) and β-cryptoxanthin. As far as carotenoids in the sugar baby variety of watermelon are concerned, it contained lycopene, lutein and β-carotene of 37.2 ± 4.0 μg/g FW, 2.1 ± 0.6 μg/g FW and 0.3 ± 1 μg/g FW, respectively. The studies showed that guava contains more lycopene (45.3±8.0 μg/g FW) than watermelon (37.2 ± 4.0 μg/g FW), and that the in vitro accessibility of lycopene in guava (73%) is more than that in watermelon (25.8%). Therefore it can be concluded that guava can be used as a better lycopene source than watermelon.     

Nutritional vitamin A status in northeast Brazilian lactating mothers

Background: Vitamin A deficiency is the major cause of morbidity and mortality among children and in women of reproductive age in developing countries. The present study aimed to assess maternal nutritional vitamin A status, as well as analyse the association of preformed vitamin A and pro‐vitamin A consumption on the nutritional status of nursing mothers, based on serum retinol and retinol colostrum concentrations coupled with dietary intake. Methods: Serum and colostrums were collected from 86 healthy parturients, recruited within 16 h postpartum. Blood samples were obtained, the morning after an overnight fast. Retinol was analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Dietary vitamin A was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and the women were separated into two groups according to the predominant dietary source of vitamin A: group A, >50% preformed vitamin A (n = 37); and group B >50% pro‐vitamin A carotenoids, (n = 49). Results: Serum retinol and total vitamin A ingestion (mean ± SD) were higher in group A than in group B (1.4 ± 0.4 μmol L^?1 and 2072.0 ± 1465.9 μg retinol activity equivalent (RAE) day^?1 versus 1.2 ± 0.6 μmol L^?1 and 1051.6 ± 920.4 μg RAE day^?1, respectively (P < 0.05), but colostrum retinol (3.4 ± 1.7 μmol L^?1 and 3.6 ± 1.9 μmol L^?1) was similar in both groups. In group B, 36.7% (n = 18) of the nursing mothers presented a risk of developing vitamin A deficiency, based on their dietary intake. Conclusions: On the basis of the intake of the pro‐vitamin A carotenoids, some women may be at risk of vitamin A deficiency. However, their status is currently normal, as indicated by serum and milk retinol concentrations.     

济宁市城乡社区成人四个季节膳食类胡萝卜素的摄入量

目的测定部分城乡成年居民膳食类胡萝卜素摄入量水平。方法从三个不同类型的社区中,选择184名30～60岁成人(男84,女100)作为被调查对象,采用"双份饭法"分别于夏、秋、冬、春四个季节收集被调查者连续3 d的全部膳食,用HPLC测定其中β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、番茄红素、叶黄素和玉米黄质六种类胡萝卜素的含量。结果被调查者夏季膳食中β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素、β-隐黄质、番茄红素和叶黄素+玉米黄质的平均每日摄入量分别为2.48±2.71 mg、276.6±469.4μg、86.9±241.4μg、2.16±3.38 mg和1.48±1.65 mg;秋季分别为3.39±4.10 mg、271.7±462.8μg、339.9±1016.8μg、0.25±1.34 mg和2.07±3.00 mg;冬季分别为2.85±3.76 mg、302.7±622.6μg、108.8±142.3μg、0.36±1.46 mg和1.97±3.00 mg;春季分别为3.76±3.35mg、162.4±413.9μg、42.1±93.8μg、0.86±1.39 mg和6.10±6.26 mg。各种类胡萝卜素摄入量均随季节而变化,夏季摄入番茄红素较多,秋季摄入β-隐黄质较多,春季摄入叶黄素+玉米黄质较多,而β-胡萝卜素、α-胡萝卜素摄入量的季节波动较小。城市中心社区居民类胡萝卜素摄入量一般较高,城市周边社区和农村社区居民摄入量较低;农村社区居民只有春季叶黄素+玉米黄质摄入量高于城市中心社区居民。结论本研究报告了三种不同社区居民类胡萝卜素摄入量数据,为类胡萝卜素营养研究提供部分资料。     

北京地区常见蔬菜中叶黄素、玉米黄素和β-胡萝卜素的测定及其含量

目的测定分析常见蔬菜中叶黄素、玉米黄素和β-胡萝卜素的含量。方法采用高效液相色谱法Develosil C30柱;流动相A:乙腈:甲醇=75:25,B:甲基叔丁基醚,梯度洗脱;紫外检测器,检测波长480nm检测北京市常见市售蔬菜中叶黄素、玉米黄素和β-胡萝卜素的含量。结果叶黄素、玉米黄素和β-胡萝卜素保留时间分别为10.355、10.732和20.789min,实现基线分离。深绿色叶菜,如苋菜、芹菜叶、香菜、菠菜、小白菜中叶黄素含量最为丰富。玉米黄素仅在黄花菜(干)中检出。熟制后,各类蔬菜的平均叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量呈上升趋势。结论绿色蔬菜,尤其是深绿色叶菜,是叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素的主要膳食来源,摄入熟制后的蔬菜有利于增加叶黄素、玉米黄素的摄入量和生物利用率。     

Carotenoids retention and in vitro iron bioavailability of traditional cowpea leaf dishes of rural Tanzania

Food preparation methods play a role in micronutrient retention and ultimately intake. Analyses for carotenoids retention and in vitro iron bioavailability of five cowpea leaf dishes prepared according to the traditional methods of rural Tanzania were carried out. All the five dishes are commonly eaten as relishes for staple meals of maize or rice. Laboratory analyses were carried out at the Nutrition Laboratory of the World Vegetable Centre in Taiwan. Carotenoids were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography while iron bioavailability was analysed by an in vitro method. Results showed that traditional cowpea leaf dish consisting of sunflower oil, onion, tomatoes and coconut milk cooked for 30 min had the highest retention of β-carotene (40.83 ± 7.00%) and lutein (34.60 ± 3.30%) compared to other traditional recipes (p < 0.05). The highest iron bioavailability (10.04 ± 0.49%) was observed in the traditional recipe which involved boiling fresh cowpea leaves for 15 min. Although recipe variation can affect carotenoids retention and iron bioavailability, simple practices such as reduced cooking time and avoiding direct sun drying also need to be promoted.     

Content and in-vitro accessibility of pro-vitamin A carotenoids from Sri Lankan cooked non-leafy vegetables and their estimated contribution to vitamin A requirement

Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in Sri Lanka, which affects especially pre-school children. Carrots (Daucus carota), pumpkins (Cucurbita maxima), squashes (Cucurbita moschata) and sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas) of orange, yellow-fleshed varieties are good sources of pro-vitamin A carotenoids, but have not been studied in Sri Lanka in terms of the food as eaten. The content of carotenoids in each preparation method and the in-vitro accessibility of β-carotene and α-carotene were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The in-vitro method simulates the conditions in the human intestinal tract. The mean contents in dry weight (DW) in different carrot preparations ranged from 406.7 to 456.3, from 183.7 to 213.5 and from 29.0 to 39.6 µg/g for β-carotene, α-carotene and lutein, respectively. The content of carotenoids in different pumpkin preparations varied from 282.1 to 294.4 µg/g DW for β-carotene, from 155.6 to 157.7 µg/g DW for α-carotene and from 218.0 to 228.2 µg/g DW for lutein. The squashes preparation had 44.6 and 40.0 µg/g DW for β-carotene and α-carotene, respectively, and in sweet potatoes β-carotene ranged from 204.3 to 210.3 µg/g DW. The results showed that the contribution to the recommended daily allowance is greater when these vegetables are prepared as a curry with coconut milk. The percentage contribution to recommended daily allowance from each vegetable cooked with coconut milk was 46.7, 21.8, 1.2 and 10.8 for carrots, pumpkins, squashes and sweet potatoes, respectively.     

Application of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy to evaluate the lutein and β-carotene in Chinese kale

There are wide ranges of lutein and β-carotene in Chinese kale. This work assessed the capability of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the contents of lutein and β-carotene in Chinese kale against HPLC analysis. Compared to other regression methods, the regression of modified partial least squares with math treatments of 2,4,4,1 (where the first number of 2 represents the second derivative of log 1/R, the second of 4 is the gap in data points over which the derivative is calculated, the third and fourth numbers refer to the number of data points used in the first and second smoothing, respectively) showed the best results. The calibration equations of lutein and β-carotene were characterized by the coefficients of determination (RSQ) of 0.983 and 0.982 and standard error of 0.056 and 0.131 mg g^?1 DW, respectively. In cross-validation, high 1 minus variance ratio (1 ? VR) of 0.955 and 0.966 and standard error of 0.092 and 0.179 mg g^?1 DW for lutein and β-carotene were obtained, respectively. In external validations, the RSQ were 0.926 and 0.875 with standard error of 0.131 and 0.367 mg g^?1 DW, respectively. These results showed that NIRS could be used for the determination of carotenoids in Chinese kale.     

β-Carotene and mineral content of different Chenopodium species and the effect of cooking on micronutrient retention

In the present study, the β-carotene, calcium, iron and zinc content in the leaves of 46 accessions of three Chenopodium species viz. Chenopodium album, C. album ssp. amaranticolor and Chenopodium quinoa was investigated. A wide range of variability, inter-specific as well as varietal, for the β-carotene [0.19–5.91 mg 100 g^{? 1} fresh weight (FW)], calcium (358.35–960.10 mg 100 g^{? 1} FW), iron (0.56–7.90 mg 100 g^{? 1} FW) and zinc content (0.07–4.26 mg 100 g^{? 1} FW) was observed. The C. album ssp. amaranticolor accessions IC341710 and IC469275 had a high content of all the four nutrients and were ideal food to alleviate nutritional deficiencies in humans. Nutritionally rich IC341710 and IC469275 were further studied to estimate micronutrient retention in cooked leaves. Between the two methods used to cook leaves, stir-frying showed better retention of micronutrients than pressure cooking.     

Carotenoid and mineral content of different morphotypes of Centella asiatica L. (Gotukola)

Six morphotypes of Centella asiatica designated G₁, G₂, G₃, G₇, G₈ and G₁₂ were analyzed for carotenoid content, proximate components and selected dietary minerals. Potassium was found to be the major element present in C. asiatica and the content in G₁ and G₃ (6,165.0 ± 125.8 mg/100 g dry weight) was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than all other morphotypes. C. asiatica is more popular for its higher contents of iron and calcium. However, no significant (P>0.05) differences in calcium content among the morphotypes were observed. The imported variety G₇ had significantly higher (P < 0.05) mean content of iron (74.3 ± 34.1 mg/100 g dry weight). The morphotypes G₈ and G₁₂ contained significantly higher (P < 0.05) content of β-carotene (77.2 ± 5.1 μg/g fresh weight) and lutein (133.5 ± 10.1 μg/g, fresh weight) respectively. Lutein and β-carotene levels of these two types were also significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in the other varieties. The study did not provide any evidence to believe that a given morphotype is superior to another in its overall nutritional value.     

Energy expenditure and estimated caloric intake in asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight

ObjectiveTo measure resting energy expenditure (REE) and to estimate caloric intake of asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight and compare results with those groups of eutrophic asthmatic adolescents and non-asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight.MethodsThis cross-sectional study categorized 69 adolescents aged 10 to 18 y into three matched groups. Nutritional status was assessed using anthropometric and body composition measurements. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure energy expenditure, and caloric intake was estimated from dietary recalls.ResultsIn each group, there were 23 adolescents (10 girls) aged 12.39 ± 2.40 y. Results for each group were as follows. For asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight, body mass index (BMI) was 24.83 ± 2.73 kg/m², REEs were 1550.24 ± 547.23 kcal/d and 27.69 ± 11.33 kcal · kg^?1 · d^?1, and estimated caloric intake was 2068.75 ± 516.66 kcal/d; for eutrophic asthmatic adolescents, BMI was 19.01 ± 2.10 kg/m², REEs were 1540.82 ± 544.22 kcal/d and 36.65 ± 15.04 kcal · kg^?1 · d^?1, and estimated caloric intake was 2174.05 ± 500.55 kcal/d; and for non-asthmatic adolescents with excess body weight, BMI was 25.35 ± 3.66 kg/m², REEs were 1697.24 ± 379.84 kcal/d and 28.18 ± 6.70 kcal · kg^?1 · d^?1, and estimated caloric intake was 1673.17 ± 530.68 kcal/d. Absolute REE values between groups were not statistically different, even after correction for lean mass and fat mass (F = 0.186, P = 0.831). REE (kilocalories per kilogram per day) was significantly higher in the group of eutrophic asthmatic adolescents (P = 0.016). Estimated caloric intake was greater than REE only in the group of adolescents with asthma.ConclusionThe REE was not significantly different among groups, and REE (kilocalories per kilogram per day) was higher in the group of eutrophic asthmatic adolescents. Estimated caloric intake was greater than REE in the group of adolescents with asthma.     

Dietary, anthropometric, and lifestyle correlates of serum carotenoids in postmenopausal women

Purpose

Concentration of carotenoids in the serum is a biomarker of mainly vegetable and fruit consumption. However, the levels of carotenoids in humans may decline with age and can also depend on body fat, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking.

Method

Food intake and characteristics of 159 randomly chosen women aged 56–75 years were obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. Serum concentrations of carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Estimation of fat mass was carried out by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results

The estimated total daily intake of carotenoids was 9.75 mg: α-carotene 10.6 %; β-carotene 35.6 %; lutein/zeaxanthin 27.1 %; β-cryptoxanthin 4.7 %; and lycopene 22.0 %. We observed statistically significant positive correlations between concentrations of serum carotenoids and their estimated intakes (r = 0.11 lycopene to 0.38 β-carotene) and fruit and vegetable intake (r = 0.15 lycopene to 0.30 β-carotene). Concentration of serum carotenoids positively correlated with education (r = 0.17 α-carotene to 0.29 lycopene) and alcohol intake (r = 0.02 α-carotene to r = 0.25 lycopene). Inverse correlations were with the age (r = ?0.18 α-carotene to ?0.42 lycopene) and fat mass (r = ?0.15 lycopene to ?0.29 α-, β-carotene).

Conclusion

In this population of healthy postmenopausal women, serum concentrations of carotenoids declined with increasing age and body fat mass. The concentrations were increased among women with high vegetable and fruit consumption, moderate alcohol intake, and high level of education.     

Minerals,vitamin C,and effect of thermal processing on carotenoids composition in nine varieties orange-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.)

Micronutrient malnutrition is a major global health problem, which affects in excess of 2 billion people in developing countries. This study, aimed at promoting plant-food-based approaches to tackle micronutrient deficiency, reports the mineral and vitamin C contents, and carotenoid composition (β-carotene, α-carotene, lutein, lycopene and β-cryptoxanthin) of nine varieties of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP). The studied OFSP varieties exhibited significant variation in analyzed nutrient content. Among the selected varieties, BARI SP8 (6710.50 ± 43.79 μg/100 g) contained the highest concentration of β-carotene, while BARI SP6 (230.40 ± 11.94 μg/100 g) contained the lowest concentration of this substituent. Besides β-carotene, significant amounts of vitamin C, minerals, and lycopene were found in the selected OFSP varieties. Boiling of the OFSP samples resulted in significant reduction of carotenoids, ranging from 22 % to 78 % for β-carotene, 38 %–96 % for lycopene and 79 %–100 % for β-cryptoxanthin. None of the studied OFSP varieties were found to contain α-carotene and lutein. The principal component analysis (PCA) of analyzed variables divided the OFSP varieties into four clusters, and the first two principal components explained about 72.57 % of the total data set variance. Thus, being rich in minerals, vitamin C and β-carotene, the studied OFSP varieties could be utilized as a promising source of dietary micronutrients to reduce or prevent the vitamin A malnutrition and other micronutrient deficiency-related diseases observed in affected populations.     

The influence of a fruit smoothie or cereal and milk breakfast on subsequent dietary intake: a pilot study

Smoothies are popular breakfast foods. This study examined the effect of consuming Cereal & Milk (CM) or a nutritionally-comparable Fruit Smoothie (FS) for breakfast on daily energy intake (EI) in free-living adults and the extent to which individuals compensated for calories ingested in a High Energy Fruit Smoothie (HE). Ten participants (28.4?±?2.2y; 23.3?±?1.0?kg·m ^?2, Mean?±?SEM) attended the laboratory on 3 consecutive days per week for 3?weeks. Each week, they received a CM, FS or HE breakfast, then recorded all food/beverages consumed across the remainder of the day. The CM and FS were energy-matched to participants’ usual breakfast (1675?±?283?kJ), while the HE contained an additional 100?kJ·kg^?1 of maltodextrin (3019?±?335?kJ). Mean 3-day EI was similar on CM and FS (7894?±?547 vs. 7570?±?463?kJ, p?>?.05), but elevated on HE (8861?±?726?kJ, p?= .012). Thus, individuals who substitute CM for a FS breakfast should be mindful that energy-dense beverages may result in increased daily EI.     

Higher intake of carotenoid is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer in Chinese adults: a case–control study

Purpose

The associations between specific carotenoid intake and colorectal cancer risk remain inconsistent. The aim of this study was to examine the association between specific dietary carotenoid intake with colorectal cancer risk in Chinese adults.

Method

From July 2010 to October 2013, 845 eligible colorectal cancer cases and 845 frequency-matched controls (age and sex) completed in-person interviews. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate dietary intake. Multivariate logistical regression models were used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) of colorectal cancer risk after adjusting for various confounders.

Results

A strong inverse association was found between β-cryptoxanthin intake and colorectal cancer risk. Compared with the lowest quartile, the highest quartile intake showed a risk reduction of 77 % (OR 0.23, 95 % CI 0.17–0.33, P _trend < 0.01) after adjustment for various confounding variables. The inverse associations were also observed for α-carotene (OR 0.50, 95 % CI 0.37–0.68, P _trend < 0.01), β-carotene (OR 0.67, 95 % CI 0.49–0.91, P _trend < 0.01), and lycopene (OR 0.51, 95 % CI 0.37–0.70, P _trend < 0.01). There was no statistically significant association between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and colorectal cancer risk. These findings were consistent across cancer site, sources of controls, and smoking status. The inverse associations between dietary α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene intake and colorectal cancer risk were found in both males and females, while inverse associations between β-carotene intake and colorectal cancer risk were only observed in males.

Conclusions

Consumption of α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. No significant association was found between lutein/zeaxanthin intake and colorectal cancer risk.

     

Tocopherol and carotenoid contents of selected Korean fruits and vegetables

The tocopherol (α-, γ-, and δ-) and carotenoid (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene) contents of seven raw fruits and 14 raw or processed (cooked or fermented) vegetables commonly consumed by young children in Kwangju, Republic of Korea, were determined using reversed-phase HPLC. All samples were obtained from three different locations (households or local markets) in Kwangju during summer, 2005. All fruits and vegetables in this study had detectable quantities of α-tocopherol, while many had detectable quantities of γ- and δ-tocopherols. β-carotene was contained in all samples except cooked bracken. Except for sweet potato, all fruits and vegetables contained lutein. β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene were not detected in any of the cooked vegetables in this study. Also, none of the fermented vegetables (kimchi) had detectable levels of zeaxanthin and lycopene. The findings of this study may be valuable for use in Korean and other food composition databases.     

Effect of micellar lipids, dietary fiber and β-carotene on lutein bioavailability in aged rats with lutein deficiency

Objective

To determine the effect of various dietary components on the intestinal uptake of lutein in aged rats.

Methods

This study determined the time-course (2, 4, 6, 8 h) plasma and tissue responses of a pharmacologic dose of lutein (200 μM) solubilized in mixed micelles with fat (3%, soybean oil), phosphatidylcholine (PC; 3 mM), lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC; 3 mM), dietary fiber (pectin, 1.25%), β-carotene (200 μM), or micelles with no dietary components (control) in aged rats with lutein deficiency.

Results

No lutein was detected in the plasma of rats at 0 h indicating the deficiency. After gavages of lutein, the mean percent area under the curve (picomoles per milliliter per 8 h) of plasma lutein in the fat (91.4), PC (218.0), and lysoPC (94.1) groups were higher (P > 0.05), whereas its level in the dietary fiber and β-carotene groups was lower than the control group. The liver and eye lutein levels of the PC (95.4, 38.67%) and fat (18.2, 143%) groups were significantly higher, whereas the lysoPC (9.6, 27.2%), β-carotene (19.2, 35.4%), and dietary fiber (3.1, 88.4%) groups were lower than the control group.

Conclusion

Results indicate that soybean oil and soy phospholipids greatly sway lutein absorption in aged rats with lutein deficiency. The results also suggest that ingestion of lutein with pectin and β-carotene suppresses lutein absorption. Hence, to improve the absorption of lutein in older adults with macular pigment deficiency, foods with sufficient fat with low dietary fiber and β-carotene may be suggested.     

Reduced water intake deteriorates glucose regulation in patients with type 2 diabetes

Epidemiological research has demonstrated that low daily total water intake is associated with increased diagnosis of hyperglycemia. Possible mechanisms for this increase include hormones related to the hypothalamic pituitary axis as well as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Therefore, the hypothesis of the present study was that acute low water intake would result in differential hormonal profiles and thus impaired blood glucose regulation during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nine men (53 ± 9 years, 30.0 ± 4.3 m∙kg⁻², 32% ± 6% body fat) diagnosed with T2DM completed OGTTs in euhydrated (EUH) and hypohydrated (HYP) states in counterbalanced order. Water restriction led to hypohydration of −1.6% of body weight, with elevated plasma (EUH: 288 ± 4, HYP: 298 ± 6 mOsm·kg⁻¹; P < .05) and urine (EUH: 512 ± 185, HYP: 994 ± 415 mOsm·kg⁻¹; P < .05) osmolality. There was a significant main effect of condition for serum glucose (at time 0 minute 9.5 ± 4.2 vs 10.4 ± 4.4 mmol∙L⁻¹ and at time 120 minutes 19.1 ± 4.8 vs 21.0 ± 4.1 mmol∙L⁻¹ for EUH and HYP, respectively; P < .001) but not insulin (mean difference between EUH and HYP −12.1 ± 44.9 pmol∙L⁻¹, P = .390). An interaction between time and condition was observed for cortisol: decrease from minute 0 to 120 in EUH (−85.3 ± 82.1 nmol∙L⁻¹) vs HYP (−25.0 ± 43.0 nmol∙L⁻¹; P = .017). No differences between conditions were found within RAAS-related hormones. Therefore, we can conclude that 3 days of low total water intake in people with T2DM acutely impairs blood glucose response during an OGTT via cortisol but not RAAS-mediated glucose regulation.     

The Influence of Habitual Protein Intake on Body Composition and Muscular Strength in Career Firefighters

Objective: The aim of this research was to determine the relationship among protein (PRO) intake, body composition, and muscle strength in overweight and obese firefighters. A secondary objective was to evaluate differences in body composition and muscle strength among overweight and obese firefighters with low (L; < 0.8 g·kg^?1), moderate (M; 0.8–1.0 g·kg^?1), and high (H; > 1.0 g·kg^?1) PRO intake.

Methods: Relative PRO intake [r_PRO] was evaluated from 3-day dietary logs, self-reported by 43 overweight and obese male career firefighters (mean ± standard deviation; age = 37.3 ± 7.2 years; body mass index = 33.2 ± 5.0 kg·m^?2; percent body fat [%BF] = 28.9 ± 4.0%). Body composition (fat mass [FM], %BF, lean mass [LM], percent LM [%LM]) and muscle strength (peak torque [PT], relative peak torque [r_PT] of the leg extensors) were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and isokinetic dynamometry, respectively.

Results: Greater r_PRO was associated with less FM, %BF, LM (r = ?0.498 to ?0.363) and greater %LM (r = 0.363), but not muscle strength (p > 0.05). Fat mass (r = ?0.373) and %BF (r = ?0.369) were associated with lower r_PT; %LM was associated with greater r_PT (r = 0.373). Individuals with L r_PRO had greater FM (mean difference ± standard error: L–H = 10.08 ± 3.18 kg), %BF (L–H = 3.8% ± 1.4%) and lower %LM (L–H = ?3.7% ± 1.3%) than those with H r_PRO (p < 0.05) but no significant differences in muscle strength (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: Protein intake > 0.8 g·kg^?1 was associated with more favorable body composition in male career firefighters.