共查询到10条相似文献,搜索用时 125 毫秒
1.
R. L. Moolenaar Brockton J. Hefflin David L. Ashley John P. Middaugh Ruth A. Etzel 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1996,69(2):139-143
Objective: In November 1992 residents of Fairbanks, Alaska became concerned about the potential health effects of an oxygenated fuel
program during which 15% (by volume) methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) was added to gasoline. To address those concerns,
we earlier completed a survey of occupational exposure to MTBE. We conducted a follow-up survey of workers’ exposure to benzene
from gasoline in Fairbanks. Design: Cross-sectional exposure survey. Methods: We examined blood concentrations of benzene from a convenience sample of workers taken in December 1992 during the oxygenated
fuel program and from another convenience sample of workers taken in February 1993 after the program was suspended. Results: In December, the median blood benzene concentration of samples taken from four mechanics after their workshift (postshift)
was 1.32 μg/l (range, 0.84–2.61 μg/l), and seven nonmechanics (drivers and other garage workers) had a median postshift blood
benzene concentration of 0.27 μg/l (range, 0.09– 0.45 μg/l). In February, nine mechanics had a median postshift blood benzene
concentration of 1.99 μg/l (range, 0.92–3.23 μg/l), and nine nonmechanics had a median postshift blood benzene concentration
of 0.26 μg/l (range, 0.2–0.46 μg/l). Conclusion: Mechanics had higher blood benzene concentrations than did nonmechanics, but further study is needed to determine the impact
of the oxygenated fuel program on exposure to benzene.
Received: 6 November 1995/Accepted: 2 April 1996 相似文献
2.
Zuo-Wen Zhang Chan-Seok Moon Takao Watanabe Shinichro Shimbo Feng-Sheng He Y.-Q. Wu Shun-Fu Zhou De-Ming Su Jiang-Bin Qu M. Ikeda 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,69(4):273-281
Objectives: To assess and compare the background exposure of the general population to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in China and in Japan.
Methods: Food duplicates and peripheral blood samples were collected from nonoccupationally exposed subjects, viz 202 Chinese women
in four Chinese cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanning, and Tainan) and 72 Japanese women in three Japanese cities (Tokyo, Kyoto,
and Sendai) in the years 1993–1995. Wet-ashing and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric methods were used for
the determination of Pb and Cd levels in food and blood samples. Results: Geometric mean (GM) dietary Pb intake (25.8 μg/day) and the GM Pb concentration in blood (56.7 μg/l) in Chinese were significantly
higher than in Japanese women (11.6 μg/day in food and 32.1 μg/l in blood), whereas Cd in food (32.1 μg/day) and Cd in blood
(1.92 μg/l) in Japanese were significantly higher than in Chinese women (9.9 μg/day in food and 1.07 μg/l in blood). The intake
of Pb and Cd via boiled rice accounted for 3.6% and 31.1% of the total dietary burden in Chinese, and 12.1% and 32.7% in Japanese,
respectively. The Cd burden was acquired almost exclusively through the dietary route, whereas the Pb burden came from both
air and food, especially in the case of the Chinese population. Conclusions: The background Pb exposure in the Chinese population was higher than that in the Japanese population, whereas Cd exposure
was lower in Chinese women than in their Japanese counterparts.
Received: 4 March 1996 / Accepted 3 May 1996 相似文献
3.
J. Angerer C. Mannschreck J. Gündel 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,69(5):323-331
Objective. The objective of this study was to assess external and internal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of workers
who are employed in a graphite-electrode producing plant. Additionally we wanted to contribute to the question of biological
limit values in order to reduce exposure to tolerable levels. Methods. At five different working places 12 stationary and 16 personal air measurements were carried out to determine the concentrations
of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene and dibenz[a, h]anthracene in air. In addition, we investigated the excretion of 1-, 2+9-, 3- and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene and of 1-hydroxypyrene
in the urine of 67 workers by a very sensitive and practical high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with fluorescence
detection; 2- and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene could not be separated with our analytical method. Results. During the production of graphite electrodes significantly higher PAH exposures were found in the baking and impregnation
area than in the crushing, graphitisation and conditioning area. The results of personal air measurements (mean values of
the sum of eight PAHs) are: 29.3 (baking), 23.4 (impregnation), 5.2 (crushing), 1.3 (graphitisation) and 0.4 μg/m3 (conditioning). Stationary air measurements yielded similar concentrations. Workers employed in the baking and impregnation
areas excreted the highest amount of PAH metabolites in urine. The 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations (median) were: 23.4 (baking),
22.0 (impregnation), 9.6 (crushing), 1.8 (graph itisation) and 2.3 μg/g creatinine (conditioning). The corresponding concentrations
of the sum of monohydroxylated phenanthrene metabolites (median) were: 23.1, 36.0, 10.4, 4.6 and 7.6 μg/g creatinine. Within
the monohydroxylated phenanthrene metabolites 3-hydroxyphenanthrene predominates with a percentage of 43%. Our results showed
that a benzo[a]pyrene concentration in air of 2 μg/m3 would lead to 1-hydroxypyrene concentrations in urine of 20–74 μg/g creatinine. That means that corresponding values in the
literature which lie between 4.4 and 6.2 μg/g creatinine are due to other conditions of exposure and cannot be applied to
graphite-electrode producing plants. Conclusions. Although to date there are no obligatory biological exposure limits for metabolites of PAHs in urine, it must be concluded
that the internal PAH exposure is too high at some work places in this plant, as is generally the case in graphite-electrode
producing plants. This is probably caused by skin absorption of PAHs. So for the prevention of health hazards by PAH, internal
exposure must be measured using biological monitoring. Although it has not been possible to establish biological exposure
limits for PAHs until now, we suggest a reduction in skin contact with these substances and thereafter use of the 90th percentile
of the results of biological monitoring as “action levels” for corrective measures.
Received: 20 May 1996/Accepted: 18 July 1996 相似文献
4.
Urinary cobalt as a measure of exposure in the wet sharpening of hard metal and stellite blades 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
M. Linnainmaa Mirja Kiilunen 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,69(3):193-200
The measurement of urinary cobalt as an estimator of exposure to airborne cobalt was evaluated during the wet sharpening
of hard metal and stellite blades. The following possible confounding factors were also studied: smoking habits, personal
hygiene, cobalt absorption through the skin, beer drinking, and vitamin B12 consumption. The study was conducted in 16 different workplaces manufacturing or maintaining blades and in laboratory experiments.
Cobalt contamination and its removal from workers’ hands were studied with different hand-washing methods, and cobalt from
used gloves was also analyzed. The Finnish biomonitoring action level of 600 nmol/l (35.4 μg/l) was exceeded in 4 of the 16
workplaces, and the mean concentration of urinary cobalt was 241 (8–2705) nmol/l [14.2 (0.5–160) μg/l]. The coefficient of
correlation between the cobalt concentrations in the air and in the workers’ urine was 0.753. The urinary cobalt concentration
corresponding to the Finnish occupational exposure limit for airborne cobalt (0.05 mg/m3) was 686 nmol/l (40.5 μg/l). The level of personal hygiene affected the urinary cobalt concentrations, and cobalt was absorbed
through the skin. Beer and vitamin B12 consumption did not have any effect on the urinary levels of cobalt. The workers who smoked had higher urinary concentrations
of cobalt than the nonsmoking workers. High concentrations of cobalt in coolants contaminated the workers’ skin, and hand-washing
did not remove cobalt very effectively. The results indicate that urinary cobalt can be used reliably to assess workers’ exposure
to airborne cobalt when wet-tip grinding processes are used. The results also show that workers’ exposure to cobalt can be
reduced by improving skin protection and personal hygiene in workplaces.
Received: 29 January 1996 / Accepted: 2 May 1996 相似文献
5.
Lindgren T Willers S Skarping G Norbäck D 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(7):475-479
Objectives: To measure and compare the urinary cotinine concentration (U-cotinine) in non-smoking cabin attendants (C/A) working with
the Scandinavian Airlines System, before and after work on intercontinental flights with exposure to environmental tobacco
smoke (ETS). Methods: The study material consisted of 24 cabin attendants and one pilot, all volunteers and all without exposure to ETS in the home,
working on 15 intercontinental flights. Information on age, gender and occupation was gathered, as well as possible sources
of ETS exposure in other places, outside work and during previous flights, during a 3-day period prior to the investigation.
Urine samples were taken before departure and after landing, on board, and were kept frozen (−20 °C) until analysis. Cotinine
was analyzed by a previously developed gas chromatographic method, using mass spectrometry (MS) with selected-ion monitoring
(SIM). The difference in U-cotinine before and after the flight was compared. Moreover, the change in U-cotinine during the
flight was related to occupation (work in the forward or aft galley) and observed degree of smoking during each flight. Results: The median U-cotinine was 3.71 μg/g crea; 2.4 μg/l (unadjusted) (interquartile range 2.08–8.67 μg/g crea) before departure,
and 6.37 μg/g crea; 7.1 μg/l (interquartile range 3.98–19 μg/g crea) after landing, a significant difference (P < 0.003). C/A in the aft galley had a significantly higher concentration of U-cotinine after landing than subjects working
in the front of the aircraft (P=0.01). In C/A working in the aft galley, the median increase of U-cotinine was 3.67 μg/g crea; 3.2 μg/l (interquartile range
0.04–13.8 μg/g crea) during flight. In contrast, those seven subjects working in the forward part of the aircraft had no increase
in U-cotinine during the flight (median increase 0.97 μg/g crea; 0.5 μg/l interquartile range 0.27–2.65 μg/g crea). Conclusion: Tobacco smoking in commercial aircraft may cause significant exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among C/A working in
the aft galley, despite high air exchange rates and spatial separation between smokers and non-smokers. This agrees with earlier
studies, as well as measurements on the aircraft, showing a higher degree of ETS-related air pollution in the aft galley than
in the forward galley. The average cotinine concentration in urine was similar to that in other groups with occupational exposure
to ETS, e.g., restaurant staff, police interrogators and office workers. Since smoking in commercial aircraft may result in
an involuntary exposure to ETS among non-smokers, it should be avoided.
Received: 1 February 1999 / Accepted: 29 May 1999 相似文献
6.
J. Angerer G. Lehnert 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1990,61(8):7-10
Summary Stainless steel welders (n = 103) were examined. To estimate external exposure, personal air sampling was used. Internal exposure was quantified by
the determination of nickel levels in erythrocytes, plasma and urine. Men and women (n = 123) were examined for control purposes. In the plasma and erythrocytes of the controls the nickel concentration was below
the level of detection (< 1.81 μg/l). The element concentrations in urine were between < 0.1 and 13.3 μg/l. Of the controls
95% showed nickel levels in urine below 2.2 μg/l (reference value). The average concentration of nickel in the air was 93
± 81 μg/m3. The average concentration of nickel in the plasma samples was 4.9 ± 4.0 μg/l (95th percentile 12.8 μg/L). In erythrocytes
nickel could not be detected. The nickel concentrations in the urine of the welders were 18.5 ± 28.5 μg/l on average (95th
percentile 52.5 μg/l). Only a weak correlation between the nickel levels of plasma and urine could be detected (Curine = 2.07 + 8.45 Cplasma; r = 0.294; p < 0.01). Based on our results and on the reported literature a future limit value for the nickel concentration in urine should
lay between 30 and 50 μg/l. This value corresponds to an external exposure of 500 μg nickel per cubic metre. 相似文献
7.
Marie Vahter S. Allen Counter Göran Laurell Leo H. Buchanan Fernando Ortega Andrejs Schütz Staffan Skerfving 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,70(4):282-286
We have determined the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) in the blood of children living in two
Andean villages in Ecuador with many family-owned cottage-type industries using Pb from discarded car batteries and occasionally,
utility batteries containing Cd and Hg for the production of glazed tiles. The battery metals are ground together with water
to a suspension, which is applied manually onto the tiles and then fused at about 1,200° C in sawdust-fired kilns. Children
aged 4–15 years were recruited from the schools with the assistance of the school-teachers. Children from homes with and without
tile-glazing activities were to be included. Blood metal concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (ICP-MS). The children had extremely high blood lead concentrations (B-Pb), which ranged between 100 and 1,100
μg/l (median 510 μg/l, n = 82). Children from families engaged in tile-glazing production had significantly higher B-Pb (median 600 μg/l) than those
living in homes with no such activity (median 210 μg/l), although the B-Pb of the latter were nonetheless clearly elevated.
B-Cd and B-Hg were low (medians 0.25 μg Cd/l and 1.6 μg Hg/l, respectively), indicating that the exposure from utility batteries
containing Cd and Hg was low. The blood hemoglobin concentrations decreased significantly with rising B-Pb, indicating an
effect on the heme synthesis. This was supported by a marked increase in the blood concentration of protoporphyrins with increasing
B-Pb. It can be concluded that children from families with cottage industries producing glazed tiles are at risk for severe
health effects due to high lead exposure.
Received: 20 November 1996 / Accepted: 30 April 1997 相似文献
8.
Fernie KJ Smits JE Bortolotti GR Bird DM 《Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology》2001,40(4):544-550
The reproductive success of wild birds has been affected by exposure to multiple contaminants. Reproduction of captive American
kestrels (Falco sparverius) was suppressed when adult birds were exposed to dietary polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). In this study, the reproductive
effects of in ovo exposure to PCBs is explored, along with determining effects on reproduction in second-generation birds indirectly exposed
to PCBs. Reproductive changes in this subsequent generation are examined separately in male and female birds. Captive American
kestrels (F. sparverius) were hatched from clutches with eggs containing environmentally relevant levels of total PCBs (34.0 μg/g whole egg WW versus
0 μg/g controls); parent birds had been fed PCB-spiked (Aroclor 1248:1254:1260) food (7 mg/kg BW day−1) for 100 days until their eggs hatched. In 1999, the second-generation PCB birds were paired with unexposed kestrels having
reproductive experience. In ovo PCB exposure suppressed egg laying completely in 25% of PCB females and resulted in delays in clutch initiation and smaller
clutch sizes for PCB male and female pairs. There was no evidence in this study of in ovo PCB treatment effects on fertility or hatching success. The decline in reproductive success was also reflected in the reduced
fledging success and higher incidence of complete brood mortality of PCB nestlings. Differences between in ovo–exposed PCB males and females but not between controls were evident in reproductive success. In ovo PCB exposure appears to have had greater effects on female kestrels until clutch completion, with a greater time lag between
pairing and egg laying, reduced numbers of pairs laying eggs, and smaller clutches being laid. In ovo PCB exposure has greater effects later in the breeding season on male kestrels, which had poorer hatching and fledging success
relative to the PCB females. Possible behavioral and physiological mechanisms involved in these reproductive changes are discussed.
Received: 25 July 2000/Accepted: 8 December 2000 相似文献
9.
F. Reinhardt H. Drexler A. Bickel D. Claus J. Angerer K. Ulm G. Lehnert B. Neundörfer 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1997,69(5):332-338
Objective. Carbon disulphide (CS2) is highly neurotoxic. There is ample evidence of damage to the peripheral and central nervous system. The air concentration
at which such adverse effects can first be observed is presently a subject of controversy. Methods. In a cross-sectional study of CS2-exposed workers from the viscose industry and healthy controls, data on neurological complaints, basic laboratory diagnosis,
clinical neurological examination and neuropsychological testing were evaluated. Data were from 222 workers in the viscose
industry exposed to CS2 and 191 employees from the same factory with similar physical and psychological stress factors but without occupational contact
with neurotoxic substances. Multiple linear or multiple logistic regression analysis was used to check for statistical differences.
Results. The median of the CS2-measurements using personal air sampling was below the current maximum concentration permissible (MAK value) in Germany (10 ppm)
in all departments. The threshold limit value was, however, exceeded in almost 10% of the persons investigated. Exposure fluctuated
between <0.2 and 65.7 ppm (median of all departments was 4.02 ppm). As a parameter of internal exposure, CS2-metabolite 2-thio1,3-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) concentrations in the urine of the exposed persons were between
<0.16 and 10.9 mg/g creatinine (median 1.43 mg/g). Conclusions. Neither an increase in subjective complaints nor an increase in pathological findings in clinical-neurological and neuropsychological
examination could be found in persons exposed to CS2 at the exposure levels described.
Received: 19 December 1995/Accepted: 18 July 1996 相似文献
10.
Krämer A Linnert M Wrbitzky R Angerer J 《International archives of occupational and environmental health》1999,72(1):52-55
Ambient-air and biological monitoring of occupational xylene exposure were carried out on 2 groups of workers (13 and 10
men, respectively) exposed to a mixture of xylenes during the production of paints or during spraying. Methods: Personal ambient-air monitoring was performed for one complete work shift. Blood and urine samples were collected directly
at the end of the shift. Biological monitoring was based on the determination of the concentration of xylenes in blood and
on the quantification of the sum of the three methylhippuric acids in urine. Results: Average xylene ambient-air concentrations were 29 ppm (production) and 8 ppm (spraying), ranging from 5 to 58 ppm and from
3 to 21 ppm, respectively. The concentrations of xylenes in blood ranged from 63 to 715 μg/l and from 49 to 308 μg/l, with
average values being 380 and 130 μg/l, respectively. Accordingly, the workers engaged in paint production also excreted more
methylhippuric acids in their urine (average 1221 mg/l, range 194–2333 mg/l) than did the sprayers (average 485 mg/l, range
65–1633 mg/l). Discussion: Our results as well as a literature review indicate that occupational xylene exposure on average barely exceeds the threshold
limit value of 100 ppm as proposed by both American and German institutions. Biological monitoring based on the determination
of xylenes in blood and of methylhippuric acids in urine provides sufficient sensitivity and specificity for occupational
health surveillance. The results also confirm the current limit values (BAT values) proposed by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
for xylenes in blood (1500 μg/l) and methylhippuric acids in urine (2000 mg/l).
Received: 27 May 1998 / Accepted: 3 September 1998 相似文献