高分辨质谱法测定海鱼中二噁(口英)和多氯联苯

目的采用同位素稀释的HRGC/HRMS法定量检测鱼体中17种2,3,7,8-氯取代的二噁(口英)(PCDD/Fs)和12种二噁(口英)多氯联苯(PCBs).方法参照美国EPA1613及EPA1668A方法,采用索式抽提和自动纯化系统(FMS)对鱼体中的PCDD/Fs及PCBs进行纯化和富集、用同位素稀释气相色谱与高分辨质谱联用-多离子检测方法检测.结果该方法可对样品中的PCDD/Fs及PCBs同系物进行有效分离,PCDD/Fs同位素标准物的回收率为83.83%～98.48%,PCBs同位素标准物的回收率为50.06%～90.56%.13种PCDD/Fs在鱼体中可检出,总毒性当量(TEQ)为0.86 pg/g,12种二噁(口英)PCBs在鱼体中均可检测出,总TEQ值为2.77pg/g.结论该方法可以同时对同一样品中的17种PCDD/Fs及12种二噁(口英)PCBs进行检测,检测效率高,结果准确可靠.     

海水鱼体中的二(口恶)英类化合物分析

目的对海水鱼体内二(口恶)英检测方法的研究.方法参照美国EPA1613方法,采用索式抽提和自动纯化系统等仪器对鱼体中的二(口恶)英组分进行纯化和富集、用同位素稀释气相色谱与高分辨质谱联用-多离子检测方法检测.结果该方法的检测限为0.001 pg/g～0.176 pg/g,仪器检测限为6.5fg～157.9fg,同位素标准物的回收率分布于70.81%～87.33%之间,17种2,3,7,8-氯取代的二(口恶)英类化合物在鱼体中均可检测出,总TEQ值为1.117 pg/g.结论本实验室方法可以准确检测样品中二(口恶)英类化合物,所检鱼体中含有二(口恶)英化合物,有必要做更多样品,对其污染情况做出评价.     

高分辨质谱法测定海鱼中二噁和多氯联苯

目的　采用同位素稀释的HRGC/HRMS法定量检测鱼体中 17种 2 ,3,7,8-氯取代的二 (PCDD/Fs)和 12种二多氯联苯 (PCBs)。方法　参照美国EPA16 13及EPA16 6 8A方法 ,采用索式抽提和自动纯化系统(FMS)对鱼体中的PCDD/Fs及PCBs进行纯化和富集、用同位素稀释气相色谱与高分辨质谱联用 -多离子检测方法检测。结果　该方法可对样品中的PCDD/Fs及PCBs同系物进行有效分离 ,PCDD/Fs同位素标准物的回收率为83 83%～ 98 4 8% ,PCBs同位素标准物的回收率为 5 0 0 6 %～ 90 5 6 %。 13种PCDD/Fs在鱼体中可检出 ,总毒性当量 (TEQ)为 0 86 pg/g ,12种二PCBs在鱼体中均可检测出 ,总TEQ值为 2 77pg/ g。结论　该方法可以同时对同一样品中的 17种PCDD/Fs及 12种二PCBs进行检测 ,检测效率高 ,结果准确可靠     

HRGC/HRMS定量检测市售牛奶中二噁(口英)和呋喃

目的采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪(HRGC/HRMS)定量检测了牛奶中17个4～8个氯原子取代的二(口恶)(口英)和呋喃.方法样品中的二(口恶)(口英)经过液-液萃取、碳柱富集、色谱柱纯化、分离,以HRGC/HRMS-MID方法检测,用美国EPA1613方法进行严格的质量控制和同位素稀释的方法定量,该方法定量可精确到pg/g即ppt水平.结果该方法的检测限TCDF和TCDD分别为0.022 2pg/μl和0.031 7pg/μl,在17个PCDDs/PCDFs中,其检测限为最低.同位素标准物的回收率分布于58.46%～79.99%之间.1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF、1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF、2,3,7,8-TCDD均未检出,样品中17个同系物异构体以OCDF和OCDD的含量为最高,分别为0.065pg/g和0.202pg/g,样品的总TEQ值为0.033pg TEQ/g.结论采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪和同位素稀释的方法对基质中的目标化合物二(口恶)(口英)进行检测,该法定性、定量准确,高灵敏度.     

高分辨质谱法测定海鱼中二噁英和多氯联苯

目的采用同位素稀释的HRGC／HRMS法定量检测鱼体中17种2，3，7，8-氯取代的二噁英(PCDD／R)和12种二噁英多氯联苯(PCBs)。方法参照美国EPA1613及EPA1668A方法，采用索式抽提和自动纯化系统(FMS)对鱼体中的PCDD／Fs及PCBs进行纯化和富集、用同位素稀释气相色谱与高分辨质谱联用一多离子检测方法检测。结果该方法可对样品中的PCDD／Fs及PCBs同系物进行有效分离，PCDD／Fs同位索标准物的回收率为83．83％～98．48％，PCBs同位素标准物的回收率为50．06％～90．56％。13种PCDD／Fs在鱼体中可检出，总毒性当量(TEQ)为0．86pg／g，12种二噁英PCBs在鱼体中均可检测出，总TEQ值为2．77pg／g。结论该方法可以同时对同一样品中的17种PCDD／Fs及12种二噁英PCBs进行检测，检测效率高，结果准确可靠。     

某市市售牛奶及其制品中二[口][恶]英类化合物污染水平

目的了解某市市售牛奶及其制品中二[口][恶]英类化合物污染情况。方法于2007年2-6月采集某市市售液体牛奶和奶粉（各5份），用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪（HRGC-HRMS）定量检测样品中的二[口][恶]英及多氯联苯水平。采用索式抽提装置、FMS自动纯化系统对市售液体牛奶及奶粉样品中的二[口][恶]英（PCDD／Fs）及多氯联苯（PCBs）组分进行纯化和富集，采用同位素稀释法，以HRGC／HRMS联用仪检测。结果奶粉和液体牛奶的总TEQ[∑（PCDD／Fs＋PCBs）]平均值分别是0.43pg／g脂肪和3.83pg／g脂肪，中位数分别是0.34pg／g脂肪和2.04pg／g脂防。所有奶样的总TEQ[∑（PCDD／Fs＋PCBs）]均值是2.13pg／g脂肪，中位数是0.815pg／g脂肪。本次调查的所有样品的平均总TEQ[∑（PCDD／Fs＋PCBs）]远低于欧盟所设定的奶品二[口][恶]英类化合物的限量标准。受试样品中除了两种液体牛奶样品二[口][恶]英类化合物总TEQ超过欧盟限量标准外，其他液体牛奶和奶粉样品二嗯[口][恶]英及多氯联苯含量远低于欧盟的限量标准。但足，液体牛奶的平均二[口][恶]英浓度明显高于奶粉样品，结论本次采集的市售牛奶及其制品存在二[口][恶]英类化合物的污染。     

奶粉中二噁英类化合物的检测

目的　采用高分辨气相色谱 /高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪 (HRGC/HRMS)定量检测奶粉中二英类化合物。方法　采用索式抽提和自动纯化系统等仪器对奶粉样品中的二英组分进行纯化和富集 ,采用同位素稀释法 ,以HRGC/HRMS联用仪检测。结果　同位素标准物的回收率分布于 90 6%～ 116 3 %之间 ,CRM 5 3 4的检测结果均在标准值范围之内 ,3次实验结果的RSD <2 0 % ,该方法检测下限可达pg/g水平。 结论　该方法灵敏、定性、定量准确 ,为目前国际上权威机构认可的二英定量检测方法。     

陕西省动物源性食品中二口恶英类化合物污染调查分析

目的调查陕西省10个地市典型的动物源性食品中二口恶英类化合物的污染情况。方法于2017年4月采集具有代表性的食品(猪肉、牛肉、鱼肉、鸡蛋),采用高分辨气相色谱-高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪定量检测29种二口恶英类化合物的含量。结果 4种食品中鱼肉的毒性当量(toxic equivalent quantity,TEQ)最大,为0. 085 pg TEQ/g,猪肉、牛肉和鸡蛋中TEQ值分别为0. 049、0. 034和0. 040 pg TEQ/g。从地域分布来看,二口恶英含量较大的样品包括安康的鱼肉样品和汉中的猪肉样品,但均低于欧盟所规定该食品种类限值。结合膳食消费量,计算获得4种食品的每月总膳食摄入量为2. 01 pg TEQ/kg,远低于联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织食品添加剂联合委员会规定的每月耐受量70 pg TEQ/kg。结论陕西省10个地市居民由二口恶英类化合物摄入而导致的健康风险处于较低水平。     

高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用定量检测市售牛奶中的二噁英和呋喃

采用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨双聚焦磁式质谱联用仪（HRGC/HRMS）定量检测了牛奶中17个4至8个氯原子取代的噁英和呋喃。样品中的二噁英经过液-液萃取、碳柱富集、色谱柱纯化、分离,以HRGC/HRMS-MID方法检测,用美国EPA1613方法进行严格的质量控制和同位素稀释的方法定量,该方法定量可精确到pg/g即ppt水平。结果表明,同位素标准物的回收率分布于58.46％～79.99％之间。1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF、1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF、2,3,7,8-TCDD均未检出,样品中17个同系物异构体以OCDF和OCDD的含量为最高,分别为0.065pg/g和 0.202pg/g,样品的总TEQ值为0.033pgTEQ/g。该方法定性、定量准确,为目前国际上权威认可的二噁英定量检测方法。     

人体血清二■英化合物检测方法的建立

目的建立人体血清二■英(polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, PCDD/Fs)化合物测定方法,为开展二■英人体健康风险评估提供检测技术手段。方法基于国际二■英的测定方法—同位素稀释的高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱联用法,血清样品经C18柱固相萃取、酸性硅胶柱和活性炭柱净化的前处理方法,用DB-5MS毛细管柱(60 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm)分离,高分辨质谱检测分析。结果本方法的检出限为0.35～3.26 pg/g脂肪计,采用血清国际标准参考物质(SRM 1958)进行方法验证,与SRM 1958给出的参考质量分数值范围对比,17个PCDD/Fs单体浓度测定值均在参考质量分数值范围内,相对标准偏差为2%～19%(n=3)。该方法进一步应用于实际人体血清分析,同位素标记的17个二■英单体回收率为61%～135%。结论本方法灵敏度和准确度高、方法性能稳定,满足人体血清二■英检测方法的要求。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.