学龄前儿童身体活动与执行功能的相关性研究

目的 了解学龄前儿童日常身体活动现状,进一步研究身体活动与执行功能之间的相关性。方法 2018年5-7月在北京地区抽取3家幼儿园,采用方便抽样方法抽取中班儿童201人,连续3 d佩戴加速度计ActiGraph GT9X,采用早期儿童执行功能测量工具包(Early Years Toolbox,EYT)进行工作记忆、抑制控制和转换三项执行功能测试,采用自编问卷调查受试儿童的屏幕时间。结果 学龄前儿童每日中高强度身体活动、总身体活动时间分别为(95.65±29.02)min、(204.58±46.91)min,男女之间每日轻度、中度、剧烈、中高强度以及总身体活动时间存在差异(U=2 593.00,2 136.00,2 440.00,t=4.09,3.68,P<0.05)。每日屏幕时间为(72.84±51.79) min,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。工作记忆、抑制控制、转换三项执行功能测试得分依次是2.40±0.80、0.76±0.16、14.08±3.49,男女之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。身体活动与EYT测试得分相关性分析发现在4岁组儿童中针对转换的测试得分与每日高强度身体活动时间存在显著相关性(r=0.199,P=0.040)。进一步以屏幕时间、每日总身体活动时间,每日中高强度身体活动时间达标与否进行分组,未发现各组间EYT测试得分差异有统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 学龄前儿童存在身体活动不足的状况,身体活动和执行功能之间存在相关性,且这种相关性与身体活动的强度有关。     

学龄前儿童久坐行为时间与身体活动水平、心理健康状况的关系

目的 分析学龄前儿童久坐行为时间与身体活动水平、心理健康状况的关系,为制定针对学龄前儿童身体活动、心理健康的干预策略提供参考。方法 2019年1—12月选择本地区所辖幼儿园的145名学龄前儿童作为调查对象,用长处和困难问卷(SDQ)(父母版)、三轴加速度计及配套的ActiLife软件对本次全部调查对象开展调查,汇总心理健康状况异常检出率、久坐行为时间与身体活动水平,利用Pearson/Spearman相关分析法分析学龄前儿童久坐行为时间与身体活动水平、心理健康状况的相关性。结果 本地区学龄前儿童久坐行为时间较长(26.49±7.58)min/h,且主要集中在每日12:00-15:59;学龄前儿童身体活动水平总体以低强度身体活动为主,男生中强度身体活动比例最高,女生低强度身体活动比例最高,不同性别身体活动水平比较差异有统计学意义(χ²=10.504,P=0.005);学龄前儿童心理健康状况异常检出率为50.34%(73/145)。相关性分析结果显示:学龄前儿童久坐行为时间与身体活动水平呈负相关(r=-0.418,P＜0.001),与心理健康状况评分呈正相关(r=0.341,P＜0.001)。结论 学龄前儿童久坐行为时间与身体活动水平、心理健康状况关系密切,应通过提高本地区学龄前儿童身体活动水平,缩短久坐行为时间,进而促进心理健康。     

北京市学龄前儿童园外身体活动及其社区家庭运动环境调查

目的 了解北京市部分城区学龄前儿童园外身体活动现状并探究相关社区家庭运动环境,为园外儿童身体活动评估及干预提供依据。方法 采用方便整群抽样方法于2018年5—6月在北京东城区招募3所幼儿园527名学龄前儿童,采用自编学龄前儿童身体活动问卷,调查儿童身体活动、电子屏幕、睡眠时间及社区家庭运动环境。同时参照《学龄前儿童(3～6岁)运动指南》对各类身体活动时间、户外活动时间、屏幕时间和睡眠时间达标率进行分析。结果 上学日和周末儿童园外每天总活动时间分别为(86.39±59.75)min、(155.67±81.56)min。中高强度活动时间分别为(57.58±55.16)min、(83.14±61.22)min;户外活动时间分别为(67.77±46.26)min、(181.31±96.11)min;屏幕时间分别为(30.42±23.52)min、(51.06±41.25)min;睡眠时间分别为(10.94±0.83)h、(10.47±1.05)h。周末总活动时间、中高强度活动时间、户外活动时间、屏幕时间及睡眠时间达标率分别为30.9%、65.1%、81.7%、83.5%、80.2%。家庭运动养育环境得分与儿童睡眠时间和户外活动时间均呈显著正相关(r=0.110~0.270,P<0.05)。结论 学龄前儿童存在园外身体活动普遍缺乏,中高强度活动不足、屏幕时间过多的问题。改善社区及家庭运动环境可能对儿童户外活动及睡眠时间有积极作用。     

学龄前儿童体力活动、久坐行为与睡眠问题的相关性

目的 探究学龄前儿童体力活动(Physical activity,PA)、久坐行为(Sedentary behavior, SB)与睡眠问题的相关性,为预防、改善该群体睡眠问题提供参考。方法 2020年9—12月,采用整群随机抽样法,抽取北京市6所幼儿园406名学龄前儿童作为研究对象,采用Acti Graph GT3X+三轴加速度计客观测量PA,采用《儿童休闲活动调查问卷》调查SB,采用CSHQ睡眠习惯量表测评睡眠问题,运用线性分析、logistic 回归模型处理数据。结果 学龄前儿童睡眠问题检出率71.08%;PA与睡眠抗阻、睡眠时长不规律、睡眠夜醒、异态睡眠、CSHQ综合评分具有显著负向线性相关(β=-0.141、-0.452、-0.324、-0.201、-0.150 ,P<0.05);SB与睡眠抗阻、入睡潜伏期延长、睡眠夜醒、CSHQ综合测评具有显著正向线性相关(β=0.196、0.223、0.210、0.910,P<0.05)。对PA、SB联合分析,在PA(或SB)等级固定时,CSHQ测评合格率会因另一方等级的提高而降低（或升高）,在高PA+低SB(OR=2.119,95%CI:1.464~3.368,P<0.05)和低PA+高SB（1reference）两个极端组合时,CSHQ测评合格率获得优势分别为最高和最低;高PA+高SB(OR=1.750,95%CI:1.320~2.664)比低SB+低PA (OR=1.640,95%CI:1.412~2.743)CSHQ测评合格率获得优势更高。结论 体力活动与学龄前儿童睡眠问题具有显著的负相关,久坐行为与学龄前儿童睡眠问题具有显著正相关,二者联合则具有抵消或协同的交互效应。     

睡眠状况与学龄前儿童执行功能的关联性研究

目的 了解学龄前儿童的执行功能问题的发生状况,分析睡眠问题与儿童执行功能的关系。方法 于2014年5月-2015年6月期间,对就读于马鞍山市91所幼儿园12 363名3～5岁学龄前儿童进行问卷调查(由家长评价儿童睡眠问题),运用执行功能行为评定量表学龄前版(BRIEF-P)评定儿童的执行功能发育状况。结果 学龄前儿童年龄越大,父母亲文化程度越高,执行功能得分越低(功能越好),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。女童的执行功能得分显著低于男童(P＜0.05)。睡眠质量越好,入睡时间越短,睡眠障碍越少,执行功能得分越低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,睡眠质量差(OR=1.93,95%CI:1.51～2.48)、入睡慢(OR=2.05,95%CI:1.52～2.78)、睡眠障碍多(OR=1.54,95%CI:1.35～1.76)是执行功能可疑的危险因素,其关联有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 学龄前儿童睡眠问题对执行功能的发育有负面影响。家长应为儿童创造良好的睡眠环境,促进儿童的健康成长。     

身体活动与学龄前儿童早期发展

身体活动是学龄前儿童玩耍、游戏和日常生活的主要活动形式,也是早期养育、教育以及医疗康复的重要手段,在促进儿童早期身体、大脑、认知、情感和社会发展,塑造整体人生发展轨迹以及儿童身心健康等方面发挥积极有益的作用。本文重点介绍身体活动与早期身体发展、脑与认知发展和社会发展领域的最新研究进展及其未来研究展望。     

学龄前儿童身体活动中加速度计的应用进展

身体活动对学龄前儿童的身心健康有积极的促进作用。对儿童身体活动进行准确的测量至关重要。目前加速度计正在成为一种可客观测量身体活动的常用工具,并逐渐应用于学龄前儿童身体活动的相关研究领域,其包括加速度计用于学龄前儿童身体活动测量的方法学相关研究(如身体活动强度分界值、基于加速度计的身体活动能量消耗预测模型等),加速度计与其他传统测量身体活动的方法比较的研究等。随着近年国际上学龄前儿童身体活动指南的颁布,利用加速度计进行儿童身体活动指南达标情况的监测研究也正开始涌现,并可从中了解影响儿童身体活动的影响因素。该文通过比较最为常用的三种用于学龄前儿童身体活动测量的加速度计的参数、功能特点和评估指标等,系统地介绍其应用研究进展,旨在为儿童身体活动领域的相关研究者提供一定的方法学上的参考。     

家庭常用电子信息产品对学龄前儿童执行功能的影响

目的了解学龄前儿童使用家庭常用电子信息产品及学龄前儿童执行功能情况,探讨家庭常用电子信息产品与学龄前儿童执行功能的关系。方法采用便利取样的方法选取银川市幼儿园儿童132例进行问卷调查和执行功能测试。采用自制问卷对学龄前儿童家长进行家庭常用电子信息产品的调查。借鉴国内外对学龄前儿童执行功能的测试方法,结合幼儿园实际情况对学龄前儿童的工作记忆任务、抑制控制任务和认知灵活性进行测试。结果银川市学龄前儿童对电子信息产品的使用较为广泛,主要使用手机和电脑;不同年龄段学龄前儿童的执行功能有差异,3~4岁儿童每天使用电子信息产品的时间较多。儿童执行功能与儿童年龄、父母学历、生活地区、使用电子信息产品时间长短、使用频率、多种电子产品混合使用及电子产品用途呈正相关(P0.05)。结论适当控制学龄前儿童对电子产品的使用,多带儿童外出及多与儿童交流沟通,有利于提高学龄前儿童的执行功能,为今后的学习打下良好基础。     

北京市学龄前儿童不良身体姿态与生活习惯的相关性分析

目的 探讨学龄前儿童不良身体姿态与生活习惯的相关性,为该群体不良身体姿态的预防提供参考依据。方法 采用Body - Style身体姿态评估测试仪（Model.S - 8.0）和《学龄前儿童生活习惯调查问卷》对整群随机抽取的北京市4所幼儿园 406名学龄前儿童进行体态评估和生活习惯调查。使用χ2检验和logistic回归分析进行统计分析。结果 学龄前儿童体态测评得分为(21.98±3.01),不良体态检出率为75.86%,其中骨盆前倾、高低肩、O/X型腿检出率较高,占比分别为39.41%、46.80%、58.37%;不良体态检出率在性别(χ2 = 10.28)、年龄(χ2 = 16.57)、BMI(χ2 = 7.46)存在组别差异且均具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),具体表现为女童(79.24%)高于男童(72.16%),3～＜4岁组(73.02%) 4～＜5岁组(75.00%) 5～6岁(79.86%)具有随年龄增长递增的特点,肥胖儿童(86.36%)不良体态检出率相对较高;体态发育与生活习惯具有相关性,“每天参加体育锻炼”(OR = 2.014,95%CI:1.712～2.426)、“视屏时间＜2 h”(OR = 1.632,95%CI:1.266～1.527)、“睡眠时间≥6 h”(OR = 1.425,95%CI:1.266～1.624)、“基本每天都吃牛乳奶制品”(OR = 1.067,95%CI:0.906～1.146)对儿童体态发育具有积极影响。结论 学龄前儿童生活习惯对体态健康具有显著影响,通过改善体力活动、饮食习惯和睡眠时间,促进其体态健康发展。     

基于人类发展指数的儿童青少年身体活动国际比较

  目的  了解内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟6～18岁儿童青少年身体活动水平现状及其影响因素。  方法  于2020年10 — 11月和2021年4月采用整群抽样方法对内蒙古锡林郭勒盟阿巴嘎旗和正镶白旗所有6～18岁4684名在校中小学生进行问卷调查,比较其身体活动水平差异,应用二元logistic回归模型对身体活动的影响因素进行分析。  结果  有效调查4600名儿童青少年,1 097名（23.8%）学生满足中高强度身体活动（MVPA）推荐量,2 987名（64.9%）学生达到了久坐行为（SB）推荐量的要求。MVPA的平均水平为28.57 min/d,不同性别和学段差异有统计学意义（Z = – 6.523,H = 42.009,P < 0.001）,SB的平均水平为64.28 min/d,不同性别、学段和民族差异有统计学意义（Z = – 2.055,H = 18.151,Z = – 4.298,P < 0.05）。logistic回归结果显示,父亲文化程度为初中、高中,母亲职业为国家政府机关单位工作人员、农牧林渔工作人员,母亲文化程度高中,父母离异,家庭月收入 ≥ 0.5万元,患慢性病,做过手术为MVPA达标的保护因素（均P < 0.05）;父亲职业为国家政府机关单位工作人员、农牧林渔工作人员、个体私企工作人员,父亲学历为大学及以上,母亲职业为国家单位政府机关工作人员为SB达标的保护因素（均P < 0.05）。  结论  内蒙古锡林郭勒盟6～18岁儿童青少年MVPA平均水平较低,达标率较低,SB平均水平合格并且达标率较高,存在性别、学段、民族差异。父母文化程度、父母职业、父母是否离异、家庭月收入、是否患慢性病、是否做过手术为MVPA能否达标的影响因素;父亲职业、母亲文化程度、家庭月收入、是否做过手术为SB能否达标的影响因素。     

学龄前儿童(3～6岁)运动指南

运动、饮食和睡眠构成了儿童每天24 h自然养育的3个要素。学龄前儿童的运动与其骨骼、心肺健康、动作和认知发展、以及社会心理健康等各方面均密切相关,并且也将持续影响着成年后乃至一生的健康。近几年来,加拿大、澳大利亚等发达国家和世界卫生组织相继推出儿童早期(涵盖出生至学龄前阶段)的运动指南,而我国尚无学龄前儿童运动指南。为此,首都儿科研究所、北京体育大学及国家体育总局体育科学研究所联合运动科学、儿科学和公共卫生领域的专家组成指南工作组。指南研制全过程遵循了严谨、透明的指导原则,借鉴指南研究与评价工具(AGREE II),采用文献资料法,在全面检索文献和整理国外学龄前儿童运动相关指南及研究证据的基础上,形成指南推荐意见的核心内容。通过共识会议反复讨论修订,最终完成《学龄前儿童(3～6岁)运动指南》(以下简称《指南》)。该指南是我国首次研制针对学龄前儿童的运动指南,适用于健康的3~6岁学龄前儿童,应用人群为儿童保健专业人员、幼儿园教师及儿童家长。《指南》遵循了国际身体活动指南的发展趋势,全面考虑了学龄前儿童1天24 h的各种活动行为,包括运动、久坐行为以及睡眠,从学龄前儿童运动原则、运动时间、运动类型以及运动监测与评估4个方面提出10条推荐意见,为我国学龄前儿童科学和安全的运动以满足其身体发育需求提供专业指导。     

学龄前儿童事件性前瞻记忆与执行功能的发展及关系

目的 考察学龄前儿童事件性前瞻记忆和执行功能三成分(工作记忆、抑制控制、认知灵活性)的发展水平及两者的关系。方法 采用实验法对4~6岁儿童的事件性前瞻记忆和执行功能的三成分进行测量。结果 三个年龄组被试事件性前瞻记忆成绩差异有统计学意义,6岁组优于5岁组,且两组均好于4岁组;三个年龄组被试执行功能三成分成绩差异均有统计学意义,且6岁组均优于4岁组。分层回归分析发现,工作记忆对事件性前瞻记忆有显著的预测作用。结论 随着年龄增长,学龄前儿童事件性前瞻记忆和执行功能均呈逐渐提高的发展趋势;工作记忆显著影响学龄前儿童事件性前瞻记忆的发展。     

Dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviour among Australian secondary students in 2005

The aim of this study was to provide a current assessment of Australian secondary students' self-reported dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. This study also examined the relationship between television viewing and students' dietary behaviour. Data are from a cross-sectional survey of 18 486 secondary students in 2005 from all Australian states except Western Australia. Participants reported their usual daily consumption (number of serves) of vegetables and fruit; their weekly consumption of unhealthy/non-core foods including fast food meals, snack foods and high-energy drinks; their engagement in moderate-vigorous physical activity over the previous week; and hours spent using electronic media for entertainment and doing homework on school days. The study found that 20% of students were meeting the daily requirement of four serves of vegetables, whereas 39% were eating the recommended three daily serves of fruit. Consumption of unhealthy/non-core foods was high, with 46% of students having fast food meals at least twice a week, 51% eating snack foods four or more times per week and 44% having high-energy drinks four or more times per week. Fourteen per cent of students engaged in recommended levels of physical activity and 29% engaged in recommended levels of sedentary behaviour. Age and gender differences occurred for most measures, and there were some socio-economic status differences. Heavier television use was associated with lower consumption of fruit and higher consumption of unhealthy/non-core foods. On the basis of the results of this study, it appears that a significant proportion of Australian secondary students fall short of current, national dietary and physical activity recommendations for teenagers. Continual monitoring of these behaviours is essential to help inform research and policy and identify where future efforts should be directed.     

Impact of social norms and social support on diet,physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents: a scoping review

The prevalence of non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood is rapidly increasing, and it is essential that risk factors for NCDs be addressed in adolescence, both for the health of individuals during adolescence and for their health in later life. These risk factors include diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour. No literature has been published that comprehensively summarizes the impact of social norms and social support on these behaviours among adolescents. Therefore, a scoping review was conducted to determine the extent of recent (since 2000) literature available on this topic. A comprehensive search strategy was used to search PubMed and EMBASE for eligible reviews. Review papers (narrative reviews, systematic and non‐systematic reviews) published in English in peer‐reviewed journals from 2000 to February 2013 were included in the overview. Two of the authors screened the titles and abstracts of the search results independently. Thirty reviews were included in the scoping review. This scoping review has shown sufficient evidence for parental influences, and especially the positive impact of an authoritative parenting style, on healthy behaviours of adolescents, although the evidence is somewhat more compelling for diet than for physical activity and sedentary behaviour. More research is needed to investigate parental and family influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. And the effect of peer influences on diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour of adolescents requires further investigation. The evidence presented affirms the consideration of social norms and social support in the development of interventions to address these behaviours in adolescents. The evidence regarding parenting style provides some concrete guidance for such interventions.     

Development and feasibility of a brief Zero‐time Exercise intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour and enhance physical activity: A pilot trial

A brief intervention using Zero‐time Exercise (ZTEx), a foot‐in‐the‐door approach, was developed to reduce sedentary behaviour and increase physical activity. ZTEx refers to the integration of simple strength‐ and stamina‐enhancing physical activity into daily life, which can be done anytime, anywhere and by anyone. This paper presents the development, feasibility, and preliminary evidence for the effectiveness of this intervention under the Hong Kong Jockey Club FAMILY Project. Needs assessments were conducted with social workers from the Christian Family Services Center(CFSC) and the Social Welfare Department (SWD). This single group prospective ZTEx intervention trial, guided by the Health Action Process Approach, included a 3‐hr core session at baseline and a 1‐hr booster session at 1‐month follow‐up. Fifty‐six participants (social and service‐related workers) from CFSC (n = 28) and SWD (n = 28) received the intervention and completed the self‐administered questionnaires at baseline. Forty‐nine and 43 participants completed the 1‐month and 3‐month self‐administered questionnaires, respectively. Fifteen participants attended the focus group interviews to share their feedback on ZTEx intervention after implementing their community‐based ZTEx activities. Intention‐to‐treat analysis was conducted with missing data replaced by baseline values. Participants reported significant decreases in sitting time by 27 (2, 52) minutes (mean [95% confidence interval]) and 36 (0.2, 71) minutes on a weekday, increases in physical activity while seated by 0.7 (0.2, 1.4) days and 1.1 (0.6, 1.7) days in a week, and improvements in perceived knowledge, outcome expectancies and plan on doing ZTEx at the 1‐month and 3‐month follow‐up, respectively. Balance and muscle strength significantly improved at the 1‐month follow‐up. The effect ranged from small to large (Cohen's d: 0.27–1.05, all p < 0.05). The qualitative feedbacks support the quantitative findings. Our findings show early evidence that ZTEx effectively reduced sedentary behaviour and enhanced physical activity and fitness. Further trials on this simple and low‐cost intervention as the first step to promote higher intensity exercise are warranted.     

Does compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviours cluster within individuals in Australian primary school‐aged children?

Background

The 3 “movement behaviours” of sleep, screen time, and physical activity are associated with a wide range of health outcomes in children. This study examined whether these behaviours cluster together within individuals in Australian primary school children.

Methods

Three datasets including 4,449 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children were interrogated—(a) Obesity Prevention and Lifestyle (OPAL), (b) the International Study of Children, Obesity, Lifestyle and Environment (ISCOLE), and (c) the National Children's Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (NCNPAS). The surveys measured movement behaviours using different instruments (accelerometry, use of time recall, and questionnaires) and different operationalizations of compliance. Observed frequencies of compliance with various combinations of guidelines were compared with expected frequencies based on the assumption of independence, using chi‐square tests.

Results

Compliance with the sleep guidelines was relatively high (72%, 75%, and 79% in the OPAL, ISCOLE, and NCNPAS datasets, respectively), and compliance with the screen (18%, 35%, and 22%) and physical activity (33%, 57%, and 87%) guidelines was generally lower. Against expectation, there was no evidence of clustering in any of the datasets (p > .99).

Conclusions

Compliance with movement behaviour guidelines does not cluster within individuals in 9‐ to 11‐year‐old Australian children. It may be unlikely that fostering compliance with one guideline will have a flow‐on effect to the others. Temporal trade‐offs (i.e., the need to choose one movement behaviour above another) in the 24‐hr day may contribute to the lack of clustering.