1991—1995年中国5岁以下儿童腹泻死亡监测结果

目的 为了解我国５岁以下儿童腹泻的死亡情况。方法 以随机抽样方法，对１９９１－１９９５年全国８１个监测市、县的８５５万５岁儿童进行了腹泻死亡监测。结果 ５年我国来儿童腹泻的死亡率呈持续下降趋势。１９９５年比１９９１年下降３６％。１９９５全国５岁以下儿童腹泻死亡率为２７５．２／１０＾５，居儿童主要死因之第４位，但城乡儿童腹泻死亡率相差悬殊。农村儿童腹泻死亡率是城市的１４倍，而且农村儿童腹泻死亡病例的     

1991~1995年中国5岁以下儿童死亡监测

目的 了解９０年代中国５岁下儿童死亡水平和死亡原因,观察其变化趋势。方法 对全国３０个省、自治区、直辖市,按分层抽样方法,抽取对全国儿童死亡具有代表性的８１个市县,８５５万人口的地区进行中国５岁以下儿童死亡监测。结果 １９９１～１９９５监测结果表明：１９９５年全国新生儿、婴儿、５岁以下儿童死亡率分别为２７．３‰、３６．４‰、４４．５‰,比１９９１年分别下降了１７．５％、２７．５％、２７．０％。５年     

江苏省0—4岁儿童意外死亡现状分析

本文对江苏省１９９４年０－４岁儿童死亡监测工作总结分析，结果表明；全省０－岁儿童意外死亡率高达１１９０．０／１０万，意外死亡已成为全省及农村地区０－４岁儿童死亡的第１位死因。农村地区意外死亡率为城市的７．７倍。０－４岁儿童意外死亡的前３位原因分别是溺水，意外窒息和中毒，溺水和意外窒息占意外死亡近９０％。     

1993～1999年重庆市5岁以下儿童意外死亡监测分析

目的 掌握我市５岁以下儿童意外死亡状况进行特点并进行分析,提出相关预防措施。方法 全市两个城区和３３个农业县（市）５％～１０％的乡镇为５岁以下儿童死亡监测点。监测对象、内容、方法及质控均按“中国５岁以下儿童死亡监测方案”进行。结果 重庆市１９９３～１９９９年５岁以下儿童死亡率为６２６．６／１０＾５。农村意外死亡率高于城区３．３５倍,意外死亡占总死亡的２０．０７％。１～４岁意外死亡占意外死亡总数的７２．５％。意外死亡性别比在婴儿期无明显差异,１～４岁男童高于女童。意外死亡原因顺位随年龄有所变化,新生儿和小婴儿意外窒息占第一位,１岁以上幼儿发生溺水和车祸多,占第一和第二位。８７．２５％的儿童死于途中和家中,７７．３４％的儿童死前未得到救治。「结论」针对上述儿童意外死亡特点提出并落实相关预防措施。     

540例5岁以下儿童意外伤害死亡相关因素研究

目的 了解贵州省５岁以下儿童意外伤害死亡水平及特点。方法 收集１９９１～１９９８年贵州省５岁以下儿童生命监测意外死亡病例,用Ｅｐｉ Ｉｎｆｏ５．０软件进行流行病学分析。结果 意外死亡是贵州省５岁以下儿童死亡的第４位分类死因,１～４岁儿童的第２位分类死因。绝大部分死亡发生在农村。意外窒息、溺水、跌落、中毒占意外伤害死亡的６８．７％,以上几种死因死亡率远高于自然人群。结论 开展社区健康教育是预防意外伤害简便有效的方法。     

江西省1993～1997年5岁以下儿童意外死亡监测资料分析

随着儿童感染性疾病的逐渐控制和营养状况的改善,意外死亡已成为５岁以下儿童（特别是１～４岁儿童）死亡的主要原因。本文把江西省５岁以下儿童死亡监测点１９９３～１９９７年报告的７４５例５岁以下儿童意外死亡作一简单分析。１资料和方法 ７４５例５岁以下儿童意外死亡资料来自１９９３～１９９７年江西省５岁以下儿童死亡监测点的报告。监测范围选择了６市５县的６４个乡。监测人口 １６０．４万人。２结果２.１死亡率水平及年度变化趋势见表１。 １９９３～ １９９７年共有活产 ７６ ３９９人, １～４岁儿童 ４１８ ７６１人;５岁…     

合肥市1990—193年居民意外死亡统计分析

地合肥市区１９９０－１９９３年居民意外死亡资料进行了分析，结果表明：４年意外死亡粗死亡率为３５．２２／１０万（标化率２８．１０／１０万），死亡性比值男，女＝１．５６：１；意外死亡居全死因第５位，主要为交通事故、意外跌呼自杀婴儿组以窀息为主，儿童少年组以溺水和交通事故为主，青中年组以交通事故和自杀为主；男性以交通事故为主，女性自杀多于交通事故；意外死亡减寿率居主要死因第２位。     

新田县1991—1995年五岁以下儿童死因监测结果分析

为贯彻落实国家《九十年代中国儿童发展规划纲要》，实现降低五岁以下儿童死亡率的目标，１９９１年我县３个乡被列入全国５岁以下儿童死亡监测点，现将监测结果分析如下。１资料来源收集１９９１～１９９５年监测原始数据进行分类整理统计分析。２结果２．１表１可见，５...     

安徽省1991～1995年脊髓灰质炎疫情分析

安徽省是我国脊髓灰质炎（脊灰）的高发区之一，自１９９１年建立了脊灰监测系统，实施了消灭脊灰的各项措施以来，脊灰发病率大幅度下降，ｌ９９２～ｌ９９５年连续４年脊灰发病率在０．１／１０万以下。病例散在发生，无季节性发病高峰，并连续４年未发现由脊灰野病毒引起的临床病例。９０％以上的脊灰病例为５岁以下儿童，未服苗及未全程服苗者占６０％。１５岁以下儿童非脊灰ＡＦＰ病例报告发病率１９９４年、１９９５年达到了１／１０万的要求。今后仍应开展强化免疫，重点是流动人口和超计划生育的儿童。     

河北省怀来县农村儿童车祸伤害及其预防

本文对河北省怀来县农村０－１４岁儿童车祸发生情况进行了调查，调查年限为１９９０年１月１日－１９９１年１２月３１日。结果表明，在上述调查年间因车祝死亡１０人，受重伤３０人，年均死亡专率和受伤率（１９９０－１９９１）分别为５．６／１０万和１４．７／１０万，男女比例这１：０．６。７５％的肇事车辆为机动车，儿童居住在公路附近，小年龄儿童无成年人看护、不遵守交通规则是车祸发生的高危因素，而气候、道路类型、家     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.