恶性肿瘤病例医院感染影响因素的分析

目的 :了解恶性肿瘤病人的医院感染影响因素 ,为加强医院感染管理提供依据。方法 :收集某医院 2 0 0 0年所有恶性肿瘤住院病例资料 ,按 1∶ 2配比进行病例对照研究。对有关可能的因素进行条件 logistic单因素及多因素回归分析。结果 :单因素条件 logistic回归分析筛选出住院天数 ,肿瘤转移、化学疗法、放射疗法、合并糖尿病、动静脉插管、气管切开、手术、应用抗生素等 9个因素与肿瘤患者的医院感染有关 (除手术 P<0 .0 5外 ,P均 <0 .0 1)。多因素条件 logistic回归分析筛选出住院天数、化学疗法、放射疗法、合并糖尿病、应用抗生素 (P均 <0 .0 1)及动静脉插管 (P<0 .0 5 )与医院感染有关 ,其中抗生素的应用为负相关。结论 :合理使用现代化学、放射医疗技术及抗生素可减少和预防恶性肿瘤病人医院感染的发生。伴有糖尿病的恶性肿瘤患者医院感染发生的危险性增大     

医院感染危险因素调查分析

目的 分析住院患者医院感染的危险因素,为临床科室的医院感染预防与控制提供依据.方法 回顾性分析327例住院患者医院感染的临床资料.结果 327例患者中,呼吸道感染居首位,占56.27％,其次为消化道感染,占18.96％,泌尿道、皮肤切口、血液感染分别占8.87％、5.20％、4.89％;经单因素logistic回归分析后,年龄、住院时间、使用抗菌药物、泌尿道插管、气管插管、抗肿瘤治疗、恶性肿瘤、腹腔穿刺引流、使用呼吸机、免疫抑制剂或激素、抗真菌药物的使用、白细胞数和基础疾病等因素,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05);多因素logistic回归分析后发现,年龄、住院时间、泌尿道插管、气管插管、恶性肿瘤、白细胞数和免疫抑制剂或激素的使用与医院感染的发生显著关联.结论 医院感染与患者高龄、住院时间长等多因素有关,必须加强对易感因素的预防和控制,减少医院感染的发生.     

肿瘤病人术后医院感染危险因素病例对照研究

目的探讨消化道恶性肿瘤病人医院感染危险因素。方法收集某综合性医院2001年消化道恶性肿瘤住院病例,按1∶2配对进行病例对照研究,对暴露因素进行单因素及多因素条件Logistic回归分析。结果单因素条件Logistic回归分析筛选出累计病程、入院时并存感染、住院总天数、感染前应用抗生素累计天数、护理级别、应用抗生素目的等22个关联因素。多因素条件Logistic回归分析筛选出医院感染前应用抗生素(无并存感染)、住院总天数≥28d、切口类型、术后并发症等4个危险因素。结论医院感染前应用抗生素(无并存感染)、住院时间≥28d、切口污染、术后有并发症的消化道恶性肿瘤患者发生医院感染的危险性增大;尤其是术后有并发症的患者发生医院感染的危险性更大。     

医院败血症相关危险因素及耐药性分析

目的探讨医院败血症的危险因素,减少医源性因素所致败血症风险。方法收集2006年1月至2009年12月期间在本院住院的菌血症患者资料。根据医院感染的定义将这些患者分为医院败血症组（83例）和社区获得性败血症组（119例）,对2组临床资料进行统计,对筛选出的可能危险因素进行多因素logistic回归分析。结果与社区获得性败血症相比较,医院败血症患者患恶性肿瘤的比例较高（21／83VS12／119,x2：8．2846,P〈0．01）,使用静脉留置导管比例高（28／83VS3／119,）（。=36．67,P〈0．01）,接受手术者比例高（37／83VS0／119,x2=68．226,P〈0．01）,既往使用抗生素比例较高（78／83VS10／119,x2=173．5657,P〈0．01）。多因素logistic回归分析示：伴有糖尿病者（P〈0．001,OR=4．821）、患恶性肿瘤者（P〈0．05,OR=3．186）、有静脉留置导管者（P〈0．05,OR=2．135）及既往不当抗生素治疗者（P〈0．05,OR=2．135）更易患医院败血症。且医院败血症感染细菌耐药率更高。结论医院内败血症严重威胁人类健康,糖尿病、恶性肿瘤、静脉留置导管及抗生素不当使用是相关危险因素。且医院内败血症感染细菌更具耐药性。     

腹部恶性肿瘤术后医院感染危险因素Logistic回归分析

目的调查分析腹部恶性肿瘤患者术后医院感染的危险因素,以制定预防和控制医院感染的方案。方法回顾性对照分析2007年3月~2009年3月医院腹部恶性肿瘤术后感染与非感染患者病例,包括:性别、年龄、是否患有糖尿病、术前住院天数、麻醉ASA分级、手术时间、引流管数量、是否有中央静脉插管、术后住院天数等,并采用SPSS软件包进行Logistic回归方法统计。结果Logistic回归分析显示,患糖尿病、手术时间≥230 min、术前住院时间≥6 d、麻醉ASA≥Ⅲ级4个变量与术后医院感染的相关性差异有统计学意义。结论结果中的4个变量均是术后医院感染的危险因素,术后医院感染增加了患者的术后住院时间。     

Logistic回归分析恶性肿瘤患者并发医院感染的特点

目的探讨恶性肿瘤患者并发医院感染的特点及其危险因素。方法回顾性分析210例恶性肿瘤并发医院感染的患者的临床资料,对可能与恶性肿瘤并发医院感染有关的因素进行非条件Logistic回归分析。结果恶性肿瘤患者医院感染率高于其他疾病患者(P<0.05),且并发医院感染以肺癌病人为主。常见的感染部位为呼吸道、泌尿道和胃肠道,病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主(56.3%)其中以大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌及肺炎杆菌为主。多因素非条件Logis-tic回归分析筛选出住院的时间、介入性操作、抗生素的应用、化疗、手术、合并糖尿病及肿瘤转移是医院感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论为了预防恶性肿瘤患者发生医院感染,应采取的主要措施是缩短住院时间、合理使用抗生素、尽量避免化疗导致的白细胞下降、减少不必要的介入性操作、严格的控制原发病。     

恶性肿瘤患者医院感染影响因素分析研究

目的研讨恶性肿瘤患者医院感染的影响因素及针对性的对策,为降低感染率提供参考依据。方法调查2013年12月-2015年6月医院诊治的1 000例恶性肿瘤患者临床资料,分析发生医院感染的影响因素,对恶性肿瘤患者医院感染进行非条件logistic分析,数据采用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析。结果 1 000例患者中有232例发生感染,感染率为23.2%;共检出276株病原菌,以痰液检出为主,共165株占59.8%;232例感染患者中以呼吸道感染为主,共122例占52.6%;logistic分析结果显示,年龄、住院天数、放射疗法、合并糖尿病、抗菌药物使用以及动静脉插管是发生感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论恶性肿瘤患者医院感染率较高,应该加强患者生命体征检测,合理使用现代医疗技术和抗菌药物降低医院感染发生率。     

某医院围手术期医院感染情况及其影响因素分析

[目的]了解围手术期病人医院感染的发病情况，分析其影响因素。[方法]观察2002年济南铁路局中心医院所有手术患者的感染情况，并对影响发病的可能因素进行非条件Logistic回归分析。[结果]1368例患者，从人院至手术后出院发生医院感染192例，感染率为14．04％。感染率，男性13．92％，女性14．21％。不同年龄，手术持续时间不同，住院时间不同，使用抗生素的种类不同、时间长短不同，麻醉方式不同，是否伴有恶性肿瘤、糖尿病，是否气管切开，手术切口分类不同的病人，其医院感染率不同（P〈0．01）。非条件Logistic回归分析结果，年龄、手术持续时间、麻醉方式、伴发恶性肿瘤、住院时间进入回归方程。[结论]年龄大、手术持续时间长、全身麻醉、伴发恶性肿瘤、住院时间长是病人发生围手术期医院感染的危险因素。     

前瞻性调查与医院感染危险因素的病例对照分析

目的明确医院感染危险因素,评估和指导临床科室的医院感染预防与控制工作,并为目标性监测提供依据。方法对2007~2008年开展的前瞻性调查与医院感染病例回顾性调查所得资料进行筛选,采用1∶2病例对照研究方法,对医院感染相关因素进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果通过对352例病例和709例对照病例的分析,医院感染部位发生率较高的为下呼吸道(42.60%)、上呼吸道(27.84%)、泌尿道(12.50%);医院感染病例主要发生在内科病房(64.20%);在单因素分析中科室、年龄、住院天数、泌尿道插管、使用呼吸机、动静脉插管、使用免疫抑制剂或激素、慢性病、恶性肿瘤、气管切开或插管以及腹腔穿刺引流等11项因素差异有统计学意义(P0.05);多元素分析显示科室、住院天数、泌尿道插管、动静脉插管、慢性病、气管切开或插管和腹腔穿刺引流等7项因素,其中泌尿道插管、动静脉插管和腹腔穿刺引流3项呈负相关(OR1)。结论医院感染的发生主要与慢性病、泌尿道插管、动静脉插管、气管切开或插管和腹腔穿刺引流等有关,需加强内科病房以及慢性病患者的预防与控制措施,尽量减少患者住院时间,对各类插管患者继续执行有效诊疗措施。     

糖尿病住院患者医院感染危险因素对照研究

目的探讨糖尿病住院患者合并医院感染的危险因素。方法回顾性分析1620例糖尿病患者住院病历,将合并医院感染者作为观察组,按1∶2选择同期无医院感染糖尿病患者作为对照组,对感染可能因素先进行单因素分析,将有显著意义的因素赋值后进行多因素非条件logistic分析。结果医院感染发生率为8.64%;单因素分析9个变量是医院感染危险因素,logistic回归分析结果筛选出高龄、侵入性操作、血糖水平高、预防性应用抗菌药物是独立危险因素。结论糖尿病住院患者医院感染发生率较高,影响因素较多,应密切监测高龄患者;减少侵入性操作,控制血糖水平,合理应用抗菌药物,降低医院感染的发生。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.