泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌39种耐药相关基因的研究

目的 研究痰泛耐药鲍氏不动杆菌(PRBAB) 39种耐药相关基因.方法 应用法国生物梅里埃公司的API鉴定条/PSE5.0药敏条和美国BD公司的Phoenix NMIC/ID-109鉴定/药敏板进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验,应用PCR法检测1株分离于合格痰标本PRBAB临床分离株29种β-内酰胺酶相关基因(bla)、6种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、消毒剂/磺胺耐药基因(qacE△1-sul1)、3种整合子基因(intⅠ 1、2、3)等39种耐药相关基因,分析其分布情况.结果 该菌7种耐药相关基因阳性:bla基因(bla TEM、blaADC),AMEs基因[aac(6')-Ⅰb、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1和Ⅰ类整合子基因(intⅠ1)];其他32种基因AMEs基因[aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅱ)、ant(2")-Ⅰ)等]均阴性.结论 泛耐药ABA耐药机制为多重机制,主要与7种耐药相关基因(bla TEM、blaADC、aac(6')-Ⅰb、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1和Ⅰ类整合子)有关.     

鲍氏不动杆菌流行株耐药基因及菌株亲缘性分析

目的 了解鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)流行株耐药基因携带状况和菌株的亲缘性,为医院流行病学溯源提供依据.方法对39株ABA采用PCR检测19种耐药基因(TEM、SHV、PER、VEB、GES、CARB、CTX-M-1群、OXA-23群、OXA-24群、IMP、VIM、DHA、aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sull).结果 TEM阳性13株(33.3%)、OXA-23群阳性20株(51.3%)、aac(3)-Ⅰ阳性25株(64.1%)、aac(6')-Ⅰ阳性25株(64.1%)、ant(3")-Ⅰ阳性29株(74.4%)、qacE△1-sull阳性32株(82.1%),其余基因均阴性;聚类分析提示存在克隆传播现象.结论 ABA流行株β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶和消毒剂-磺胺耐药基因携带率高,存在克隆传播医院感染流行的危险.     

新疆地区鲍氏不动杆菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶与16S rRNA甲基化酶基因研究

目的 了解新疆地区鲍氏不动杆菌的氨基糖苷类修饰酶与16S rRNA甲基化基因.方法 分离20株鲍氏不动杆菌,并对其进行抗菌药物敏感性试验,用PCR方法检测鲍氏不动杆菌的氨基糖苷类修饰酶与16S rRNA甲基化基因.结果 13株鲍氏不动杆菌检出氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,其检出率为65%,其中aac(3)-Ⅰ基因阳性4株,阳性率为20%、aac(3)-Ⅱ基因阳性8株,阳性率为40%、aac(6')-Ⅰ ad基因阳性4株,阳性率为20%、aac(6')-Ⅰ b基因阳性0株、aac(6')-Ⅱ基因阳性0株、ant(3')-Ⅰ基因阳性4株,阳性率为20%、ant(2')-Ⅰ基因阳性1株,阳性率为5%,未检出16S rRNA甲基化基因.结论 新疆地区鲍氏不动杆菌存在氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因,未检出16S rRNA甲基化基因.     

鲍氏不动杆菌医院感染株亲缘性分析3种方法学的比较

目的 鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)医院感染株亲缘性3种分析方法学的比较.方法 分别采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE),扩增片段长度多态性分析(AFLP)和多基因聚类分析对27株鲍氏不动杆菌临床分离株进行分析.结果 PFGE分析显示其中的19株鲍氏不动杆菌为同一克隆传播;AFLP显示24株鲍氏不动杆菌为同一克隆传播;而多基因聚类分析则显示,携带8种基因(TEM、OXA-23群、ADC、aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1、int Ⅰ 1)、携带7种基因(TEM、ADC、aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1、int Ⅰ 1)、携带6种基因(TEM、ADC、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、qacE△1-sul1、int Ⅰ 1)的3种ABA克隆为医院的流行株(3个克隆).结论 鲍氏不动杆菌医院感染株亲缘性分析中多基因聚类分析法分辨率高于PFGE与AFLP法.     

鲍氏不动杆菌老年患者分离株亲缘性分析

目的 了解鲍氏不动杆菌(ABA)老年患者分离株亲缘性.方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测20株ABA 33种耐药基因,并作聚类分析.结果 AmpC(染色体型)、TEM、PER阳性率为85%、55%、25%,其余基因均阴性;aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ,aac(6')-Ⅰ b、armA阳性率为95%、95%、40%、15%、35%,其余基因均阴性;消毒剂-磺胺耐药基因qacE△1-sull阳性15株(75%);在ABA老年患者分离株中AmpC(染色体型)、TEM、PER、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、armA、qacE△1-sull阳性率高;聚类分析示存在克隆传播现象.结论 ABA老年患者分离株耐药表型与基因检测状况相符,ABA可导致医院感染.     

产DHA-1型AmpC酶和TEM-1型β-内酰胺酶及携带Ⅰ类整合子的鲍氏不动杆菌

目的分析鲍氏不动杆菌临床株(编号0524)的β-内酰胺酶基因(BLA)、质粒介导耐氟喹诺酮基因(qnr)、氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、消毒剂与磺胺类耐药基因(qacE△1-sul1)和Ⅰ类整合子酶基因(intⅠ1)存在情况。方法对0524株应用K-B法检测其耐药表型,应用三维试验检测其产生的β-内酰胺酶表型,应用聚合酶链反应及序列分析方法分析其BLAs、AMEs、qnr、qacE△1-sul1和intⅠ1基因类型。结果0524株鲍氏不动杆菌对第三代头孢菌素、头孢西丁、环丙沙星、阿米卡星耐药,对头孢吡肟、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感,产生AmpC酶,携有blaDHA-1基因,同时blaTEM-1型基因,acc(3)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、ant(3″)-;ⅠqacE△1-sull和intⅠ1均阳性,其他受试基因均阴性。结论0524号菌株产生DHA-1型AmpC酶和TEM-1型的广谱β-内酰胺酶,且携带Ⅰ类整合子、消毒剂与磺胺类耐药基因和3种氨基糖苷修饰酶基因,其耐药机制复杂。     

鲍氏不动杆菌β-内酰胺酶和氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因研究

目的了解临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌中β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶编码基因存在状况。方法自临床分离39株鲍氏不动杆菌,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测耐药基因(TEM、SHV、PER、VEB、GES、CARB、CTX-M-1群、OXA-23群、OXA-24群、IMP、VIM、DHA、aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6′)-Ⅰ、aac(6′)-Ⅱ、ant(3″)-Ⅰ、ant(2″)-Ⅰ)。结果39株中TEM阳性13株(33.3%)、OXA-23群阳性20株(51.3%)、aac(3)-Ⅰ阳性25株(64.1%)、aac(6′)-Ⅰ阳性25株(64.1%)、ant(3″)-Ⅰ阳性29株(74.4%),其余基因均阴性。结论在绍兴临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌β-内酰胺酶、氨基糖苷类修饰酶编码基因携带率高。     

肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株中出现16S rRNA甲基化酶基因rmtB

目的 了解临床分离肺炎克雷伯菌中16S rRNA甲基化酶基因、氨基糖苷类修饰酶(AMEs)基因存在状况及其遗传学背景.方法 在2005年9月至2006年4月间从住院患者中分离25株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用聚合酶链反应及序列分析的方法分析6种16S rRNA甲基化酶基因(armA、rmtA、rmtB、rmtC、rmtD和npmA)、6种AMEs基因[aac(3)-Ⅰ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、aac(6')-Ⅱ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ]、3类整合子(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类)遗传标记整合酶基因(intI1、intI2、intI3)、汞离子还原酶基因merA(为转座子Tn21和Tn501共同的遗传标记)、tnpA基凶(为转座子Tn1、Tn2、Tn3和Tn1000共同的遗传标记).结果 25株中,有5种基因rmtB、aac(3)-Ⅱ、aac(6')-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、intI1阳性,阳性株数(%)分别为15株(60.0%)、1株(4.0%)、12株(48.0%)、15株(60.0%)、24株(96.0%),其余12种基因均阴性;6种AMEs基因总阳性率为84.0%(21/25).结论临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌中rmtB基因和AMEs基因阳性率均较高,在肺炎克雷伯菌中检出rmtB基因为中国大陆地区首次报道.     

全耐铜绿假单胞菌40种耐药相关基因的研究

目的 研究全耐铜绿假单胞菌40种耐药相关基因.方法 采用法国生物梅里埃公司的API鉴定条/PSE5.0药敏条和美国BD公司的Phoenix NMIC/ID-109鉴定/药敏板鉴定和细菌药敏试验,应用PCR法检测 1株全耐铜绿假单胞菌临床分离株29种β-内酰胺酶相关基因、外膜蛋白D_2基因(oprD_2)、6种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、消毒剂/磺胺耐药基因(qacE△1-sull)、3种整合子基因(intⅠ 1、2、3)等40种耐药相关基因,分析其分布情况.结果 在该株菌,6种耐药相关基因阳性,两种β-内酰胺酶基因(blaTEM、bla()XA10)、两种氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因[(aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅱ)]、(qacE△1-sull和Ⅰ类整合子基因(int Ⅰ 1)],同时oprD_2缺失;其他27种β-内酰胺酶基因、4种氨基糖糖类修饰酶幕因[(aac(6')-Ⅰ b、aac(3)-Ⅰ、ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ)]和两种整合子基因(int Ⅰ 2、int Ⅰ 3)均为阴性.结论 该株全耐菌耐药机制为多重机制,主要与7种耐药相关基因(blaTEM、blaOXA10、oprD_2缺失、aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅱ、qacE△1-sull和Ⅰ类整合子)有关.     

全耐药菌10种耐药基因的研究

目的 研究全耐药菌氨基糖苷类修饰酶基因(AMEs)、消毒剂/磺胺耐药基因(qacE△1-sul1)、整合子(int)1、2、3等10种耐药基因的分布.方法 应用法国生物梅里埃公司的API鉴定条/PSE5.0药敏条和美国BD公司的Phoenix NMIC/ID-109鉴定/药敏板鉴定和细菌药敏试验,应用PCR法检测9株全耐药菌临床分离株6种A-MEs、qacE△1-sul、整合子(int)1、2、3等10种耐药基因,并分析其分布.结果 9株全耐药菌共检出8种耐药基因,其分布为aac(6')-Ⅱ、aac(3)-Ⅰ均1株,aac(3)-Ⅱ2株,ant(3")-Ⅰ、ant(2")-Ⅰ均3株,主要阳性耐药基因为aac(6')-Ⅰ b-Cr 4株,qacE△1-sul1、int Ⅰ 15株;int Ⅰ 2、int Ⅰ 3均为阴性;各有1株菌分别为2、3、5、6种基因阳性,2株菌为4种基因阳性;3株菌均为阴性.结论 全耐药菌菌种分布广;耐药机制多为多重机制,主要与A-MEs和Ⅰ类整合子有关,各种耐药基因的分布无特异性,部分菌需进一步研究.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.