洁净手术室洁净综合性能质量及控制对策研究

目的 探讨洁净手术室质量控制对策,以重视洁净手术室的管理,确保手术安全.方法 按照《医院洁净手术部建筑技术规范》对徐州市11所医院洁净手术室综合性能进行每年1次定期监测;并对尘埃粒子数超标的洁净手术间整改干预.结果 监测2006-2011年共216间洁净手术室的尘埃粒子、沉降菌、压差、温度、相对湿度、噪声和照度,合格率分别为56.48％、95.83％、55.56％、63.89％、51.85％、66.67％、72.69％,其中Ⅰ级57间,工作区截面平均风速合格率为45.83％;Ⅱ、Ⅲ级159间,换气次数合格率为62.04％;启用1年洁净手术室共42间,其尘埃粒子、沉降菌和压差3项指标的合格率分别是85.71％、97.62％、90.48％,与启用2～3年共78间的对应合格率57.69％、94.87％、51.28％比较,尘埃粒子和压差差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),空气沉降菌差异无统计学意义;共65间次尘埃粒子超标洁净手术间整改前、后尘埃粒子数比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 洁净手术室使用不可能一劳永逸,应进行有效维护和严格管理,医院感染管理应做好全面监测,不能仅用沉降菌单一指标作为可以安全使用的依据.     

湖南省医院洁净手术室综合性能监测及管理对策研究

目的了解湖南省医院洁净手术室的综合性能和管理现状,发现使用中存在的问题,以保障洁净手术室有效运行。方法依据《医院洁净手术部建筑技术规范》GB50333-2002,采用现场监测方法对15家医院(其中省级8家、地县级7家)共170间洁净手术室的洁净度及相关技术指标进行现场静态监测。结果洁净度指标中的沉降菌合格率分别为Ⅰ级90.5%、Ⅱ级88.0%、Ⅲ级90.9%、Ⅳ级93.1%,尘埃粒子数合格率分别为Ⅰ级100%、Ⅱ级100%、Ⅲ级93.9%、Ⅳ级100%。两项主要参数尘埃粒子与沉降菌菌落数总合格率分别为97.6%和91.8%,尘埃粒子数与沉降菌菌落数结果呈正相关(r=0.9849)。省级沉降菌菌落数量和尘埃粒子合格率分别为92.2%和100%,地县级两项主要参数均为90.2%,省级的沉降菌菌落数和尘埃粒子合格率均高于地县级医院(P0.05)。截面平均风速、新风量、换气次数、静压差、相对湿度合格率均为100%,温度为91.2%,噪声97.1%、照度99.4%。结论医院洁净手术室主要参数尘埃粒子和沉降菌菌落数未全部合格,还有部分相关技术指标也未合格,说明洁净手术室在建设和使用管理方面还存在薄弱环节,应进一步加强洁净手术室的合理设计、施工、使用和管理力度。     

空气净化系统对医院手术部空气净化效果分析

目的了解南平市部分医院洁净手术部空气净化系统技术性能及其对空气的净化效果。方法采用现场采样方法对洁净手术部空气中的尘埃粒子、沉降菌、换气次数、静压差及其他微小气候等进行检测。结果创建初期,5所医院的洁净手术部各项指标均符合相应等级的国家标准。使用2年后,Ⅰ级洁净手术室平均尘埃粒子数合格率为80.0%,相对湿度合格率为60.0%,其它项目合格率为100%。所有房间的沉降菌和温度的合格率为100%,尘埃粒子数合格率为85.7%,换气次数合格率为78.4%,相对湿度合格率为89.3%,噪声合格率为91.1%,照度合格率为75.0%,静压差合格率为89.3%。结论南平市部分医院洁净手术部存在空气净化系统综合性能减弱,部分技术指标不合格,管理不到位等情况,必须加强对空气净化系统的日常维护和管理,才能确保其对洁净手术部空气的净化效果。     

南阳市医疗机构洁净手术部空气质量监测结果分析

目的 分析南阳市医疗机构洁净手术部空气质量监测结果,为洁净手术室、提高手术室空气质量提供参考信息。方法 2020年1月至2021年6月通过现场仪器监测并按照GB 50333—2013《医院洁净手术部建筑技术规范》连续对南阳市10家医院洁净手术部空气质量进行3次评价,评估内容包括百级35间、千级23间、万级44间、30万级22间手术室的空气温度、相对湿度、最低照度、空气菌落总数和尘埃粒子计数监测结果。结果 3次洁净手术部空气质量合格率：空气温度分别为100.0%、100.0%、100.0%,相对湿度分别为96.77%、100.0%、100.0%,最低照度分别为100.0%、95.97%、100.0%,空气菌落总数分别为88.71%、94.35%、100.00%,尘埃粒子计数分别为61.29%、78.23%、83.06%,提示空气温度、相对湿度、最低照度一直保持较高水平,3次均在95%以上,空气菌落总数和尘埃粒子计数合格率呈上升趋势,并且空气菌落总数合格率显著高于尘埃粒子计数合格率（P<0.05）。百级、千级、万级、30万级手术室空气菌落总数合格率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而尘埃粒子计数合格率差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。百级、千级、万级手术室手术区和周边区尘埃粒子计数合格率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,≥5 μm微粒尘埃粒子计数合格率高于≥0.5 μm微粒尘埃粒子计数合格率（P<0.01）。结论 南阳市医院洁净手术部空气质量有待进一步提高,加强空气指标监测有利于了解医院洁净手术部空气质量,为手术室洁净系统运行、维护等工作提供有效的指导信息,促进手术室空气质量达标,降低医院感染率。     

安徽省27家医院洁净手术部综合性能调查

目的了解安徽省各级医疗机构洁净手术部的综合性能达标状况。方法于2009～2011年对安徽省27家医院的191间洁净手术室和391间辅助用房进行尘埃粒子、沉降菌和相关技术指标的现场静态监测。根据《医院洁净手术部建筑技术规范》GB 50333-2002监测并评价。结果Ⅰ级手术室的尘埃粒子数、沉降菌数、压差、温度、相对湿度、噪声、照度、风速等技术指标的合格率分别为96.4%、100.0%、92.9%、96.4%、89.3%、75.0%、64.3%、92.9%。所有洁净手术室的尘埃粒子数、沉降菌数、压差、温度、相对湿度、噪声、照度、风速、换气次数等技术指标的合格率分别为98.4%、100.0%、94.2%、96.9%、93.7%、83.2%、72.5%、92.9%、82.2%。结论安徽省部分医院的洁净手术室的主要洁净指标合格率较高;但Ⅰ级手术室的噪声、照度,其他手术室及辅房的照度、换气次数的合格率较低。     

洁净手术室过滤器的更换与持续质量改进

目的 探讨洁净手术室更换过滤器前后的空气监测指标的变化,确保洁净手术室空气质量并持续改进,不断提高洁净手术室管理水平,降低医院手术部位感染.方法 通过对更换过滤器前后的监测及相关记录,实施质量控制.结果 更换过滤器前Ⅰ～Ⅳ手术间日常空气合格率分别为85.71％、85.70％、85.71％、100.00％2011年4-5月更换过滤器之后,Ⅰ～Ⅳ级手术间日常空气合格率均为100.00％.结论 应加强对洁净手术室的日常维护和管理,通过及时更换洁净手术室的过滤器及质量持续改进,起到预防及控制医院感染的重要作用.     

无锡市医院洁净手术室综合性能调查分析

目的调查医院洁净手术室的空气净化现状,促进医疗机构加强对洁净手术室的管理。方法根据《医院洁净手术部建筑技术规范》的要求,对无锡市15所医疗机构的96间洁净手术室进行综合性能测试。结果新建洁净手术室的尘埃粒子数、沉降菌、风速或换气次数、静压差、噪声、最低照度、温度和相对湿度的合格率分别为98.53%、100.00%、89.71%、97.06%、98.53%、100.00%、89.71%和88.24%;使用中洁净手术室上述指标的合格率分别为67.86%、85.71%、42.86%、57.14%、92.86%、78.57%、75%和82.14%。结论除新建的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类洁净手术室沉降菌浓度和照度合格率达到100.00%外,其余指标均出现不同程度的不合格现象,尤其是使用中洁净手术室的尘埃粒子数、换气次数、静压差合格率较低,应加强对洁净手术室的监测及管理。     

西安市部分手术室尘埃粒子数与浮游菌监测报告

目的了解西安市市属医院洁净手术室环境质量状况,为保障手术室洁净质量提供参考。方法采用现场采样与检测方法,对西安市 15所市属医院的洁净手术室进行空气洁净度检测与分析。结果共监测51间手术间。其中二级医院24间,三级医院27间;Ⅰ级手术室26间,Ⅲ级手术室25间。Ⅰ、Ⅲ级洁净手术室≥0.5 μm/粒径合格率分别为76.92%、80.00%,≥5 μm/粒径合格率分别为73.08%、88.00%。Ⅰ级和Ⅲ级洁净手术室尘埃粒子数合格率分别为61.54%和80.00%,经检验差异无统计意义（χ2=2.092,P＞0.05）。三级医院洁净手术室尘埃粒子数合格率为85.19%,高于二级医院的58.33%（χ2=4.600,P<0.05）。二、三级医院手术区浮游菌检测合格率分别为87.50%、92.59%,周边区合格率分别为95.83%、92.59%,二、三级医院手术区及周边区浮游菌检测合格率比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。结论西安市市属医院洁净手术室尘埃粒子数和浮游菌均存在不同程度超标,尤其是二级医院应加强手术室环境质量管理。     

潍坊市22处综合性医院洁净手术室空气质量监测结果分析

目的了解潍坊市综合性医院洁净手术室的洁净效果,指导其持续改进,预防院内感染。方法采用现场检测方法,对22处综合性医院正在使用的148间洁净手术室及其68间辅助用房空气质量按照《医院洁净手术部建筑技术规范》（GB 50333-2002）进行了现场检测。结果所检测的洁净手术室主要控制参数空气沉降菌平均浓度合格率为95.56%～100.00%、尘埃粒子数合格率分别为96.15%～100.00%,换气次数合格率在78.95%～91.43%之间;洁净辅助用房的主要控制参数尘埃粒子数合格率为100.00%,但静压差和照度合格率也偏低,仅为63.15%和80.10%。手术床及加药台表面细菌总数合格率86.67%～97.14%,无影灯表面合格率在各级别检测中均为100.00%。结论综合性医院洁净手术室主要控制参数空气沉降菌浓度、尘埃粒子数合格率较高,但低级别手术室和辅助间个别指标如静压差、照度和台面细菌总数合格率未达到100.00%,洁净手术室的日常运转和管理仍需加强和改进。     

Y09-6型激光粒子计数器对洁净厂房空气尘埃粒子的卫生学检测研究

目的:了解化妆品生产企业洁净厂房净化空气调节系统运行情况和空气尘埃粒子的浓度水平。方法:选取广州市属11家具有净化空气调节系统的化妆品生产企业,按不同季节、不同生产时间对洁净厂房车间空气进行尘埃粒子(粒径为0.5μm)测定,使用仪器为Y09-6型激光粒子计数器计数。结果:洁净厂房车间空气尘埃粒子数基本能达到十万级洁净度水平,11家生产企业中有9家达到十万级洁净度水平,其中两家更达到万级洁净度水平,车间内尘埃粒子浓度远低于室外对照点,两者平均浓度分别为6.3×102个/L和2.5×104个/L(t=8.2,P<0.001)。不同季节和生产前后车间空气尘埃粒子数差异无统计学意义。结论:广州市属化妆品生产企业洁净厂房空气净化调节系统运行良好,尘埃粒子浓度基本符合洁净厂房设计要求,但过滤效果与日常管理和设备维护以及车间生产工艺流程布局密切相关。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.