广西狂犬病病毒与狂犬病疫苗株N基因序列分析

目的了解广西狂犬病病毒（RABV）街毒株与疫苗株N基因序列的差异,为疫苗使用提供理论依据。方法采用直接免疫荧光法（DFA）和巢式RT—PCR法检测,测定病毒N基因序列全长,同时根据N基因序列同源性及系统进化树比较,分析广西近年流行的RABV与国内外10株疫苗代表株N基因序列之间的差异。结果DFA法阳性率为8．84％（350／3961）,RT—PCR法检测阳性率1．29％（51／3961）,获得N基因全序15份;15份N基因核苷酸与氨基酸序列同源性为89．40％。100％和98．40％~99．80％;广西15份（RABV）与国内外10株疫苗代表株N基因核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性分别为85．70％～99．70％和94．90％～99．80％,与中国CTN疫苗株N基因的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性最高,分别为89．60％,99．70％和98．40％。99．80％。N基因系统发生树分为两大分支,15份（RABV）与中国人用CTN株构成第一分支,其余的疫苗毒株构成第二分支。结论广西犬间流行的RABV与中国人用CTN疫苗株N基因序列同源性最高、亲缘关系最近,在广西地区使用CTN疫苗株效果可能较好。     

贵州及周边省市狂犬病病毒的分群和进化研究

目的 全面掌握贵州及周边省市狂犬病病毒(RABV)的遗传进化特征和分群特点,了解狂犬病疫苗株与流行株的分子遗传差异,为贵州狂犬病疫情的预防和控制提供指导依据.方法 搜索GenBank数据库中贵州及周边5个省市具有明确时间、地区及宿主信息的流行毒株,对其糖蛋白基因(G)全序列进行汇总,并结合本实验室获得的贵州毒株和国内现役疫苗株G序列,利用MEGA和BEAST软件分别进行系统进化和时间进化分析.结果 贵州及周边省市79株RABV均属于基因1型,9个类群的RABV流行株具有明显的地域特征,11株疫苗株分化为2个类群;RABV流行株与疫苗株G基因核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为0.827～0.999和0.713～0.998;贵州及周边省市RABV流行毒株的最近共同祖先(TMRCA)可追溯至150年前.结论 贵州及周边省市流行的RABV优势毒株群仍属于基因1型,但毒株经过多年流行已经出现了分化,有必要对流行毒株与疫苗株的遗传变异一致性进行深入研究.     

河南省两株狂犬病毒核蛋白和糖蛋白基因的序列分析

目的分析河南省2株狂犬病毒核蛋白及糖蛋白的基因序列,了解狂犬病毒街毒株与人用及兽用狂犬病疫苗株间的差异。方法以免疫荧光法检测2004年采自河南省的100只犬脑标本,取阳性犬脑组织悬液接种鼠脑分离病毒。以RT-PCR法扩增病毒核蛋白及糖蛋白全基因,克隆测序后进行遗传学分析。结果分离到2株狂犬病毒,分别命名为Henan Hb1与Henan Sq1,序列分析表明2株病毒均为基因1型狂犬病毒,2株病毒的N基因与G基因核苷酸的同源性分别为99.3%和98.9%,氨基酸的同源性分别为98.7%和98.4%。2株病毒与CTN疫苗株同源性较高,N基因与G基因的核苷酸同源性分别为89.1%和85.6%～85.7%,氨基酸同源性分别为97.6%～98.0%和92.3%。与已知的基因1型狂犬病毒相比,2株病毒与印度尼西亚从犬中分离到的2株病毒同源性最高,N基因与G基因核苷酸同源性分别为92.1%～93.2%和91.9%～92.1%,氨基酸同源性分别为97.5%～98.6%和96.0%～96.2%。Henan Sq1株病毒在糖蛋白关键的毒力位点333位由W替换了R。系统发育分析表明Henan Hb1与Henan Sq1与印度尼西亚株、疫苗株CTN、中国分离株,以及泰国与马来西亚分离株进化关系最近,而与疫苗株3aG、PV、ERA及攻击毒CVS株等进化关系较远。结论2株狂犬病毒是基因1型狂犬病毒,但无论是N基因还是G基因的核苷酸序列,以及推导出来的氨基酸序列与已知的1型狂犬病毒株及疫苗株均有一定的差异。     

狂犬病病毒浙江街毒株糖蛋白基因序列分析

目的 测定狂犬病病毒浙江株(鼬獾源和犬源)糖蛋白(GP)基因组全序列,从分子水平比较狂犬病病毒浙江株与其他地区代表性街毒株和疫苗株GP之间的差异.方法 乳鼠接种分离狂犬病病毒,RT-PCR反应测定狂犬病病毒浙江株GP基因核苷酸序列,并进行序列和编码蛋白的比较分析.结果测序获得浙江5株鼬獾源狂犬病病毒和9株犬源狂犬病病毒GP基因序列,全长1575个核苷酸,编码524个氨基酸.浙江病毒株与其他地区街毒株、疫苗株核苷酸和氨基酸序列相似性在82.3%～99.9%和85.1%～99.8%之间,种系分析显示浙汀株均为基因1型,GP编码蛋白无重组,主要抗原位点未出现较大的变异.结论 对GP基因一级结构综合分析表明,在某些区域存在优势抗原表位的可能性较大,可能出现潜在的蛋白质抗原决定簇,浙江株GP基因变异较小,与国内其他地区流行的代表性街毒株相似,但高于其他疫苗株,在基因结构及种系进化关系上存在一定的距离.     

湖南省2008-2009年狂犬病病原学监测及病毒基因特征分析

目的 分析2008-2009年湖南省狂犬病病原学监测结果及新分离病毒的N基因分子特征.方法 采用直接免疫荧光法(DFA)、巢式PCR检测狂犬病监测标本,阳性标本应用ABI3730测序仪对N基因进行全序列测序;运用生物信息学方法分析N基因特征及序列同源性,构建系统进化树,分析新分离病毒株遗传特征并与以往分离株比较.结果 1451份监测犬脑组织标本中DFA初筛阳性31份,阳性率为2.14％;31份DFA阳性标本经巢式PCR复核,17份阳性,阳性率为1.17％;巢式PCR检测疑似狂犬病病例唾液、脑脊液、血清及尿液标本56份,3份阳性,阳性率为5.36％;新分离的阳性株与巴斯德株进行N基因序列比较,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性均在87.2％～ 87.9％之间;成功构建系统进化树,新分离的20株病毒全部属于基因Ⅰ型.新分离病毒株与湖南省内、邻省和国际株比较存在不同的亲缘关系.结论 湖南省狂犬病病例及犬携带病毒的情况较为稳定,流行株仍为基因Ⅰ型,未发生变异.     

浙江省不同宿主来源狂犬病病毒N基因分子特征分析

目的 测定浙江省不同宿主（人、鼬獾、犬）来源的狂犬病病毒街毒株N基因序列, 分析病毒遗传变异特征及其与流行的关系。方法 采用直接免疫荧光试验和反转录聚合酶链式反应检测狂犬病病毒阳性标本N基因核苷酸序列, 利用生物信息学软件分析基因序列和编码蛋白。结果 共获得浙江省2 个人源、5 个鼬獾源和11 个犬源狂犬病病毒街毒株N基因核苷酸序列, 18 个核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性在89.7%～100.0%和98.4%～100.0%, N蛋白一级结构上绝大部分为稳定区域, 编码基因的核苷酸变异多为无义突变, 系统发育分析显示18 个街毒株均属于传统的基因1 型。结论 浙江省不同宿主来源狂犬病病毒的流行具有地域性特征, 同类宿主动物病毒株或来自同一县域/相邻县域的毒株在地理位置上最为近缘, 但人源株病毒更具有复杂性。浙江省狂犬病病毒街毒株的流行具有通过犬向鼬獾和人传播, 并在犬、鼬獾中跨区域循环传播的特点。     

湖南省1979-2010年狂犬病流行特征及其毒株遗传关系分析

目的分析1979-2010年湖南省狂犬病流行特征及分离病毒N基因特征,探讨疫情波动影响因素及病毒进化情况。方法采用回顾性与描述性流行病学方法对湖南省32年来,狂犬病疫情数据进行统计分析;利用PubMed-Entrez Search程序建立GenBank、EMBL报道的湖南省境内分离的狂犬病毒N基因序列本地数据库,应用生物信息学方法分析病毒N基因特征与变异情况,参考贵州与广西2个高发省份分离的部分狂犬病毒及国内疫苗株CTN-1-V N基因序列,运用Clustal W 1.83软件进行多重序列比对,运用MEGA 5.0.4软件构建N基因系统进化树,分析湖南省分离毒株与贵州、广西分离株亲缘关系及病毒遗传特征差异。结果 32年来,湖南省累计报告狂犬病病例12 576例,总发病率0.69/10万;全省124个县（市、区）均有疫情报告;病例集中于湘南与湘中地区;7～10月份发病数较多（43.23%）;农民所占比例最大（64.35%）。58株毒株N基因全序列平均GC含量为44.49%,AT含量为55.51%,平均单链分子量为409.7 KDa;氨基酸组成含量最高的为亮氨酸（Leu）,含量最低的为色氨酸（Trp）;58株毒株与贵州、广西及国内疫苗株有较近亲缘关系;58株病毒全部属于狂犬病毒基因I型。结论 32年来,湖南省狂犬病疫情存在较大波动;所分离的58株毒株遗传较稳定,未发生关键性变异。     

云南4株狂犬病毒N和G基因的克隆及测序

目的：认识云南狂犬病毒株N基因和G基因的结构特征及其与已知毒株的遗传相关性。方法：对2006-2007年云南曲靖（YNQJ07）、昭通（YNZT07）、楚雄（YNMD06）、保山（YNTC06）狂犬病毒株N基因和G基因进行RT-PCR扩增，克隆至pPICZαA载体进行测序，并与已知代表性毒株进行比对及系统发育分析。结果：云南狂犬病毒株均属于基因Ⅰ型毒株，YNQJ07、YNZT07、YNMD06以及近年部分广西、浙江、江苏、湖北、安徽、江西省毒株N基因和G基因核酸序列同源性分别介于97.0%-99.3%、97.4%-99.3%，与其它基因I型毒株同源性分别介于86.3%-90.2%、82.9%-93.0%。YNTC06与泰国和部分广西毒株同源性介于95.0%-95.8%，与其它基因Ⅰ型毒株同源性介于82.9%-92.9%。结论：YNQJ07、YNZT07、YNMD06属于亚组群Ⅱ毒株，YNTC06毒株属于亚组群Ⅲ毒株，云南狂犬病毒核蛋白和糖蛋白存在特异性氨基酸变异位点。     

2018-2019年广西A(H1N1) pdm09亚型流感病毒抗原性及HA基因特性分析

目的 了解广西壮族自治区2018-2019年人群A(H1N1) pdm09亚型流感病毒抗原性及HA基因特性.方法 对2018-2019年广西分离的199株A(H1N1) pdm09亚型流感病毒株用血凝抑制试验进行抗原分析,并对其中的15株进行HA基因序列测定分析.结果 抗原分析的199毒株中有196株与疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015类似,占98.49％.广西15株毒株的HA基因核苷酸序列与疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015的同源性为97.83％～98.50％,氨基酸同源性为98.19％～99.10％.与疫苗株相比,广西15株毒株HA基因均存在S74R、S164T和I295V 3个氨基酸位点变异.广西毒株与疫苗株HA1的糖基化位点预测结果一致.系统进化显示广西毒株与疫苗株的HA基因均属于6B.1分支.结论 2018-2019年广西流行的A (H1N1) pdm09亚型流感病毒与疫苗株A/Michigan/45/2015组分匹配良好.     

广西玉林市2005—2012年狂犬病病原学监测及病毒N基因特征分析

目的分析2005—2012年广西玉林市狂犬病病原学监测结果及病毒N基因遗传变异特征,为狂犬病防控提供科学依据。方法 2005—2012年在广西玉林市采集犬脑组织及临床诊断人狂犬病病例的唾液进行病原学检测,检测阳性标本进行N基因核苷酸序列测定、同源性比较和种系发生分析。结果共采集、检测外观健康犬脑组织728份、临床诊断人狂犬病病例唾液33份,RT-PCR检测阳性率分别为0.96%(7/728)和51.52%(17/33)。获得5条犬源、6条人源狂犬病病毒株N基因全序列。该11条序列之间的核苷酸同源性为94.7%~100.0%,与广西以往分离株GX01的核苷酸序列的同源性为94.5%~98.4%,与疫苗株CTN株的同源性为94.6%~99.7%。进化树分析显示,犬源株和人源株病毒N基因亲缘进化关系很近,处于同一分支,都属于基因Ⅰ型狂犬病病毒。结论从病原学和病毒分子水平证实玉林市外观健康犬携带狂犬病毒及17例临床诊断病例为确诊病例,其病原为狂犬病病毒基因I型,阳性带毒犬的流动是造成本病传播和扩散的主要因素,也是造成该地区疫情高发的重要原因之一。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.