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1.
1998年中国活产儿出生体重抽样的调查结果   总被引:21,自引:1,他引:20  
目的 调查全国活产儿出生体重情况。方法 用分层抽样方法,对1998年7-10月期间在抽样地区出生的孕周≥28周的活产婴儿进行出生体重测查。结果 共测查活产儿22350人(男11584人,女10766人),男女比例为1.08:1。多胎率和早产率分别是1.8%和3.5%。中国活产儿出生体重的分布特点表现为:城市(3031g)高于农村(3225g),沿海、内地和边远地区活产儿出生体重(3262、3254、3115g)呈逐次下降趋势;农村一类县与城市接近,二、三和四类县的出生体重明显下降,四类县的出生体重较城市降低200g。结论 总体上,中国活产儿平均出生体重与发达国家水平相近,但不同经济水平地区间存在显著差别,尤其是经济和卫生保健状况相对落后的农村边远、贫困县是今后实施有效干预措施的重点地区。  相似文献   

2.
中国低出生体重儿危险因素的病例对照研究   总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19  
目的 探讨我国不同特征低出生体重儿发生的有关危险因素。方法 1998年7-10月,对我国11个省44个县市的999例低出生体重儿进行1:!病例对照研究。结果 我国低体重儿发生的危险因素主要为多胎、孕周不足、孕期异常、孕期营养差、母亲疾病史及母亲程度低等,其OR值分别为106.9、18.79、3.42、1.93、2.61和1.43。各危险因素在沿海、内地及边远地区的分布差异有显著性。农村低体重儿的原因主要为宫内发育迟缓(71.6%),城市低体得儿的原因还包括多胎和早产。早产及宫内发育不全的低出生体重儿之间的危险因素存在差异。结论 有针对性地开展防治工作是降低我国低体重儿出生率的有效措施。  相似文献   

3.
中国低出生体重儿抽样调查结果   总被引:72,自引:1,他引:71  
目的 调查全国活产儿出生体重情况和低出生体重儿发生率。方法 采用分层抽样方法 ,对中国 11个省的 16个市、2 8个县 ,1998年 7~ 10月出生的孕周≥ 2 8周的全部活产婴儿进行出生体重测查。结果 共测查活产儿 2 2 35 0人 (男 115 84人、女 10 76 6人 )。多胎率和早产率分别为 1 8%和 3 5 %。城市、农村和全国加权低出生体重儿发生率分别为 4 2 0 %、6 2 6 %和 5 87%。低出生体重儿中 6 1 2 %为足月儿 (≥ 37周 ) ,在农村则占 71 6 %。城市和农村活产儿平均出生体重分别为 330 1g和 32 2 5g,城市显著高于农村。男婴和女婴活产儿平均出生体重分别为 32 80g、3173g ,接近WHO推荐的出生体重均值。沿海、内地、边远地区活产儿平均出生体重呈逐渐下降趋势。低出生体重儿早期新生儿死亡率在城市为 5 0 0‰ ,农村为 179 4‰ ,全国为 15 1 5‰ ,显著高于正常出生体重婴儿。结论中国活产儿平均出生体重和低出生体重的发生率与发达国家水平接近 ,但地区间差异有显著性。低出生体重的主要原因是宫内发育迟缓 ,低出生体重儿的早期新生儿死亡率显著高于正常体重儿 ,应采取干预措施。  相似文献   

4.
对2002~2003年察布查尔县妇幼保健院出生的1252名各民族新生儿进行调查。察布查尔新生儿出生体重的中位数为3300g,其中男婴3400g,女婴3200g,平均数为3313g,标准差为504。男婴出生体重较高,低出生体重率为6.3%,高出生体重率为5.9%。锡伯族婴儿的出生体重高于维吾尔、哈萨克和回族,汉族婴儿的出生体重介于锡伯族和其他3个少数民族之间。维吾尔族和哈萨克族的低出生体重率较高(11.0%),回族次之(7.5%),锡伯族和汉族较低(分别为2.0%和3.0%)。城镇居民新生儿出生体重高于农村,农村低出生体重儿较多。在年龄分布上,20岁以下母亲的孩子出生体重最低,其次是20~25岁,25岁以上的母亲其婴儿出生体重较高,年轻母亲的孩子低出生体重率较高。  相似文献   

5.
云南4个贫困县5岁以下儿童营养不良现况   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
目的 了解云南4个贫困县农村地区5岁以下儿童体格发育和营养不良及影响因素。方法 按全国九市儿童体格发育调查方案,采用《世界卫生组织0~6岁儿童身高、体重参考值与评价标准》进行评价。结果 女童低体重率19.0%(403/2124),男童15.0%(316/21077),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=11.81,P〈0.01);女童消瘦率4.8%(102/2124),男童3.0%(64/21077),差异有统计学意义(χ^2=8.76,P〈0.01);傣族儿童消瘦率高于其他民族,差异有统计学意义(χ^2=13.41,P〈0.05,);低出生体重和月龄是低体重、发育迟缓和消瘦的重要因素,随着月龄增大低体重、发育迟缓和消瘦率有增高的趋势;民族是低体重率的影响因素之一,急性肠炎是消瘦率的影响因素之一。结论 增强孕期营养,增加新生儿的出生体重,重视婴幼儿的辅食添加,加强对女童和傣族儿童的营养指导,可促进婴生长发育,降低营养不良发生。  相似文献   

6.
目的研究5岁以下儿童营养状况,为制定相关干预措施提供依据。方法选择1个城市监测点和1个农村监测点,每个监测点抽取5岁以下儿童600名及其母亲。调查内容包括儿童健康与膳食调查、母亲健康调查及家庭调查3部分。结果我省婴儿出生体重为3312±475g,低出生体重率为3.7%,农村高于城市;5岁以下儿童生长发育迟缓患病率为4.1%,农村高于城市(5.2%〉3.1%);5岁以下儿童低体重患病率为2.3%,农村高于城市(2.5%〉2.1%);儿童呼吸系统两周患病率城市高于农村(38.4%〉34.8%),儿童腹泻两周患病率农村高于城市(12.0%〉8.9%);农村点婴儿纯母乳喂养率要高于城市点(63.4%〉55.8%);城乡2岁以下儿童辅食添加行为得到了明显改善;城乡儿童贫血患病率分别为11.2%和10.1%;城市点有14.6%的母亲体重过低,高于农村点11.5%;城乡母亲贫血患病率分别为14.6%和17.7%。结论农村儿童的营养健康状况低于城市儿童,这在一定程度上与其母亲的健康状况、受教育程度、看护时间和经济能力有关。  相似文献   

7.
马兆香 《中国妇幼保健》2013,28(24):3974-3975
目的:了解低出生体重儿发生的相关因素及母儿的影响,为妇婴保健部门制订相应的预防对策提供参考.方法:选择2002年1月~2012年12月期间493例低出生体重儿为低出生体重儿组,选择11 817例正常体重儿为对照组,统计每例低出生体重儿临床证实相关因素、孕周、来自区域及母体孕期保健次数,随访并记录所有新生儿及母体围产期及出生后6个月内并发症.结果:低出生体重儿各相关因素构成比依次为:多胎(101/493)、高龄(98/493)、早产(84/493)、营养不良(79/493)、脐带因素(51/493)、新生儿窒息(46/493)、初孕(34/493).农村低出生体重儿构成比显著高于城市(P<0.05).孕期保健≥7次低出生体重儿构成比显著低于孕期保健<7次者(P<0.05).孕周≥37周低出生体重儿构成比显著低于孕周<37周的低出生体重儿(P<0.05).低出生体重组新生儿并发症发生率为5.7%,显著高于对照组的0.8%(P<0.05).低出生体重组母体并发症发生率为29.2%,显著高于对照组的5.2%(P<0.05).结论:低出生体重儿主要相关因素为多胎、高龄、早产及营养不良等,这些因素会增加母体及新生儿并发症,应加强上述相关因素的预防保健工作.  相似文献   

8.
目的:了解玛纳斯县新生儿出生体重水平及分布情况,分析有关的影响因素,以便及时发现问题,准确指导孕期营养和保健。方法:对2001~2003年在玛纳斯县医院出生的2915名活产新生儿进行了调查。结果:玛纳斯县新生儿出生体重中位数为3300.00g,其中男婴3400.00g,女婴3300.00g;平均数为3322.17g,其中男婴3370.84g,女婴3269.18g。在41周之前,新生儿出生体重随着孕周的增加而增加。随着母亲文化程度的增加,新生儿出生体重呈上升趋势。母亲在35岁之前,新生儿出生体重有随着母亲的年龄增加而增加的趋势。35岁以上的母亲所生的新生儿出生体重有所下降。新生儿出生体重随父亲年龄变化的趋势与母亲的一致。父母为农民的新生儿出生体重较低。农村新生儿的出生体重低于城镇新生儿,高于外来居民。早产率7.65%。第二胎的新生儿出生体重较第一胎和第三胎以上的高。低出生体重率和高出生体重率均为4.80%。孕周在38周以上的新生儿出生体重基本保持在适宜范围,但高出生体重有上升趋势。父亲文化程度在小学及以下的家庭新生儿低出生体重较多。结论:农村的、外来人口的、父亲文化程度较低的新生儿低出生体重较多。因此,健康教育的重点人群应该放在父亲文化程度较低、居住在农村以及外来居民人群。新生儿的高出生体重水平有必要逐年观察。  相似文献   

9.
李燕  孙芝凤  张燕  刘锦桃 《现代预防医学》2007,34(19):3631-3632
[目的]了解云南省婴儿低出生体重发生水平及影响因素。[方法]统一表格调查分析了云南省省市县九家医疗保健机构1988~2006年间住院分娩出生的37282名婴儿出生体重及相关因素。[结果]婴儿低出生体重发生率平均为7.9%,女婴高于男婴,农村高于城市流动人口,城市流动人口高于城市人口,低出生体重发生率随年代的增加呈下降趋势,Logistic多元回归分析提示农村、女孩、孕周少、产次(3次及以上)、双胎、早产可增加婴儿低出生体重发生的危险。[结论]云南婴儿低出生体重发生率较高,其发生水平受多因素影响,要降低LBW发生率,重点干预人群仍然在农村。  相似文献   

10.
成都地区50岁以上人群体重指数的分布   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
刘力克  夏详碧  袁萍  韩明  安珍  陈云 《现代预防医学》2002,29(4):465-467,482
目的:了解成都地区50岁以上人群体重指数(BMI)的分布情况,为预防体重过低及肥胖提供依据。方法:采用现况调查对调查人群进行体重与身高的测量,计算BMI(体重指数)进行分析。结果:该地区体重过低、超体重及肥胖的现患率分别为12.93%、20.10%及4.06%。农村的体重过低的患病率为14.37%,高于城市的8.00%,二者差异有显著性(P<0.001)。城市的超重及肥胖的患病率高于农村(RR值分别为2.80及2.14)。体重过低、超重及肥胖的患病率女性高于男性,差异均有极显著性(P<0.001),城市及农村中两性间差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。农民的体重过低患病率最高(男14.61%、女20.35%),军人的超重及肥胖的患病率最高(38.71%、6.45%)。结论:成都地区50岁以上人群超重及肥胖的患病率低于国内其他地区。但不能忽视人群超重及肥胖的预防,在农村中还应加强预防体重过低,使体重维持在正常水平以降低相关疾病的发生。  相似文献   

11.
Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.  相似文献   

12.
This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.  相似文献   

13.
深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.  相似文献   

14.
Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO2. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO2 at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO2 gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2 also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2.  相似文献   

15.
Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.  相似文献   

16.
The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.  相似文献   

17.
The repeatability and validity of a questionnaire for upper limb and neck complaints were assessed in a population of 105 hospital outpatients with a range of upper limb and neck disorders (including cervical spondylosis, adhesive capsulitis, lateral epicondylitis, carpal tunnel syndrome and Raynaud's phenomenon). Subjects were asked to complete a modified Nordic-style upper limb and neck discomfort questionnaire on two occasions closely spaced in time. The repeatability of their responses was assessed by calculating a kappa coefficient (kappa), and the sensitivity and specificity of component items in the questionnaire were determined for specific diagnostic categories of upper limb and neck disorder. Symptom reports for pain in the upper limb and neck, pain interfering with physical activities, neurological symptoms and blanching were all found to be highly repeatable (kappa = 0.63-0.90). A number of regional pain reports proved to be very sensitive in relation to specific upper limb disorders, but, with the exception of reported finger blanching in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon, none proved to have a good specificity (range = 0.33-0.38). We conclude that a modified Nordic-style questionnaire is repeatable and sensitive, and is likely to have a high utility in screening and surveillance. However a complementary examination schedule of adequate specificity and repeatability is essential to establish a clinical diagnosis.  相似文献   

18.
19.
Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).  相似文献   

20.

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.  相似文献   

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