卡氮介脂质体后续给药法治疗肺癌脑转移瘤的临床研究

目的探讨卡氮介（BCNU）和卡氮介脂质体（BL）治疗肺癌脑转移的疗效及毒性反应，评价后续给药法在疗效、毒性反应的作用。方法将60例经病理检查证实用脑CT确诊的肺癌脑转移患者随机分为BL组（30例）和BCNU组（30例）。BL组：后续法应用BL治疗，BCNU组：采用常规给药治疗。结果BL组脑转移患者生存期优于BCNU组（P〈0．05），两组治疗方法对脑转移患者的有效率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），血液毒性反应发生率BL组低于BCNU组，生存质量BL组高于BCNU组（P〈0．05）。结论BL后续给药法在患者生存期、生存质量、毒性反应发生率均优于常规法BCNU的治疗。     

卡氮介脂质体后续给药法治疗肺癌脑转移瘤的临床研究

目的研究在肺癌脑转移瘤治疗中卡氮介脂质后续给药法的治疗效果。方法选择了2010年1月—2012年1月来该院治疗肺癌脑转移的60例患者作为研究对象,随机分为BL组和BUCN组,BUCN组患者进行常规给药治疗,BL组患者应用后续法BL治疗。结果 BL组患者的生存时间显著高于BCNU组患者,有明显的差异统计学意义。两组患者治疗效果比较,无显著差异性。BL组抑制骨髓毒性显著低于BCNU组,P<0.01。结论在毒性发生率、生存时间以及生活质量等指标方面,BL后续给药法显著优于常规的BCNU治疗方法,尤其是对于中晚期肺癌脑转移比较严重的患者,能有效提高和改善患者生活质量,进一步延长患者生存时间,治疗效果值得肯定。     

氨溴索雾化吸入联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗慢性喘息性支气管炎的临床应用

目的探讨氨溴索雾化吸入联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗慢性喘息性支气管炎的临床效果。方法对比常规治疗与加入氨溴索雾化吸入联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗的疗效。结果治疗组疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.05),有显著性差异。结论在基础治疗的同时联合氨溴索雾化吸入联合卡介菌多糖核酸注射液治疗喘息性气管疗效确切。     

卡培他滨与表柔比星分别联合多西紫杉醇治疗转移性乳腺癌的临床疗效分析

目的比较卡培他滨与表柔比星分别联合多西紫杉醇一线治疗转移性乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法将68例转移性乳腺癌患者根据治疗方案的不同分为A组及B组,A组行卡培他滨联合多西紫杉醇方案治疗,B组行表柔比星联合多西紫杉醇方案,比较两组近期疗效、半年疾病无进展率、肿瘤进展时间及毒副反应发生率。结果 A组治疗有效率、临床获益率、半年疾病无进展率均差异不显著(均P>0.05);A组中位无进展生存期显著优于B组(P<0.05),3、4级手足综合征发生率显著高于B组(P<0.05),3、4级中性粒细胞减少发生率显著低于B组(P<0.05)。结论卡培他滨联合多西紫杉醇方案治疗转移性乳腺癌较表柔比星联合多西紫杉醇方案疗效佳,延长了患者的无进展生存期,毒副反应可耐受。     

卡介菌多糖核酸联合抗结核药治疗耐多药肺结核的疗效观察

目的 分析卡介菌多糖核酸在治疗耐多药肺结核中的作用及效果,探索化疗联合免疫法在耐多药肺结核治疗中的应用.方法 103例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组.对照组给予单纯化疗,治疗组在对照组化疗的基础上加以卡介菌多糖核酸治疗,疗程为18个月.结果 治疗组3、9、18个月的痰菌阴转率分别为53.8％、73.1％、84.6％,均明显高于对照组(P＜0 01);试验末治疗组的病灶吸收率为80.8％、空洞闭合好转率为71.2％,均明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);治疗组与对照组的不良反应率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 卡介菌多糖核酸能明显提高痰菌阴转率、病灶吸收率、空洞闭合好转率;卡介菌多糖核酸是一种良好的免疫调节剂,可用于耐多药肺结核的免疫疗法.     

更昔洛韦联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗带状疱疹疗效观察

目的 探讨更昔洛韦联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗带状疱疹的临床疗效.方法 将86例带状疱疹患者按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组43例.对照组单纯应用更昔洛韦治疗;观察组在此基础上联合应用卡介菌多糖核酸治疗,观察并比较两组疗效、修复皮肤损害(止疱、结痂)时间和疼痛缓解时间、后遗神经痛发生率和不良反应情况.结果 两组患者均顺利完成治疗,没有因为无法耐受药物而退出者.观察组止疱、结痂和疼痛缓解时间均较对照组明显缩短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);后遗神经痛发生率明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗14 d后观察组有效率为90.7%(39/43),与对照组的74.4%(32/43)比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组均无严重不良反应发生.结论 更昔洛韦联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗带状疱疹疗效确切,安全可行.     

卡介菌多糖核酸治疗面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎疗效观察

目的观察卡介菌多糖核酸对面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎的临床疗效。方法将51例患者随机分为2组,治疗组25例,对照组26例,对照组:口服盐酸依匹斯汀片10mgqd,外用尿素乳膏;治疗组:在对照组的基础上注射卡介菌多糖核酸2mL,隔日1次,共8周,于治疗后8周评价疗效。结果治疗组总有效率88%,明显高于对照组的61.53%(P<0.05)。结论卡介菌多糖核酸治疗面部糖皮质激素依赖性皮炎有较好的疗效。     

含铂类联合化疗方案治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床研究

目的观察含铂类联合化疗方案治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)患者的临床疗效及不良反应。方法对住院治疗的38例老年晚期非小细胞肺癌患者采用卡铂(CBP)加健择(GEM)和卡铂加去甲长春花碱(NVB)组成二药联合化疗方案(GP,NP)进行化疗,二组病例年龄、性别、病理、病期及Wamofaky评分等具有可比性,按WHO疗效及毒副反应评价标准,完成2个周期以上治疗的患者进行临床疗效及不良反应评估。结果可评价患者为38例,NP组有效率38.9%,中位生存期8.0月,1年生存率33.3%;GP组有效率40%,中位生存期8.2月,1年生存率35%。二组间疗效无显著性差异(P>0.05)。主要毒副反应为骨髓抑制和消化道反应,均能耐受。结论CBP与GEM、NVB分别组成二药联合方案治疗老年晚期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床疗效较好,不良反应较轻,患者的耐受性好。     

咪唑斯汀联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗慢性荨麻疹

目的观察咪唑斯汀联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗慢性荨麻疹的临床疗效和安全性。方法69例患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组(n=36)采用咪唑斯汀联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗,对照组(n=33)仅用咪唑斯汀治疗。结果治疗组和对照组的有效率分别为88.9%、66.7%,治疗组显著高于对照组(p<0.05),且无明显的不良反应。结论咪唑斯汀联合卡介菌多糖核酸治疗慢性荨麻疹疗效确切,安全性好,值得临床推广。     

厄洛替尼联合全脑放疗治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转移的临床效果

目的观察厄洛替尼联合全脑放疗(WBRT)治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转移临床意义。方法随机将收治的46例非小细胞肺癌脑转移患者分为两组。对照组给予WBRT治疗,观察组在对照组的基础上给予厄洛替尼治疗。比较两组疗效。结果观察组总有效率、中位生存时间及1年生存率等均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论厄洛替尼联合WBRT治疗非小细胞肺癌脑转移疗效理想,可明显提高病人的生存时间。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.