北京市石景山区人感染H7N9禽流感防控能力和信息需求研究

目的了解北京市石景山区居民对人感染H7N9禽流感疫情的相关知识、态度以及相关信息的需求,为石景山区人感染H7N9禽流感疫情的防控工作提供参考。方法采用问卷调查的方法,抽样采用分层整群随机的方法,选择中小学生家长、中学生和老年人作为调查对象,在石景山区健康教育所工作人员指导下填写问卷,数据采用Epi Data 3.0建立数据库,SPSS 17.0进行数据分析。结果问卷调查1529人。在禽流感相关知识的问题中,知晓率前3位的题目是＂发热是禽流感发病早期最主要症状之一＂、＂我国目前出现了禽流感疫情＂和＂减少与禽类接触,避免接触病死禽畜是防控禽流感的主要措施之一＂;大多数人采用少食用禽类食品、多洗手和关注疫情来应对禽流感;民众对政府采取的各项举措比较满意;对于禽流感疫情的紧张情绪适当;最希望获取最新疫情动态、个人预防措施和政府防控举措方面的信息。结论石景山区居民对禽流感疫情知晓率较高,能够自觉采用适当有效的方法防控禽流感,但缺乏全面的知识,应继续加强宣传教育。     

人感染H7N9禽流感政府防控措施微博民意调查

目的了解公众对政府防控人感染H7N9禽流感工作的满意度。方法采用系统抽样方法,分别向全国12320管理中心新浪微博和腾讯微博用户发送调查问卷500份和3 500份,最终回收有效问卷1 166份。结果67.2%的人对过去1个月政府防控人感染H7N9禽流感的措施表示满意,79.8%认为政府公布疫情发展情况及时,93.4%对12320官方微博发布防控知识表示满意,81.1%认为政府有能力完全控制疫情发展;44.5%在疫情发生后改变了卫生和健康习惯;调查对象年龄越大,对政府防控人感染H7N9禽流感措施越满意,认为政府公布信息及时的比例越高;是否在疫情发生地、是否担心感染和是否认为政府有能力控制疫情是行为改变的影响因素,担心感染者高于不太担心和不担心者,疫情发生地者高于非疫情发生地者,对政府控制疫情发展有信心者高于没有信心者。结论政府在疫情发生后对人感染H7N9禽流感防控知识的发布和宣传是有效的,大多数调查对象对12320官方微博发布的防控知识表示满意。     

突发事件信息传播策略在应对人感染H7N9禽流感中的运用

我国今年初发生的人感染H7N9禽流感疫情,是典型的突发公共卫生事件,疫情防控相关信息的传播对于疫情处置工作和社会稳定起到至关重要的作用。本文对信息传播在人感染H7N9禽流感防控中的重要性和必要性进行了阐述,对通常突发公共卫生事件中应该采取的信息传播策略进行了分析,最后对山东省疾控中心如何运用突发公共卫生事件信息传播策略成功应对人感染H7N9禽流感信息传播工作进行了讨论。     

2015-2016年湖北省人感染H7N9禽流感病例流行病学特征与防控实践

目的 分析湖北省人感染H7N9禽流感病例流行病学特征与疫情防控工作实践,为后续疫情防控工作提供指导与借鉴.方法 通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统监测、现场流调、实验室检测等方法,通过对2015年、2016年湖北省报告的2例人感染H7 N9禽流感病例流行病学、临床资料进行整理分析,研判湖北省人感染H7N9禽流感疫情发病危险因素,总结前期防控工作实践经验.结果 2015年湖北省首例病例为外省输入带毒活禽感染致病,2016年首例病例为外省输入性病例.2013-2015年湖北省农业部门、林业部门相关监测点未监测到H7N9禽流感病毒阳性活禽、野鸟,卫生部门、农业部门监测点外环境监测也为阴性.结论 2015-2016年湖北省人感染H7N9禽流感主要危险因素是带毒动物及病例输入.人感染H7N9禽流感联防联控机构应早部署,并加强对医务人员,特别是市级以下基层医务人员培训,以有利于疫情早发现、早处置.     

美国疾控中心人感染H7N9禽流感疫情应急响应及对我国的启示

自2013年3月我国出现首例人感染H7N9禽流感病例以来,我国采取了积极应对措施。美国虽然尚未出现人感染H7N9禽流感病例,但美国疾控中心及美国有关卫生机构也采取了一系列应对措施。本文通过对美国疾控中心在人感染H7N9禽流感疫情应对过程中所采取的主要措施进行分析,以对我国的人感染H7N9禽流感疫情应对及其它相关突发公共卫生事件应急工作提供参考。     

北京市顺义区普通人群人感染H7N9禽流感认知和行为调查

目的探讨北京市顺义区普通人群H7N9禽流感认知和行为状况。方法采用多阶段分层随机抽样的方法在顺义区普通人群中抽取调查样本,发放调查问卷共420份,以居住地的不同分为城区和乡镇2组,对问卷结果进行统计分析。结果共调查420人,其中男性201人(47.9%)。顺义区普通人群对H7N9禽流感主要临床症状,传播途径,易感人群和预防措施认知率分别为82.38%、74.52%、89.29%和59.76%。79.29%的调查对象知晓顺义区已经出现人感染H7N9禽流感疫情。70.47%的调查对象对于目前发生的人感染H7N9禽流感疫情感觉紧张。H7N9禽流感疫情发生后,有67.86%的人增加了洗手次数,82.38%选择少吃或不吃禽类产品。能对人感染H7N9禽流感疫情作出正确认知与调查对象的年龄、居住地等因素有关。人感染H7N9禽流感知识获得途径主要是大众传播媒介,普通人群最关注的信息是疫情动态(74.29%),对政府疫情信息发布方面最满意(68.57%),城区组对政府评价好于乡镇组。结论顺义区普通人群已经掌握了部分人感染H7N9禽流感相关知识,但H7N9禽流感防控措施方面仍有待进一步提高。今后应加相关知识的宣传教育,增强民众的应对能力。     

广东省人感染H7N9禽流感流行特征与防控对策

目的分析广东省人感染H7N9禽流感的流行特征、当前防控对策的执行效果,为防控对策调整完善提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法,收集广东省人感染H7N9禽流感确诊病例和防控措施相关资料,分析病例流行病学特征和疫情防控措施效果。结果广东省共确诊人感染H7N9禽流感病例179例,死亡49例;病例散发于省内16个地级市;冬春两季多发;中老年人高发;以农民和离退休人员为主,大多有基础性疾病史;大部分病例在发病前有明确的禽类暴露史;死亡率与年龄成正比。关闭活禽市场暂停活禽交易对控制疫情有效。结论人感染H7N9禽流感流行特征未完全明了,实行"休市对策"对控制疫情有效,但不能彻底切断传染源,须进一步探索"冰鲜对策"。     

两起人禽流感防控策略之思考

目的探讨禽流感疫情发生后,科学防控人感染禽流感的方法和策略。方法采取描述性的流行病学方法对沙坡头区某镇两次发生禽流感疫情后人感染禽流感防控措施进行分析。结果 2006年第一次禽流感疫情处置时,因卫生行政部门无经验,没有统一整合资源,参与处置疫情投入人员达218人、动用单位达10个,投入物资也较多,均明显多于2012年的65人、5个单位。结论卫生行政部门统一指挥,整合资源,统一调配,加强人员防护及开展宣传教育是科学、高效防控人感染高致病性禽流感的关键。     

未雨绸缪应对突发

今年入冬以来,东南亚地区及我国部分省份相继出现禽流感疫情,同时出现人感染禽流感的个案报道,防控形势十分严峻,我国政府和国家卫生部高度重视禽流感疫情动态.     

海港口岸流感防控工作中船舶检疫关键控制点的探讨

目的分析把握船舶检验检疫关键控制点,以提高海港口岸防控流感的能力。方法总结分析深圳大铲湾等海港口岸2009年甲型H1N1流感、2013年人感染H7N9禽流感疫情防控工作经验。结果探讨流感疫情防控工作中船舶检验检疫的关键控制点,能够显著提高海港口岸检验检疫工作人员应对突发疫情、开展流感防控工作的能力。结论海港口岸流感防控工作中船舶检验检疫关键控制点的把握对于指导海港口岸流感的防控工作具有重要指导价值。     

Limits to evidence-based health policymaking: policy hurdles to structural HIV prevention in Tanzania

Despite the well-documented role of highly co-endemic biological cofactors in facilitating HIV transmission and the availability of comparatively inexpensive tools to control them, cofactor-related interventions are only hesitantly included into African HIV prevention strategies. Against this background, this study analyzes political obstacles to policy-uptake of evidence concerning structural HIV prevention. The data used stem from fieldwork conducted in Tanzania between 2007 and 2009. They include 92 in-depth interviews with key AIDS policymakers and observations of 8 national-level policy meetings. Adopting a political economy perspective, the study shows that 1) assuming cost-aversion as a spontaneous reflex of policymakers is empirically wrong and analytically misleading, 2) that political constituencies induce a path dependence of allocative decisions inconducive to structural prevention, 3) that interventions' political attractiveness depends on the nature of their outputs and the expected temporality of political returns, 4) that policy fragmentation entailed by vertical disease control disfavours the consideration of broader causalities, and 5) that cofactor-based measures are hampered by policymakers' perception of structural prevention as being excessively complex and ultimately tantamount to poverty eradication. Confronting the policy players' reading of the Tanzanian situation with recent and classical literature on evidence-based decision-making and the politics of public health, this paper shows that, far from being strictly evidence-driven, HIV prevention policies result from a politically negotiated aggregation of competing, frequently non-optimizing rationalities. A realistic appraisal of policy processes suggests that the failure to consider the invariably political nature of HIV-related policymaking hampers the formulation of effective, politically informed strategies for positive change. Consequently, developing policy practitioners' understanding of how to effectively engage in evidence-influenced political struggles over priorities might be more instrumental in improving HIV prevention strategies than attempts to sidestep these ineradicably antagonistic controversies though technical decision tools meant to optimize health outcomes via the formulation of 'rational consensus'.     

基于政策源流理论的广西地中海贫血防治计划政策过程分析

地中海贫血是我国南方一些省份高发的遗传性疾病,严重影响了我国出生人口素质。本文依据John Kingdon的"政策源流"模型,对广西地中海贫血防治计划的形成过程进行分析,探讨该防治计划形成过程中的问题流、政策流和政治流,阐述三流汇聚及"政策之窗"开启的过程。广西地中海贫血防治计划的制定源于对妇幼健康问题的深刻了解,并由政策制定者调研构建方案体系。在国家深化医药卫生体制改革的政治环境下,广西的地中海贫血作为地方性的重大公共卫生问题得到了政策决策者的关注,在一定的政治时机下,三方源流形成合力推动了政策的出台。广西地中海贫血防治计划的出台遵循"政策源流"理论的基本原理和过程,为我国新医改背景下的公共卫生政策分析提供了理论和实践依据。     

Prevention of alcohol problems in Dutch youth: missed opportunities and new developments

Binge drinking among young people is a problem in the Netherlands. This article outlines the current Dutch approach to alcohol prevention in this target group. It is argued that well-enforced evidence-based control measures are lacking despite renewed political interest in them. Politicians often favor alcohol education, but to increase the effectiveness of alcohol prevention, a combined approach of policy measures, enforcement, and education is needed. Translation of education and policy-based measures is discussed.     

Improving health with tobacco dollars from the MSA: the Arkansas experience

Analyses of expenditures from the historic tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) demonstrate the difficulties in achieving support for long-term disease prevention and health promotion initiatives. We report as a policy case study the successful development, political execution, and program deployment of new state health programs funded by Arkansas' MSA funds. Arkansas' success demonstrates the need for political leadership, the development and insertion of empirical health information into the policy deliberations, in-depth knowledge of the political process, and a broad-based coalition committed to improving health.     

Political will: a bridge between public health knowledge and action

We propose a new model of the public health policy cycle: the Bridges From Knowledge to Action model. Many prevention initiatives require policy change to achieve broad implementation. Political will, society's commitment to support or alter prevention initiatives, is essential for securing the resources for policy change. We focus on the role of political will in developing and implementing public health policy that integrates scientific evidence and community participation.     

Administration, politics and science in alcohol prevention in Swiss cantons

Summary Public administration, politics, and science in the alcohol prevention of the Swiss member statesObjetives:The article assesses the effects that different constellations of science, administration, and the political sphere have on the policy design and the output performance in the field of alcohol prevention policy.Method:Comparative bivariate analysis of results from a written survey of the Swiss cantons.Results:A broad and adequate policy design is found in cantons with an alcohol prevention policy dominated by administrative actors. Output performance shows to be comparatively higher in cantons with a high influence either of scientific actors or of political actors.Conclusion:In an overall comparison focusing on the two dependent variables of this study, a combined model of administrative dominance with strong affiliation to the scientific community prevails against the other models considered.

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Verwaltung, Politik und Wissenschaft in der kantonalen Alkoholprävention

     

Political economy of tobacco control in low-income and middle-income countries: lessons from Thailand and Zimbabwe. Global Analysis Project Team

Crucial to the success of the proposed Framework Convention on Tobacco Control will be an understanding of the political and economic context for tobacco control policies, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. Policy studies in Thailand and Zimbabwe employed the analytical perspective of political economy and a research strategy that used political mapping, a technique for characterizing and evaluating the political environment surrounding a policy issue, and stakeholder analysis, which seeks to identify key actors and to determine their capacity to shape policy outcomes. These policy studies clearly revealed how tobacco control in low-income and middle-income countries is also being shaped by developments in the global and regional political economy. Hence efforts to strengthen national control policies need to be set within the context of globalization and the international context. Besides the transnational tobacco companies, international tobacco groups and foreign governments, international agencies and nongovernmental organizations are also playing influential roles. It cannot be assumed, therefore, that the tobacco control strategies being implemented in industrialized countries will be just as effective and appropriate when implemented in developing countries. There is an urgent need to expand the number of such tobacco policy studies, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries. Comprehensive guidelines for tobacco policy analysis and research are required to support this process, as is a broader international strategy to coordinate further tobacco policy research studies at country, regional and global levels.     

我国疾病预防控制体系建设政策效力与政策效果评估

目的 评估我国疾病预防控制体系建设相关政策文件效力和实施效果,为我国疾病预防控制体系政策制定建言献策。方法 通过国家卫生健康委员会官网、“北大法宝”检索系统以“疾病预防控制”、“疾控体系”、“疾控”为主要检索词检索2003—2022年中央、国家及各部委发布的政策文件,经筛选后最终纳入52项疾病预防控制相关政策。将政策效力划分为政策力度、政策措施、政策目标3个维度,用疾病预防控制支出表示政策效果,通过构建多元线性回归模型对环境型、供给型、需求型三种不同政策工具疾病预防控制体系建设政策实施效果进行回归分析。结果 2003—2022年,我国疾控体系建设相关政策数量与总体效力值呈现平稳波动,且具有明显的正相关关系,政策平均效力值呈M型稳定变化趋势,整体水平偏低; 政策措施得分最高,政策目标次之,政策力度得分最低。相较于其他两种政策工具,环境型政策工具使用频率最高,需求型政策工具使用频率最低; 环境型(Coef.=0.732,P=0.015)、供给型(Coef.=0.64,P=0.010)、需求型(Coef.=0.523,P=0.035)三种政策工具对政策实施效果均具有促进作用,滞后期保持在1～2年; 上一年度的疾控支出对下一年度的政策效果具有促进作用(Coef.=0.74,P=0.032)。结论 我国疾病预防控制政策效力不断提高主要源于政策颁布数量的累计效应; 不同政策工具使用过程中存在不平衡、不充分问题; 三类政策工具均对我国疾病预防控制体系政策实施效果起到一定影响,且环境型政策工具最优; 疾病预防控制相关支出会强化政策实施效果,推动疾控体系建设快速发展。     

社会主义初级阶段我国农村医疗保障的社会经济政策分析

社会主义初级阶段的中国农村医疗保障制度 ,在内容上既包括具有准社会保险性质的合作医疗制度 ,又包括政策保证性极强的公共卫生、预防、保健制度等。在发展过程上 ,既受农村政治经济体制及其变革的制约 ,又受国家政策调控的影响。应用邓小平社会主义初级阶段理论 ,分析和评价农村医疗保障制度的变迁过程和发展特征 ,目的在于为建立符合市场化农业经济体制发展的农村医疗保障制度提供政策的依托和实践的参照。