江苏省饮用水重金属污染物健康风险评价

目的评价饮用水重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法对江苏省饮用水中铬(Cr6+)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)、锌(Zn)6种重金属进行检测,按照美国国家环境保护署(US EPA)推荐的方法,建立水环境污染健康风险评价模型,对重金属通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出评价。结果饮用水中Cr6+、As、Cd、Pb、Hg、Zn的含量(中位数)分别为2.0、0.5、0.03、0.36、0.35、5.0μg/L。饮用水中致癌金属Cr6+、As、Cd对人体健康危害的个人年风险分别为4.23×10-5/a、5.66×10-6/a、37.65×10-8/a;非致癌金属Pb、Hg、Zn所引起的健康危害的个人年风险水平是34.59×10-11/a、16.35×10-10/a和62.73×10-7/a。按健康风险大小排列为Cr6+>Zn>As>Cd>Hg>Pb。6种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险达5.47×10-5/a。结论江苏省饮用水重金属污染物对人体健康潜在危害的个人年总风险大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)最大可接受风险水平(5×10-5),小于US EPA最大可接受风险水平(1×10-4)。     

新疆部队饮用水中污染物的健康风险评价

目的 对驻疆部队饮用水中主要污染物对人体的健康风险进行评价,为确保驻疆部队饮水安全提供依据.方法 在对新疆部队饮用水主要污染物进行检测的基础上,建立水环境污染健康风险评价模型,利用健康风险评价方法对污染物通过饮用水途径所致健康风险作出初步评价.结果 2010年新疆部队饮用水中Cd、Cr6+、As化学致癌物的平均质量浓度分别为3× 10-5、3×10-4、1.6× 10-3mg/L;F、Pb、Hg等非致癌化学物的平均质量浓度分别为1×10-3、5.8×10-5、0.435 mg/L,均符合我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》.与2007年相比,2010年化学致癌物所致健康风险呈下降趋势,非致癌化学物所致健康风险则呈上升趋势,但均未超过国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5/a.结论 新疆部队饮用水中各类污染物对人体健康危害的个人年均风险水平均低于ICRP推荐的限值,主要风险因子为化学致癌物As,非致癌化学物的影响小.     

怀化市市售大米Pb、Cd、As和Hg污染状况及健康风险分析

目的了解湖南省怀化市市售大米中Pb、Cd、As和Hg的污染状况,评价其对人体健康产生危害的潜在风险。方法利用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法和美国环境保护局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法对该市市售部分大米中Pb、Cd、As和Hg的污染状况与其导致的健康风险进行评价。结果大米中Pb、Cd、As和Hg的含量超标率分别为8.60%、8.14%、7.69%和6.79%;综合污染指数值均大于1小于2;4种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险值分别为1.70×10-7/a、4.88×10-5/a、1.23×10-4/a、9.31×10-9/a,总和为1.72×10-4/a;结论该市市售部分大米均有重金属超标;综合污染指数评价结果说明该市大米属轻度污染;健康风险指数表明,该市售大米中Pb、Cd和Hg对人体健康危害的个人年风险处于安全水平,As对人体健康危害的个人年风险水平较高。该市居民通过饮食摄入大米的重金属已具有潜在的健康威胁。     

深圳市饮用水源水中重金属污染物健康风险评价

目的 初步评价深圳市生活饮用水源水中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在危害.方法 于2007年1月-2009年12月,于每个季度对深圳市9个市政水厂水源水水样中砷(As)、铬(六价)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、汞(Hg)和硒(Se)6种重金属进行检测.按照美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)推荐的方案建立水环境污染健康风险评...     

2021年句容市饮用水中重金属健康风险评价

目的 评价句容市生活饮用水中重金属对人体健康产生的潜在危害。方法 于2021年丰水期和枯水期对句容市饮用水中的重金属进行检测,并对饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出初步评价。结果 句容市饮用水中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、六价铬(Cr⁶⁺)、铅(Pb)和汞(Hg)合格率均为100.0%。As、Cd、Cr⁶⁺和Pb的致癌风险分别为2.8×10^-5/a、3.6×10^-5/a、5.0×10^-5/a、5.1×10^-7/a,累积致癌风险为1.1×10^-4/a。不同人群致癌风险顺序为儿童>成人男性>成人女性;As、Cd、Cr⁶⁺、Pb、Hg的非致癌风险值分别为6.3×10^-2/a、1.2×10^-3/a、2.0×10^-2/a、4.3×10^-2/a,8.2×10^-3/a,危害指数为1.3×10^-1...     

六安市城区饮用水中氯仿和四氯化碳健康风险初评

目的运用健康风险评价方法定量描述六安市城区饮用水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳含量,评价其对人体健康产生潜在风险。方法 2014年,根据六安市城区(金安区、裕安区、开发区)人口的聚集程度设置水质监测点,并对监测点的水样进行采集和检测。结果六安市城区饮用水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳的浓度(中位数)分别为0.035 mg/L和0.0002 mg/L,致癌个人风险为59.3×10~(-6)和1.10×10~(-6),非致癌健康风险值个人健康风险为0.1912和0.0122。结论六安市城区饮用水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳对人体健康产生的潜在致癌个人风险和非致癌健康风险均在美国环境保护署(US EPA)可以接受的限值之内。     

北京市怀柔区农村高氟地区饮用水中化学污染的健康风险评价

目的初步评价北京市怀柔高氟地区饮用水源水中化学致癌污染物和非化学致癌污染物对人体健康的影响,筛选出重点污染物。方法选取北京市怀柔区2015年高氟地区饮用水源水,于枯、丰水期各采集1次水样,应用环境健康风险评价模型对通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险进行评价。结果化学致癌污染物通过饮水途径的健康总风险介于1.35×10~(-5)/a~2.45×10~(-5)/a之间,均值为1.93×10~(-5)/a。铬、镉、砷通过饮水途径所致健康危害的个人年风险分别为1.13×10~(-5)/a、4.62×10~(-6)/a和3.38×10~(-6)/a,均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值(5.0×10~(-5)/a);非化学致癌污染物通过饮水途径所致个人健康年风险依次为氟化物铜硝酸盐汞铁锌锰氨氮氰化物挥发酚,其中氟化物占非化学致癌污染物引起的健康总风险的57.8%;各类毒物个人健康年总风险均以化学致癌污染物为主,超过个人健康年总风险的99.8%。结论北京市怀柔区高氟地区饮用水水质健康风险以铬、镉、砷、氟化物污染物为主,应适时优先开展检测。     

铁岭市农村饮用水重金属及其健康风险初步评价

为了解铁岭市农村集中式供水基本情况、饮用水重金属水平,并评价其潜在健康风险,于2015年对辽宁某市农村地区108个集中式供水水厂调查基本信息;采集水样,检测6种重金属水平,并运用美国环保局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型对通过饮水途径引起的健康风险进行初评。结果显示,调查的108个农村集中式供水,水源类型中92.6%为深井,供水方式中87.0%为未处理。饮用水中As、Cd、六价铬、Pb、Fe、Mn水平(中位数)分别为5.0×10~(-4)mg/L、2.5×10~(-4)mg/L、2.0×10~(-3)mg/L、1.25×10~(-3)mg/L、2.5×10~(-2)mg/L、5.0×10~(-3)mg/L。除Mn的合格率略低(96.7%)外,水样中As、Cd、六价铬、Pb、Fe的水平均合格。化学致癌物As、Cd、六价铬经饮水途径平均个人年健康风险值分别为2.4×10~(-6)/年、4.9×10~(-7)/年、2.6×10~(-5)/年,健康风险值总和为2.889×10~(-5)/年。非致癌物质Pb、Fe、Mn经饮水途径平均个人年健康风险值分别为2.9×10~(-10)/年、2.7×10~(-11)/年、1.2×10~(-11)/年,健康风险值总和为3.29×10~(-10)/年。该市农村集中式供水需进一步完善水质处理工艺。饮用水中重金属经饮水途径所致的个人健康风险处于可接受水平。     

某市饮用水中10种污染物的健康风险评价

目的评价某市饮用水中砷等10种污染物经饮水途径对人体的健康风险,为饮用水健康风险管理提供理论依据。方法 2017年根据某市市政水厂的供水范围,选择128个监测点开展监测,分别于丰水期和枯水期各采集128份水样,按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006)进行浓度检测。运用环境健康风险评估四步法定量分析我国某市饮用水中As、Se两种类重金属、Cd、Cr(Ⅵ)、Pb、Hg、Cu、Zn等6种重金属及CHCl_3、CCl_4两种有机物的非致癌风险值和致癌风险值。结果某市饮用水中上述十种污染物浓度均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)的要求,达标率100%。居民经口摄入自来水非致癌总风险值为0.122,处于可接受范围内;致癌总风险值为2.59×10~(-5),有致癌风险。其中砷的暴露对非致癌风险和致癌风险贡献率均最大,三氯甲烷的致癌风险也高于10~(-6)的可接受风险。末梢水和二次供水中铜的风险值要高于出厂水,锌风险值要低于出厂水;丰水期总致癌风险要高于枯水期;深度处理的水样其非致癌总风险更小。结论某市饮用水中经饮水途径暴露As等10种污染物产生的致癌风险超过可接受风险水平;其中砷的健康风险最高。     

某水源井四氯化碳污染调查分析及健康风险初评

目的针对某水源井四氯化碳超标情况,对污染源进行分析调查并对其进行健康风险初评。方法分别对水源井的水源水、末梢水水样进行四氯化碳含量检测,对污染源进行初步的分析调查,并对通过饮水途径所引起的健康风险做出初步评价。结果检测结果:1号水源井的水源水和末梢水中四氯化碳的浓度(中位数)分别是0.003 4 mg/L、0.003 9 mg/L,2号备用水源井的水源水和末梢水中四氯化碳的浓度(中位数)分别是0.001 1 mg/L、0.001 2 mg/L。1号水源井中四氯化碳超过GBW 5750中的限值0.000 2 mg/L,1号井水源水和末梢水的致癌个人年风险分别为1.3×10~(-5)和1.5×10~(-5)。结论 1号水源井的水源水和末梢水四氯化碳均存在致癌个人风险。2号备用井的水源水和末梢水的四氯化碳致癌个人年风险分别为4.2×10~(-6)和4.6×10~(-6),2号备用井的水源水和末梢水中的四氯化碳对人体的健康产生的潜在致癌个人年风险在美国环境保护署(USEPA)可以接受的限值之内。     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.     

The Life Events Inventory: re-scaling based on an occupational sample.

The objective of this study was to compare the validity of the original weightings used by the Life Events Inventory (LEI) with those obtained from a contemporary occupational sample. Fifty male and 62 female manufacturing employees (age range 16-55 years) assigned scores to each item on a slightly modified version of the LEI scale. The current sample consistently assigned higher weights to events/items than did the original sample, but there was high agreement in terms of item ranking. Some distinct age and gender differences in scoring were apparent, and are discussed further. It was concluded that when separate weightings are employed for age and gender groups, the LEI remains a useful tool for quantifying background levels of stress in both workplace stress audits and epidemiological studies where statistical control for non-occupational sources of stress is required.     

Maxillofacial injuries related to work accidents: a new concept of a hospital-based full electronic occupational trauma surveillance system

The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of occupational maxillofacial injuries using a newly installed relational database. Twenty-six injuries were identified out of 28,624 patients admitted to the emergency unit during a 12 month period. Falls from height or being struck by moving objects were common causes of these injuries. Two-thirds of those identified were construction workers. This paper demonstrates the power of modern databases to identify specific occurrences that may provide the basis for prevention in the future.     

Rôles physiologiques des endocannabinoïdes dans le contrôle de l’homéostasie énergétique

Endocannabinoids are endogenous lipids which modulate the release of neurotransmitters and activate different signaling pathways, through the binding to cannabinoïd receptors, CB1 and CB2. Endocannabinoids are involved in the control of a variety of behavioural and neuroendocrine functions, including feeding behaviour. In the central nervous system, they essentially modulate the expression of orexigen or anorexigen neuropeptides thus resulting in the stimulation of food intake. Their peripheral targets are mainly the liver and the white adipose tissue where they stimulate lipogenesis, through the modulation of several enzymes and proteins expressions. Cannabinoïd receptor agonists are nowadays prescribed to improve appetite of people suffering from cancer or AIDS. In the same way, CB1 antagonist, such as Rimonabant, could provide efficient treatment of obesity.     

Stress in police officers: a study of the origins,prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress-related illness are causing concern across industry. Against a background of impending legislative moves to try to improve this situation, there is a need to identify key work-related stressors. Police work tends to be regarded as inherently stressful because of the personal risk of exposure to confrontation and violence and the day-to-day involvement in a variety of traumatic incidents. As a result, high levels of stress-related symptoms might be expected in this population. OBJECTIVE: To examine the sources of stress-related symptoms within police officers and measure the prevalence of significant associated mental ill-health. METHOD: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of a population of 1206 police officers was performed to assess levels of strain associated with a series of potential home and work related stressors. Participants were then split into low and high scoring groups on the basis of a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) threshold score in order to identify those stressors most associated with mental ill-health effects. RESULTS: Occupational stressors ranking most highly within the population were not specific to policing, but to organizational issues such as the demands of work impinging upon home life, lack of consultation and communication, lack of control over workload, inadequate support and excess workload in general. The high scoring group constituted 41% of the population and differed significantly from those with low scores in perception of all stressors, ranking both personal and occupational stressors more highly, and from personality constraints appeared significantly more 'stress-prone'. A significant association between gender and mental ill-health was found, with females more likely to score more highly on the GHQ than males. CONCLUSION: This study confirms previous findings of organizational culture and workload as the key issues in officer stress. Given that the degree of symptomatology appears to be worsening, management action is required. Further research is indicated within the police population into a possible increased susceptibility in female officers.