成都市武侯区社区居民卫生服务需求及双向转诊现状

目的：了解成都市武侯区居民的卫生服务需求及双向转诊的运行现状，为建立合理的双向转诊制度以及促进双向转诊的开展提供科学依据。方法：采用分层随机抽样的方法抽取成都市武侯区450名社区居民作为调查对象，采用统一设计的问卷进行现况调查。结果：调查显示：76．3％社区居民患病后首先都会选择去大中型医院就诊，主要原因是他们信任大中型医院的医疗技术水平；78．7％调查对象不了解社区卫生服务的内容；仅39．6％的居民听说过双向转诊，而实施情况也不容乐观。结论：为保证双向转诊合理运行建议加强大中型医院和社区卫生服务中心的功能定位；基本医疗保险应向社区卫生服务倾斜；全面提高社区卫生服务中心的服务质量；加大对双向转诊的宣传教育，提高双向转诊知晓度。     

成都市武侯区医院与社区卫生服务中心双向转诊现况分析

[目的]了解成都市武侯区双向转诊开展现况及其双向转诊的管理和运行情况,为促进双向转诊的合理运行提供科学依据。[方法]采用统一设计的问卷调查了武侯区11家社区卫生服务中心和定点转诊医院。[结果]武侯区已开展双向转诊服务,但与真正意义上的双向转诊还有很大距离。[建议]建立规范的双向转诊管理制度,由卫生行政部门负责双向转诊的管理与协调;建立有效的医院补偿机制,合理调整医院和社区卫生机构之间的经济利益;明确转诊的程序、标准,统一转诊相关文献记录;扩大转诊定点医院的面,有条件的区级医院及更高级别医院都可作为转诊医院。     

四川省大中型医院双向转诊现状分析

为了解大中型医院开展双向转诊服务的现状，采用分层随机抽样方法调查了四川省122家“二乙”及以上等级大中型医院及其405名领导。结果提示：多数大中型医院已开展了双向转诊服务，开展率达到93％，但实施情况不客乐观，存在诸多问题。建议有关卫生行政部门尽快制定双向转诊制度，加强对双向转诊的管理与监督；重视医院领导的观念转变， 加强有关政策培训；建立医院补偿机制，合理调整转诊医院之间的经济利益。     

患者对双向转诊的认知与满意度分析

目的：了解深圳市宝安区观澜人民医院及属下社区健康服务中心接受服务的人群对现行双向转诊的认知程度和满意度,为进一步促进双向转诊工作的可持续开展提供科学依据。方法：采用随机抽样方法抽取在观澜人民医院及属下社区健康服务中心接受服务的人群作为调查对象,采用统一设计的问卷进行现况调查。结果：46．9％的调查对象选择到社康中心看病的主要原因是医保定点机构。在医院接受服务的人群中“没有听说过”社康中心的比例为26．2％,不知道社康中心地理位置的比例为37．0％。调查对象对双向转诊不满意的原因主要为转诊流程手续复杂（34．3％）,不愿意转回社康中心的主要原因是认为“没有必要／治好就走”（52．4％）、对社康中心不了解（21．0％）。结论;拓宽纳入社康中心首诊制的医保范围、在医院向前来接受服务的人群充分宣传社康中心以及简化双向转诊流程将更进一步促进双向转诊工作的可持续性实施。     

医务人员对双向转诊知信行情况的调查研究

目的：探讨深圳市观澜人民医院及属下社康中心医务人员对现行双向转诊的知一信-行情况,分析双向转诊制度实施初期的效果以及影响因素,进一步促进双向转诊工作的可持续性发展。方法：采用整群抽样方法．采用问卷调查方式了解深圳市宝安区观澜人民医院及属下的19家社康中心的467名医护人员。结果：在对现行双向转诊制度的认知中,有56．2％的医护人员知道双向转诊如何运转,相关分析显示：大年龄（r=0．238,P=0．000）、男性（r=-0．206,P=0．000）、高职称人员（r=0．172．P=0．000）、管理人员和医生（r=-0．274,P=0．000）、社康中心的医务人员（r=-0．325,P=0．000）、院级领导和科室负责人（r=-0．167,P=0．000）对现行双向转诊制度更为了解。对现行双向转诊效果的评价中,医务人员认为现行的双向转诊具有必要性、可行性、合理性、及时性和转诊通道畅通的分别有88．5％、94．3％、56．9％、95．5％和53．9％,有47．1％的医护人员认为现行的双向转诊总体效果较好。认为把病人从社康中心上转至观澜人民医院等上级医疗机构的最主要原因是需要专科治疗（占84．2％）和需要进一步诊治（占82．4％）;而下转的最主要原因是：患者是明确诊断后的常见病和多发病病人（占74．4％）和就诊方便（占43．8％）;转诊行为方面：在被调查的1个月时间段内,有142名社康中心医护人员（占70．0％）和161名医院医务人员（占73．6％）曾经接诊过转诊病人,两类单位医护人员曾接诊过转诊病人的比例无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论：观澜人民医院现行的双向转诊制度已取得初步成效,但医护人员对双向转诊的知信行情况仍有待进一步提高。     

门诊病人转诊水平的因素分析

目的：深入分析双向转诊影响因素，为决策者提供证据。方法：采用观察法，对深圳市公明人民医院及其社康中心（站）就诊的585例患者及相关医务人员的情况进行跟踪记录。结果：社康中心（站）上转率为8．95％，公明医院下转率为2．44％；矫正性别、年龄、就诊时间等混杂因素后，病人转诊意识、医生转诊意识、疾病种类及医疗机构水平对转诊率影响有显著性。结论：双向转诊开展情况不容乐观，转诊失灵仍待解决；宣传力度有待增强；政府管制——选定病种，逐渐规范与扩展，可以促进双向转诊的有效开展。     

深圳市两社区就诊人群对双向转诊认知与评价的分析

目的对比深圳观澜医院和中山东风医院及两地属下各社区卫生服务中心接受服务的人群对现行双向转诊的认知程度和满意度．为选一步促进双向转诊工作的可持续开展提供科学依据。方法采用随机抽样方法抽取在观澜医院与东风医院及两地属下各社区卫生服务中心接受服务的人群作为调查对象．采用统一设计的问卷进行现况调查。结果观澜有67．9％的调查对象选择首先在社区就诊：社区首诊的主要原因是医保定点（40．4％）;了解双向转诊制度的调查对象比例是6．8％;83．6％和14．0％的调查对象赞成和接受过双向转诊：接受过双向转诊服务的人群里分别有66．4％和44．2％的患者满意目前的双向转诊制度与流程。东凤有63．7％的调查对象选择首先在社区就诊：社区首诊的主要原因是距离近（41．1％）;了解双向转诊制度的调查对象比例是2．5％：74．7％和2．7％的调查对象赞成和接受过双向转诊;在接受过双向转诊服务的人群里分别有36．4％和22．7％的患者对目前的双向转诊制度、流程持满意态度。结论积极建立社区首诊制、拓宽医疗保险范畴、向人群充分宣传社区卫生服务中心以及简化双向转诊流程将更进一步促进双向转诊工作的可持续性实施。     

分级诊疗制度下“医联体”模式实施现状及效果研究

目的:探究分级诊疗制度下“医联体”模式实施情况,并对其效果和优化措施予以研究.方法:选择2016年9月至2017年9月X市X区医联体医院医务工作者49名,另选取同期X市X区居民483名,分别对上述人员实施约访和问卷调查,对当前各人群对分级制度下“医联体”模式了解程度、认同情况及制约其效果的相关因素予以分析.结果:不同性别、年龄、学历、工作岗位医务工作者对分级诊疗作用发挥认知情况无差异,认同医联体分级诊疗、认为双向转诊不到位的医务工作者对医联体模式分级诊疗作用发挥认同水平比例较高,组间具有明显差异.距离因素、医疗技术因素、医疗费用因素对居民选择首诊医疗机构造成重要影响.不同性别、年龄、学历、个人年收入居民对医联体模式分级诊疗认知情况无差异,有医疗保险、去过社区医疗机构、了解双向转诊、有双向转诊经历的居民对医联体模式分级诊疗认知比例较高,两者差异明显.结论:分级诊疗制度下“医联体”模式在实施中,基层首诊及双向转诊现状取得了一定成果,但在实施期间仍存在部分问题,对此,应加强政府宏观支持与帮助、明确医疗机构的功能定位、提升医疗机构的认知水平,从而推动医联体制供给侧改革成效,完善医联体模式应用效果.     

实施双向转诊的障碍分析

实施双向转诊的障碍一方面在于供方的经济利益驱动，机构间信息不畅通及基层机构服务能力低下等原因；另一方面在于需方对基层机构服务不信任．就医观念存在误区等。此外现行的医疗保障制度不利于双向转诊的实施。建议：1．建立医疗集团凋整医疗机构的经济利益；2．加强机构建设．全面提高社区卫生服务机构质量；3．改革医保支付方式．引导患者合理就医；4．建立双向转诊的各项制度，实行规范管理；5．扩大宣传，提高双向转诊知晓率与认可度。     

农民对新型农村合作医疗认知的追踪调查

目的：了解新型农村合作医疗制度（简称新农合）实施过程中，农民对新农合制度认知情况的变化．为进一步完善新农合实施方案提供科学依据。方法：采取人户调查进行纵向对比研究，采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样法抽取婺源县3个乡镇9个行政村，每村调查70户，分别于2003年、2004年及2005年进行新农合实施前的基线调查及实施后的两次追踪调查。结果：2005年有99．20％的农户知道新农合在农村开展，与2004．年相近，但知道国家出资及住院费用怎样报销的比例有所下降；56．80％农户知道周围有人报销过住院费用，80．53％的户主认为住院报销方便，61．95％的人认为住院费用报销时服务人员态度很好，对医疗机构质量及态度评价“较好”及“很好”的分别占56．48％、75．41％，均较2004年显著上升；在各项评价结果中．“不知道”的比例均明显下降。62．79％的人认为新农合是公平、公正、公开的，较2004年显著增加；89．81％的人表示愿意明年继续参加，呈逐年增加趋势。农民对新农合的好处的认识，前3位仍是“生大病有一定保障”、“医药费可报销一些”、“政府集体会补贴一些”．认同比例均较2004年显著提高；在对新农合的担心及意见中．两次追踪调查中“报销比例低”．“报销手续繁琐”均占前两位，但担心的比例有所增加．而第3位担心的由2004年的“不看病也得交钱”变为“看病更贵”。结论：婺源县在实施新农合制度两年后，越来越多的农民关注新农合．且对新农合好处的认识加强了，大部分人认为参加新农合后生大病有一定保障，对新农合报销及定点医疗机构服务的满意度明显增加。但仍有一部分农民对新农合的优惠政策及具体实施方案不了解。建议继续做好新农合宣传教育及监督管理工作、完善实施方案、控制医疗费用增长。     

基于医务人员沟通视角的城市医院与社区卫生服务机构信息互动状况调查研究

目的:为了解大型医院与社区卫生服务中心医务人员信息互动情况,为改善两者互动关系提供建议。方法:采取典型性抽样方法调查了城市医院和社区卫生服务中心临床医生。结果:两类机构临床医生均对双向转诊可行性认知较好,但是50%的受访社区医生不了解上级医院情况。两类机构均有超过一半的医生从未与对方机构医生联系。受访临床医生均对信息沟通现状评价差,但医院医生与社区医生评价差异有统计学意义。结论:目前,大型医院与社区卫生服务机构尚未建立稳定、和谐的信息互动机制。沟通渠道不畅通、资金匮乏、工作量大没有时间是造成沟通不良的主要原因。     

深圳市罗湖区结核病归口管治胸片检查质量分析

目的了解深圳市罗湖区综合医疗机构的胸片质量及肺内异影疑似肺结核病患者的转诊情况。方法利用结核病归口管治检查对罗湖辖区所有综合医疗机构2008年1～6月份胸片进行随机抽查分析，市级医疗机构每个单位抽查120张，区级医疗机构每个单位抽查100张，有放射科的社区健康服务中心抽查60张。结果共检查14个设有放射科的综合医疗机构胸片1280张，其中正常胸片1074张，占83．91％。117张胸片疑似肺结核病，1例漏报，转诊率99．14％。有1012张胸片质量良好，但有268张胸片肩胛骨未展开至肺野以外，市、区级医疗机构胸片质量高于社区健康服务中心，两者问存在统计学差异。辖区综合医疗机构胸片质量较高，合格率达79．06％，且数字、计算机x线摄片质量明显高于普通x线机摄片。结论辖区综合医疗机构胸片合格率高于社区健康服务中心，胸片疑似肺结核病转诊率高。应加强综合医疗机构与慢病防治机合作，及时将疑似肺结核病患者转诊，控制传染源，提高发现率。     

北京市社区常见疾病转诊现状及指征需求调查

目的了解北京市社区卫生服务机构转诊现状、存在的问题及转诊指征的需求情况,为相关政策及转诊标准的制定提供参考。方法对2009年3月参加全科医生培训的199名北京市各区、县社区医生实施问卷调查;使用Epidata3.02数据库进行数据双录入,SPSS13.0软件进行频数及卡方检验分析。结果 76.6%的医生认为双向转诊运行情况一般或较差;86.0%的被调查者曾向上级医院转诊过病人,42.5%的医生曾接收上级医院转下来的病人;转诊存在转上不转下(64.8%)、病人盲目要求转诊(60.1%)等问题;47.2%的全科医生对疾病转诊把握度不高;转诊依据主要为依靠有关诊断资料和信息(53.9%)及自我决定(48.2%);全科医生认为最需要的转诊症状是气短和胸痛(88.6%);最需要转诊的疾病是慢性阻塞性肺病(85.5%)。结论北京市社区卫生服务机构转诊现状不容乐观,社区医生对双向转诊的了解情况不尽如人意,对转诊指征或标准需求迫切。应加强社区卫生建设及全科医师培训,扩大宣传,提高双向转诊的知晓率,制定完善的转诊标准及转诊规范,增加医疗机构间的沟通交流。     

中国社区卫生服务机构与医院协调发展战略

根据国务院要“构建城市医院与社区卫生服务机构分工合理、配合密切、互为补充、双向转诊的新型城市医疗服务体系”的意见，笔者在分析医疗机构为构建社会主义和谐社会作出了巨大的成就，主要表现在五大方面成绩的基础上，探讨了医疗卫生事业突出的问题。并就社区卫生服务的成绩和问题进行了讨论。认为中国卫生事业的发展要在医院和社区两个方面进行协同。笔者根据研究的结果创建了医院和社区改革可持续发展要考虑的模式一“54321”模式，基本含义是：5定：首诊医院（社区）、基本医疗项目质量和费用、公共卫生项目质量和费用、医疗保险费用（健康保险）、服务人群。4付：政府、保险、医院（社区）、个人方付费。3督：政府、居民、社会（第三方）。2转：首诊医院（社区）和医院双向转诊。1考：1年1次考核。     

The general practice perspective on cancer services in Lothian

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to obtain views from general practices about current and potential improvements to services for patients with suspected lung, large bowel, non-melanoma skin and breast cancer. METHOD: A questionnaire study was carried out of 134 general practices within the Lothian Health Board boundary. Information was sought about referral choices, communication, quality of care, liaison between community and hospital, health promotion, treatment outcomes and palliative care. Main outcome measures were determinants of primary care referral behaviour and clinical investigation strategies, and perception of quality in secondary care and health promotion services. RESULTS: Seventy-nine general practices (59%) returned completed questionnaires. One-fifth of practices maintained a cancer register, and 85% provide patient information about cancer prevention. Initial management was disease dependent. Most cases of suspected lung cancer, about half of suspected colorectal cancer cases and very few cases of suspected breast cancer were investigated in primary care before referral to hospital. Hospital referral depended on knowledge of local services. A minority of practices wanted referral guidelines. It was estimated that 92% of lung and breast cancer cases, 68% of colorectal cancers and 35% of skin cancers are seen within 4 weeks. Breast cancer care was rated more highly than that for other cancers. One-third ranked community nursing support as 'excellent' and 10-15% described it as 'fair' or 'poor'; 77% describe palliative care as 'excellent' or 'good'. Fifty-one percent believe that communication with hospital is 'excellent' or 'good'. Practices were sometimes unaware of the hospital's post-diagnosis management plan; communication was often too slow and practices often received 'poor' advice about symptom control. Eighty percent thought that hospital follow-up for breast, colorectal and lung cancer should be routine; 20% thought that it was indicated for non-melanomatous skin cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Communication problems between primary and secondary sectors need to be tackled innovatively and the perceived quality variation in services addressed-perhaps by developing local guidelines. Practices would welcome further education about health promotion resources and cancer epidemiology.     

Utilisation of referral services by high risk pregnant population in rural Varanasi

Poor utilization of maternal-child health care is an important cause of high perinatal and maternal mortality and morbidity in rural areas of India. The study was conducted in the Cholapur Primary Health Center area, about 35 km from the Banaras Hindu University Hospital and about 30 km from the District Hospital, Varanasi, which institutions are the main centers of referral in this locality. Cholapur block is connected to the hospitals by road. 9 subcenters were selected at random for the study, each subcenter serving a population of about 5000. The antenatal registers maintained at the subcenters were analyzed and high-risk pregnant referrals were personally interviewed. The study period lasted for 1 year from July 1988. The records pertained to 1047 pregnant women, of these, 466 (44.50%) who registered for antenatal care at the subcenters were high-risk cases. Out of these 466 high-risk cases, 167 cases were referred: 82 (49%) to the primary health care (PHC), 56 (33.5%) to the district hospital, and 29 (17.3%) to the medical college hospital. Grand multigravida status in 57 cases (34.13%) and bad obstetric history in 41 cases (24.56%) were the main risk factors for referral. Only 15 (9%) cases out of the 167 cases took advantage of the referral services: 5 (33.3%) were seen by the doctors at PHC, 7 (46.6%) at the district hospital, and 3 (20%) at the medical college hospital. Those women who did not benefit from the referral services stated financial exigency to be the major factor for nonuse of the referral services (34.2%). In rural areas, screening can be done by health workers after considering age, parity, previous obstetric history, nutritional parameters (such as height, weight, and hemoglobin status), abdominal examination findings (fundal height, suspicion of big or small baby, twins, and malpresentations). The health worker should refer these high-risk cases to the nearest physician or the primary health center.     

Trends in use of referral hospital services for care of sick newborns in a community-based intervention in Tangail District, Bangladesh

The Projahnmo-II Project in Mirzapur upazila (sub-district), Tangail district, Bangladesh, is promoting care-seeking for sick newborns through health education of families, identification and referral of sick newborns in the community by community health workers (CHWs), and strengthening of neonatal care in Kumudini Hospital, Mirzapur. Data were drawn from records maintained by the CHWs, referral hospital registers, a baseline household survey of recently-delivered women conducted from March to June 2003, and two interim household surveys in January and September 2005. Increases were observed in self-referral of sick newborns for care, compliance after referral by the CHWs, and care-seeking from qualified providers and from the Kumudini Hospital, and decreases were observed in care-seeking from unqualified providers in the intervention arm. An active surveillance for illness by the CHWs in the home, education of families by them on recognition of danger signs and counselling to seek immediate care for serious illness, and improved linkages between the community and the hospital can produce substantial increases in care-seeking for sick newborns.     

Delayed care seeking for fatal pneumonia in children aged under five years in Uganda: a case-series study

OBJECTIVE: To review individual case histories of children who had died of pneumonia in rural Uganda and to investigate why these children did not survive. METHODS: This case-series study was done in the Iganga/Mayuge demographic surveillance site, Uganda, where 67 000 people were visited once every 3 months for population-based data and vital events. Children aged 1-59 months from November 2005 to August 2007 were included. Verbal and social autopsies were done to determine likely cause of death and care-seeking actions. FINDINGS: Cause of death was assigned for 164 children, 27% with pneumonia. Of the pneumonia deaths, half occurred in hospital and one-third at home. Median duration of pneumonia illness was 7 days, and median time taken to seek care outside the home was 2 days. Most first received drugs at home: 52% antimalarials and 27% antibiotics. Most were taken for care outside the home, 36% of whom first went to public hospitals. One-third of those reaching the district hospital were referred to the regional hospital, and 19% reportedly improved after hospital treatment. The median treatment cost for a child with fatal pneumonia was US$ 5.8. CONCLUSION: There was mistreatment with antimalarials, delays in seeking care and likely low quality of care for children with fatal pneumonia. To improve access to and quality of care, the feasibility and effect on mortality of training community health workers and drug vendors in pneumonia and malaria management with prepacked drugs should be tested.