对新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间口腔器械使用原则、洗消、管理的思考

自新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发至今,国内外都出现了大量的确诊病例。随着疫情的蔓延,感染病例数的增加,尤其是最新报道指出存在气溶胶传播途径感染的可能,引起了口腔行业的重视,并由此引发了口腔工作者们对口腔诊疗日常感染控制工作的思考：如何在日常口腔诊疗工作中控制感染,避免医源性交叉感染的发生?本文根据各级疫情防控经验,结合多年传染病专科医院口腔科门诊工作经验,着重从器械使用、洗消及管理方面对口腔科门诊的防控工作提出一些建议和思考,期望对口腔科的日常诊疗工作,尤其是针对烈性呼吸道传染病、血源性传染病患者的诊疗工作提供一定的指导和帮助。     

新冠肺炎疫情期间综合医院口腔科门诊预防及诊疗策略

依据国家卫生健康委员会指导意见，按照医院及本科室诊疗防控策略，结合国内外学术及临床经验，制定出针对各类口腔疾病的具体诊疗方案；对疫情期间综合医院口腔科门诊诊疗流程及医务人员的个人防护措施进行了阐述，希望为疫情期间口腔医疗机构工作开展提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎定点收治医疗机构医院感染预防与控制措施

目的通过制定基于标准预防和基于传播途径预防的措施和流程并督促落实,以防止发生医务人员新型冠状病毒(2019-nCoV)感染和患者交叉感染。方法结合医院感染的各类规范指南和既往经验制定措施,督导落实。结果针对传染病防控的关键环节,从患者管理、布局流程、空气和环境表面消毒、医疗废物处理、个人防护、保护医务人员等方面详细制定感染防控措施。结论医院感染预防与控制是医疗机构传染病疫情防控重要组成部分,是有效收治患者、保护医务人员的重要保障。要在医院感染预防与控制基本制度要求下,将感染防控工作和培训做在平时,提高对医务人员感染防控知识和个人防护技能的要求。     

新型冠状病毒医院感染防控常见困惑探讨

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎是一种新发的传染病，医院是确诊和疑似患者的收治场所，医院感染防控是一项十分重要的工作。由于突发疫情的心理压力和对新发疾病特点的不熟悉，医务人员在医院感染防控中面临很多的困惑，本文从医务人员防护、手卫生、隔离要求等方面对常见的困惑进行探讨。     

新冠疫情常态化防控期间医院感染的特点及其应对措施

目的 分析传染病特别是新冠肺炎的流行病学特点,探讨新冠疫情常态化形势下医院感染防控的策略和措施。方法 分析医院感染的流行病学特点,结合贵州省人民医院在新冠疫情期间医院感染防控措施经验,提出传染病流行背景下的医院感染管理策略。结果 建立科学的防控体系,预检分诊、做好重点科室(部门)、医务人员防护、患者就诊、环境清洁与消毒、医疗废弃物、医院感染监测的管理控制,医务人员和患者及其家属培训与宣教是医院感染防控的重要组成部分。结论 新冠肺炎影响范围大,危害严重,疫情防控常态化形势下,不断分析总结医院感染管理和防控实践经验,及时完善医院感染应对策略和措施,是保障医疗质量和安全的重要举措,对于防止传染病疫情通过医院蔓延扩散有重大作用,是一项长期的任务。     

新型冠状病毒医院感染防控常见困惑探讨

新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎是一种新发的传染病,医院是确诊和疑似患者的收治场所,医院感染防控是一项十分重要的工作。由于突发疫情的心理压力和对新发疾病特点的不熟悉,医务人员在医院感染防控中面临很多的困惑,本文从医务人员防护、手卫生、隔离要求等方面对常见的困惑进行探讨。     

综合医院新型冠状病毒肺炎防控体系的建立与应用

目的探索综合医院新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)防控体系的建立与应用,制定行之有效的防控策略,为综合性医院建立科学的疫情防控体系提供可借鉴的经验,成为长效机制。方法以管理传染病三个环节"传染源、传播途径、易感人群"为原则,加强人员培训、健康监测、消毒防护、物资调配及健康科普工作,优化诊疗区域及通道,建立应急预案及督导机制,强化重点科室管理及人工智能应用,结合医院实际情况,制定科学有效的防控策略,注重细节,保障防控措施落地。结果医院诊疗活动有序开展,防控措施有效可行,医患传染病防控意识明显增强,防控知识知晓率达到100.00%,医务人员手卫生依从性提高,穿脱防护用品及消毒灭菌规范合理,医院工作人员、门急诊及住院患者均未感染COVID-19。结论科学的医院感染防控体系的建立与应用,可以有效控制综合医院新型冠状病毒肺炎的传播与感染。     

护理管理在口腔颌面外科病区新冠疫情防控期的应用浅析

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控已成为各医院的重要工作。口腔颌面外科病区将护理管理与新冠防控工作有机结合，根据省级各类文件及院感科疫情防控管理的相关规定，制订口腔颌面外科患者住院期间的管理流程、发现疑似病例的应急处理流程，强化医护人员防控知识培训，加强患者、陪护人员以及病区环境的管理与防护物资管理，做好医护人员、患者及陪护的心理护理，总体防控管理效果良好。研究表明，加强护理流程的科学制订、重点环节的闭环管理及防控措施的精准落实，是新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间确保口腔颌面外科病区护理工作安全有效运行的关键。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情期间血液透析室防控管理实践

目前新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情严峻,人群普遍易感。疫情期间,肾功能不全患者对于透析的刚需仍在。由于其疾病本身因素和治疗特点,这些患者抵抗力低,加之血液透析室人员流动大、密度高,较易成为新型冠状病毒感染暴露风险极高的医疗场所。北京大学第三医院从院级统筹规划、应急预案制定、医务人员管理、诊疗流程优化、患者分层处置、防护物资合理配置等几方面制定新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情流行期间血液透析室综合防控措施,为新型冠状病毒肺炎等突发公共卫生事件期间血液透析室管理及应对策略提供参考。     

重大传染病疫情下对基层医疗卫生机构职能的思考

基层医疗卫生机构和基层医生是传染病防控的第一道防线,在重大传染病疫情防控中起着基础而至关重要的作用。2019年新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情暴发以来,全国近400万基层医疗卫生机构医务人员在疫情排查、日常诊疗维持、隔离观察、道口管理等工作中发挥着积极作用。面对突发重大传染病疫情,基层医疗卫生机构应如何提高防控能力,如何采取高效综合的防控响应措施,是疫情防控的关键。本文基于基层医疗卫生机构在此次新冠肺炎疫情防控中的实践,结合国内外历史经验和教训,从机构内外部体制机制、物资储备、技术支撑、医务人员应对能力,再到居民持续健康管理方面展开讨论,旨在为基层医疗卫生机构在重大传染病疫情防控能力的提升提供建议。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.