Lymphome de type MALT de la prostate : place de la radiothérapie. Observation et discussion

We report the case of a patient presenting with MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma of the prostate, who received an irradiation delivering 30.6 Gy in 17 fractions after transurethral resection. With a follow-up of 6 years, he remained alive and free of disease. In view of the literature and this case report, definitive local irradiation should be administered in this rare disease.     

Carcinome colloïde pur du sein : étude anatomoclinique de sept cas

PurposeBreast mucinous carcinoma is a particular histological form characterized by the extracellular production of mucus. The pure form is rarely reported and its prognostic is better than the other types of the breast cancer. The aim of the present study was to discuss the various anatomoclinical, therapeutic aspects and the prognostic factors of the pure mucinous carcinoma of the breast.Patients and methodsWe report seven cases diagnosed over a period of 11 years (1993-2003) in the laboratory of anatomy and pathological cytology of the university hospital of Sfax. A review of the clinical files with immunohistochemistry study (hormonal receptor, synaptophysine, chromogranine, Bcl2, Ki67, P53 and Her-2/neu (C-erbB-2)) were carried out for all the cases.Resultspure colloid carcinoma of the breast accounted for 0,5% of the whole of the breast cancers. The average age of patients was 69 years. At the time of the diagnosis, four tumours were classified T4, one T3, two T2, two N1 and one N3; no patient had presented metastasis (M0) according to pTNM classification. The echomammography showed regular contours mass in four cases. The anatomopathological study showed that the neuroendocrine differentiation was found in two cases, all the tumours had presented positivity for the hormonal receptors (oestrogen and progesterone) and negativity for the other antibodies, two cases exhibited the Bcl2 positivity and negativity for the other antibodies. An adjuvant radiotherapy was carried out for all the patients. The average duration of follow-up was of 33 months; the evolution was marked by the occurrence of metastases in two cases.ConclusionThe pure colloid carcinoma of the breast constitutes a particular morphological entity which deserves to be individualized; neuroendocrine differentiation of these tumours must be required. Their forecast is relatively favourable.     

Prise en charge des carcinomes neuroendocrines de prostate : revue de la littérature

Neuroendocrine prostate carcinoma is a rare entity causing both diagnostic and therapeutic issues. There are basically four histological forms (adenocarcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation, carcinoid tumors, small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas), which can be pure or mixed associated with prostatic carcinoma. There is no consensus on the management or the prognosis of these various tumor subtypes. We conducted a literature review aiming to determine the potential therapeutic implications.     

Quelle imagerie pour la prise en charge de la rechute biochimique du cancer de la prostate : TEP ou IRM ?

Major improvements in the field of radiotherapy planning such as stereotactic radiation therapy, have recently been performed, aiming to the development of personalized therapeutic strategies in patients with biochemical failure of prostate cancer. However, this needs an early and accurate location of sites of recurrence. Development of multimodality magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) permits to consider this objective. Thus, it is worthwhile to apprehend the respective performance of these imaging techniques in order to rationalize their use. We propose a review of the recent literature organized by technique and by location, regarding the performance of multimodality MRI and PET for restaging of patients with biochemical failure of prostate cancer initially treated with curative intent.     

Irradiation axillaire prophylactique « de diffusion » dans le cancer du sein — revue de la littérature

PurposeIn breast cancer, radiotherapy is an essential component of the treatment. However, indications of irradiation of the internal mammary chain and axillary area are debatables. Axillary recurrence in patients with invasive breast carcinoma remains an issue. Currently, the substitution of axillary lymph node dissection by sentinel node biopsy leads to revisit the role of axillary irradiation. Breast irradiation including level I, II and III might decrease the risk of axillary recurrence.Material and methodsA literature search was performed in PubMed and the Cochrane library to identify articles publishing data regarding dose-volume analysis of axillary levels in breast irradiation aiming to determine the potential therapeutic implications.ResultsEleven articles were retained. A total of 375 treatment plans were analyzed. The results concerning the irradiation technique, initial dose prescribed to breast, delineated volumes and dose received at axillary levels were heterogeneous. The average dose delivered to axilla levels I–III with 3D-conformal radiotherapy using standard fields were between 24 Gy and 43.5 Gy, 3 Gy and 32.5 Gy and between 1.0 Gy and 20.5 Gy respectively. The average doses delivered to axilla levels I–III with 3D-conformal radiotherapy using high tangential fields were between 38 Gy and 49.7 Gy, 11 Gy and 47.1 Gy and 5 Gy 38.7 Gy, 32.1 Gy and 5 Gy (result available for only one study) respectively. Finally, the average doses delivered to axilla levels I–III with intensity modulated radiation therapy were between 14.5 Gy and 42.6 Gy, 3.4 Gy and 35 Gy and between 1.2 Gy and 25.5 Gy respectively.ConclusionsIncidental axillary dose seems insufficient to be therapeutic regardless of the irradiation technique. There are meaningful differences between intensity modulated radiation therapy and 3D-conformal radiotherapy.     

Prise en charge adjuvante des cancers invasifs du sein : les techniques de radiothérapie modifient-elles les taux de contrôle local et de survie ?

Conventional radiotherapy (RT) in breast cancer treatment includes a total dose of 50 Gy with a 16 Gy-boost in a smaller volume. After mastectomy, radiotherapy of all node-positive patients seems to be applied whatever the positive node number. Modulation of RT technique uses the fraction dose, namely through accelerated hypofractionation regimen in a constant volume. A group of patient with a low risk of recurrence may benefit from this technique. In a smaller irradiated volume, accelerated hypofractionation still belongs to intensive clinical research evaluating intraoperative RT, brachytherapy, Mammosite, and external partial breast irradiation. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy decreases the risk of moist desquamation. The development of the gating offers greater protection of certain critical organs including lung, heart, and chest/ribs. Finally, predictive tests identifying patients at high risk of developing late effects led us to adapt RT technique to some of them and therefore increase long term therapeutic ratio.     

Tumeurs neuroendocrines primitives du sein : étude rétrospective de 21 cas et revue de la littérature

PurposeThe aim of the present study was to discuss the epidemiology, clinical and pathologic features, treatment, and prognosis of primary neuroendocrine carcinomas of the breast.Patients and methodsWe report 21 cases diagnosed over a period of 12 years (1995–2011) at the university hospital of Sfax. A review of the clinical data with pathology and immunohistochemistry study was carried out for all the cases.ResultsThe average age was 62 years (34–86 years). At the time of the diagnosis, tumours were classified T1 and T2 (16 cases), N1 (11 cases) and M1 in two cases. The histological examination has shown 13 cases of solid neuroendocrine carcinoma, six cases of large cell type and two cases of atypical carcinoid. Grade I and II SBR were found in 18 cases. Eighty-one percent of the tumours were reactive for synaptophysin; all tumours were positive for chromogranin. Thirteen (61.9%) tumours were estrogen receptor-positive and 12 (57.5%) progesterone receptor-positive. Nineteen (90.5%) tumours were negative for HER2/neu. Overall five-year survival was 72.7%. All patients had surgical treatment with modified radical mastectomy in 13 cases. Adjuvant treatment was indicated according to histopronostic elements.ConclusionFor primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast, multivariate analysis identified three predictive factors for mortality: disease stage, histological grade and lymph node involvement.     

Radiothérapie de rattrapage après prostatectomie radicale : que faire en cas de concentration de PSA postopératoire élevée persistante ou de récidive locale macroscopique ?

The management of the postoperative biological relapse of prostate cancer is most often based on salvage radiotherapy (RT) and a variable duration of hormone therapy (HT) in addition. The indications for RT ± HT become more consensual for the adjuvant postoperative situation or in the event of a rising PSA level after a period where an undetectable PSA level was achieved. On the other hand, in the event of detectable PSA immediately postoperatively or in the event of a biological recurrence with macroscopic relapse in the prostate bed seen on conventional imaging assessment, the treatment options are still being evaluated. This article will describe these 2 situations and their current management but also will come through assessments with the contribution of modern imaging and new treatment options in terms of RT dose and RT ± HT combination.     

Efficacité et sécurité de la technique de radiothérapie mammaire avec complément d’irradiation concomitant : analyse de 121 cas traités à l’institut de cancérologie de Lorraine

PurposeTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of whole breast irradiation with a concomitant boost.Patients and materialsThis is a retrospective study of 121 patients with node negative T1-T2 breast tumors inferior to 3 cm in diameter, previously treated by conservative surgery without chemotherapy. A dose of 50 Gy was delivered to the whole breast in 2 Gy daily fractions with 5 weekly treatments. A concomitant boost to the lumpectomy site delivered a total of 10 Gy in 1 Gy fractions twice a week. This would result in an equivalent tumour bed dose (assuming an α/β of 4) of approximately 65 Gy in 2 Gy fractions.ResultsOver 7 years, 121 patients were treated. The median age was 67 years (range, 46–86 years). Stage distribution was: 115 T1, 6 T2; 116 tumors had positive hormonal receptors, 6 grade SBR3. With a median follow-up of 6 years (range, 1.4–11.4 years), 5-year overall survival was 98.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.95–1), disease-free survival was 100% and local recurrence-free survival 100%. The maximum acute skin toxicity by the end of treatment was grade 2. Cosmetic outcomes were good on the long term. One spontaneous rib fracture was observed 1 year after radiotherapy among 76 patients.ConclusionsThe study shows that whole breast radiation therapy with a concomitant boost is safe and effective for selected patients with low risk of relapse, and gives excellent long term results. This protocol represents a good alternative to longer standard whole breast radiation therapy with sequential boost to the lumpectomy bed.     

Curiethérapie du cancer prostatique : haut débit ou bas débit de dose ?

Low-dose brachytherapy for prostate cancer was actually proposed in the first years of the XXth century. Its modern version (iodin 125 or palladium 103 permanent implants) now benefits from some 15 years of experience in a few pioneer centers, with very satisfactory results in term of efficacy/toxicity ratio. More recently, a high-dose rate (HDR) prostate brachytherapy technique has been introduced. Initially utilized essentially as a "boost" irradiation combined with external radiotherapy, it is now being proposed by some authors as a monotherapy for selected localized prostate cancers. Although sophisticated radiobiological models have been proposed to compare those two dose-rates, they are not considered to be valid and reliable enough to compare such different irradiation schemes (A low-dose rate irradiation lasting several months vs a few high-dose fractions given in a few days). When it comes to the implantation techniques, it seems that most of the technical problems which arose for both schemes have been solved, and that the experience of a given team is now much more important than the technique itself. Clinical results cannot be reliably compared so far, the follow-up of the patients treated by HDR brachytherapy being usually shorter, and the patients treated with HDR usually presenting with more advanced lesions. Radioprotection features are very different, with no accident reported for low-dose rate implants. For HDR no irradiation is given at all to the staff and family during a normal application, but one has to face the threat of manipulating high activity sources, with a few accidents or incidents reported in the literature. Financial studies show that for more than 20-30 patients treated in a year, HDR is more economical, although a decrease in the cost of the seeds could change the picture. In conclusion, for low-risk localized prostate cancer, it does not appear reasonable to give up using a low-dose rate technique, which proved to be both efficient and poorly toxic. This actually corresponds to the recent GEC-ESTRO recommendations. For the other patients, a dose escalation is appealing: this could be performed using brachytherapy (LDR or HDR), with or without hormonotherapy. Several trials are ongoing or will be activated very soon to try and answer.     

Radiothérapie du carcinome épidermoïde du larynx de stade précoce, étage glottique : intérêt de l’hypofractionnement ?

Hypofractionated radiotherapy of early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx is a promising treatment option. This can be divided into radiotherapy with moderate hypofractionation (up to 2.5 Gy per fraction), more intense hypofractionation (between 2.5 and 4.5 Gy per fraction) and stereotactic radiotherapy (above 4.5 Gy per fraction). Most studies evaluating moderate hypofractionation show a local control rate between 85 and 95%. Acute laryngeal toxicity is superior to conventional treatment, but only for grades 1 and 2, with no significant difference reported for severe toxicity. Stereotactic radiotherapy in this pathology is also an emerging entity, but some authors have reported significant toxicity. There are currently no standardized guidelines for treatment and management regimen. We conducted a systemic review of published prospective and retrospective trials to evaluate efficacy, toxicity, and discuss future directions.     

Radiothérapie pelvienne des cancers de la prostate : quelle place pour quels volumes ?

External beam radiotherapy alone is a standard treatment for prostate cancer. According to clinical, histological and biological characteristics of the tumour, lymph node irradiation can be done in combination with irradiation of the prostate. The completion of pelvic irradiation remains controversial and may cause complications by increasing volumes of irradiated healthy tissues. The accuracy of the delineation of lymph node becomes an important issue. This article proposes to take on the characteristics of the pelvic lymph node drainage of the prostate, to review the literature on pelvic irradiation and the definition of volumes to be irradiated.     

Place de la radiothérapie dans le traitement du rétinoblastome : à propos de 40 cas

PurposeThe aim of this study is to analyze the results and the complications of radiotherapy in the treatment of retinoblastoma.Patients and methodsBetween 1994 and 2004, 40 children received radiotherapy for a retinoblastoma in Salah Azaiz Institute. The average age of the patients was 36 months (four to 132 months). There were 16 girls and 24 boys. Sixteen children presented a bilateral disease and 24 children a unilateral disease. Twenty eyes and thirty-six orbital cavities in 40 children with retinoblastoma were treated by radiotherapy. One child with a unilateral anterior retinoblastoma was treated with 106 ruthenium brachytherapy. External radiotherapy has been used to treat the 39 patients. In 20 cases the irradiation was conservative and in 36 cases postoperatively. The latter (n = 36) presented at least one risk factor of relapses noted in the histological examination. The average dose was 44 Gy (1.8 to 2 Gy per fraction, five fractions weekly). This radiotherapy was associated with chemotherapy in 24 cases.ResultsThirty-five children were followed with an average follow-up of 53 months (3–108 months). The average delay of relapses was of 10 months (two to 26 months). We found four orbital relapses and seven metastasis in nine children. The conservation of the eye with a useful visual field was noted in 18 cases among the 20 conservative irradiated eyes. The major therapeutic complication was the growth defect of the bones face. A femoral bone sarcoma was noted five years after the end of the irradiation and chemotherapy in one case.ConclusionIf the radiotherapy offers the advantage of the functional conservation and the improvement of the local control, its indications are more and more restricted in favor of the other therapeutic methods (chemotherapy, thermochemotherapy) and this considering the iatrogene risk. The development of new techniques of brachytherapy and the progresses of the conformational radiotherapy appear to reduce considerably this risk.     

Curiethérapie de prostate par iode 125 : facteurs pronostiques de longue durée de toxicité urinaire,digestive et sexuelle

PurposeFor patients with good urinary function and presenting with a low risk prostate cancer, prostate brachytherapy using iodine implants represents one of the techniques of reference. This retrospective analysis investigates urinary (U), digestive (D) and sexual (S) toxicities and their prognostic factors of duration.Material and methodsFrom August 2000 to November 2007, 176 patients presenting with prostate adenocarcinoma underwent interstitial brachytherapy. Urinary, digestive and sexual toxicities were classified according to Common toxicities criteria for adverse events, version 3.0 (CTCAE V3.0). For each toxicity (U, D, S), the number of complications U (dysuria, nicturia…), D (proctitis, diarrhea…) and S (sexual dysfunction, loss of libido, …) was listed and analyzed according to criteria related to the patient, implant, dosimetric data and characteristics of the toxicity. Prognostic factors identified in univariate analysis (UVA) (Log Rank) were further analyzed in multivariate analysis (MVA) (Cox model).ResultsWith a median follow-up of 26 months (1–87), 147 patients (83.5 %) presented urinary toxicities. Among them, 29.5 % (86 patients) and 2.4 % (seven patients) presented grade 2 and 3 U toxicity respectively. In UVA, urinary grade toxicity greater than or equal to 2 (p = 0.037), the presence of initial U symptoms (p = 0.027) and more than two urinary toxicities (p = 0.00032) were recognized as prognostic factors. The number of U toxicities was the only prognostic factor in MVA (p = 0.04). D toxicity accounted for 40.6 % (71 patients). Among them, 3 % (six patients) were grade 2. None were grade 3. Two factors were identified as prognostic factors either in UVA and MVA: the number of D toxicities greater than or equal to 2 (univariate analysis: p = 0,00129, multivariate analysis: p = 0,002) and age less than or equal to 65 years (univariate analysis: p = 0,004, multivariate analysis: p = 0,007). Eighty-three patients (47.4 %) presented a sexual toxicity; 26.9 % (49 patients) and 5 % (nine patients) were scored as grade 2 and 3 respectively. A number of seeds greater than 75 (p = 0.032) and S grade greater than or equal to 2 (p < 0.0001) were recognized as prognostic factors in UVA. S grade was the only prognostic factor in MVA (p = 0.0015).ConclusionThe duration of U, D and S toxicity is strongly correlated with a high number of toxicities and the grade of toxicity. This analysis allows for better information given to the patient regarding the duration of the post-treatment complications.     

XXI<Superscript>e</Superscript> Congrès de la SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE DE PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIE

PROGRAMME

XXI^e Congrès de la SOCIÉTÉ FRANÇAISE DE PSYCHO-ONCOLOGIEAssociation Psychologie et Cancers