非编码RNA在喉鳞状细胞癌中的研究进展

非编码RNA是一类不编码蛋白质的RNA, 包括微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)和环状RNA(circular RNA, circRNA)等。非编码RNA不仅在生物调节过程中扮演着重要角色, 在包括肿瘤在内的多种疾病的发生机制中也起到了不可或缺的作用, 其在喉癌的诊断、预后评估及治疗中同样具有重要的临床价值。喉鳞状细胞癌是喉癌中最常见的病理学类型, 近年来发病率有明显增高的趋势, 已严重危害人类健康及生存质量。本文总结了近年国内外研究, 对miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA在喉癌发生发展的作用机制进行综述。      

lncRNA、microRNA在卵巢癌中的研究进展及相互作用关系

人类基因组中大部分为非编码区,转录产生非编码 RNA(ncRNA) 。这些ncRNA可以在表观遗传水平、转录水平及转录后水平调控基因的表达,进而影响肿瘤的发生和发展,是肿瘤诊断、治疗及预后判断的潜在靶标。微小RNA(microRNA ,miRNA) 和长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA) 是 ncRNA 的两个重要分类。越来越多的研究表明lncRNA、microRNA 参与生物体的各种生理及病理过程,其中恶性肿瘤的相关研究最多。卵巢癌是妇科常见的恶性肿瘤疾病,早期诊断困难、预后差。MicroRNA和 lncRNA 在卵巢癌的发生发展中的研究进展及相互作用关系近年来引起了人们的关注。本文就这两者在卵巢癌的发生发展过程中的相互作用机制及研究进展作一综述。     

竞争性内源性RNA在神经退行性疾病中作用的研究进展

随着对人类基因组和非编码RNA的深入研究，竞争性内源性RNA（ceRNAs）假说被提出。该假说揭示了一种全新的基因表达调控模式，即信使RNA（mRNA）、长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）、环状RNA（circRNA）、假基因等RNA分子作为ceRNA相同的微小RNA应答元件（MREs）竞争性结合或共享微小RNA（microRNA）来调控靶基因并参与人类发育和相关疾病机制。神经退行性疾病是一类严重威胁人类健康的神经系统变性疾病。近年来的研究发现，ceRNAs参与了神经退行性疾病阿尔茨海默病（AD）和帕金森氏病（PD）的发生发展。因此，对ceRNAs的研究可能为神经退行性疾病的发病机制及诊疗方案提供新的线索与方向。本文拟对ceRNAs在神经退行性疾病中的作用进行综述。     

外泌体非编码RNA在肿瘤化疗耐药中作用的研究进展

肿瘤的化疗药物耐药是指肿瘤细胞对药物的敏感性降低,使药物的疗效下降甚至无效的现象,是肿瘤化疗失败的重要原因。外泌体是一类细胞外囊泡,由肿瘤微环境中的癌细胞和多种基质细胞分泌。外泌体可通过将它们的内含物(包括DNA、RNA、蛋白质和脂质等)转移到癌细胞中增加化疗药物抗性;同时外泌体的损耗也会逆转某些不利于肿瘤代谢的影响因素,并恢复对化疗药物的敏感性。非编码RNA(ncRNA)为不具备编码蛋白质功能的基因组转录产物,在基因转录、转录后及翻译水平发挥调控作用。研究较多的ncRNA包括微小RNA(microRNA)、长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)和环状RNA(circRNA)等。近年来的研究发现,外泌体非编码RNA在细胞间通信中起着关键作用,能够影响肿瘤的发生、发展、转移、侵袭、肿瘤微环境以及耐药性。对肿瘤耐药相关的外泌体ncRNA进行研究,已经揭示了外泌体ncRNA在耐药与肿瘤发展中的一些分子机制、靶点通路以及功能。本文对microRNA、lncRNA和circRNA等外泌体ncRNA在肿瘤耐药中的相关功能和作用机制展开综述,希望对研究肿瘤耐药的液体活检分子标志物,理解肿瘤耐药的新机制,肿...     

circRNA在肿瘤中的研究进展

环状RNA（circRNA）是3'-端与5'-端共价结合生成的闭合环状RNA分子,在肿瘤中可作为原癌基因和抑癌基因,通过海绵吸附miRNA、结合RNA结合蛋白、结合酶与相应底物、调控转录以及翻译多肽或蛋白等机制发挥重要的生物作用。circRNA通过circRNA-miRNA-mRNA轴影响多种肿瘤的发生与发展,具有肿瘤诊断和预后标志物的潜力,成为继miRNA及长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）之后又一个研究热点。     

不同基因作为竞争性内源RNA参与膀胱癌调控的研究进展

竞争性内源RNA（competing endogenous RNA,ceRNA）是一种新的转录后RNA相互调控机制,越来越多的研究发现长链非编码RNA（long non-coding RNA,lncRNA）、环状RNA（circular RNA,circRNA）和假基因（pseudogenes）可以与微小RNA（microRNA,miRNA）竞争,影响靶RNA的稳定性或翻译,从而调控基因表达。近年来,不同基因作为ceRNA参与膀胱癌调控的研究已引起学者的广泛关注。为此,本文综述了lncRNA、circRNA和假基因作为ceRNA在膀胱癌中作用的研究进展,以及不同基因作为ceRNA调控膀胱癌的信号转导通路。从ceRNA分类的角度综述各类ceRNA在膀胱癌发生发展过程中的研究进展。     

甲状腺癌RNA分子研究进展

甲状腺癌是内分泌系统中最常见的恶性肿瘤,约占全身恶性肿瘤的1%。目前在DNA水平研究甲状腺癌的发病机制已经相对成熟,但mRNA、miRNA、lncRNA、circRNA等不同RNA分子在甲状腺癌发病机制中的作用尚不清楚。已有研究表明,mRNA、lncRNA和circRNA等RNA分子共同构成动态的分子网络,主要包括lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA与circRNA-miRNA-mRNA两种调控网络,调节基因表达,参与肿瘤细胞的增殖、浸润、迁移和凋亡等过程,调节甲状腺癌的发生与进展。然而,不同类型的RNA分子在甲状腺癌中的具体作用机制尚不清楚。本文将重点对mRNA、miRNA、lncRNA、circRNA、ceRNA等RNA分子与甲状腺癌的关系进行综述,旨在深入阐明甲状腺癌发病相关RNA分子机制,从而为甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗提供新思路。     

乳腺癌分化拮抗非蛋白编码RNA表达及作用研究进展

摘 要：长链非编码 RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA )是一种包含长于200个核苷酸序列且无法编码为蛋白的非编码RNA。已有较多研究证实lncRNA在乳腺癌中表达失调,参与乳腺癌的进展。分化拮抗非蛋白编码RNA是人类染色体4q12上编码的lncRNA,在乳腺癌中呈异常上调表达并广泛参与乳腺癌进展的多种信号通路。全文就分化拮抗非蛋白编码RNA在乳腺癌中的表达、功能及作用机制作简要综述。     

circRNAs在肿瘤中的研究进展

环状RNA（circular RNA, circRNA）是一种共价闭合的单股环状分子,属于非编码RNA家族成员。circRNA以保守、稳定、特异、高含量为特点,可作为microRNA海绵调控靶miRNA的活性,并参与基因转录和蛋白生成的调控,逐渐成为非编码RNA调控网络的新星。circRNA在多种疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用,并且在肿瘤诊断、治疗和预后等方面具有巨大的潜能,有望成为新的肿瘤生物标志物或分子靶向治疗靶点。     

非编码RNA靶向葡萄糖代谢重编程参与肺癌发生的研究进展

肺癌是世界范围内最常见的癌症之一,也是癌症相关死亡的主要原因。肿瘤细胞常因环境的变化而改变其代谢,即代谢重编程,被认为是肿瘤细胞的首要特征之一。葡萄糖代谢是代谢重编程的重要组成部分。大量实验研究表明,非编码RNA（non-coding RNA,ncRNA）,如微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)和环状RNA(circular RNA,circRNA)通过糖酵解作用影响肺癌的发生和转移。本文现简要介绍ncRNA对肺癌细胞糖代谢的调节作用,以及近年来在阐明肺癌葡萄糖代谢重构分子机制方面的研究进展,希望能为临床靶向肿瘤治疗提供新的策略。     

非编码RNA与乳腺癌他莫昔芬耐药关系的研究进展

乳腺癌是女性最常见恶性肿瘤之一,内分泌治疗是激素受体阳性乳腺癌患者全身治疗的主要手段。他莫昔芬是临床上常用的雌激素受体拮抗药物,是内分泌治疗主要药物之一,但肿瘤细胞对他莫昔芬的耐药限制了其临床疗效。非编码RNA在恶性肿瘤耐药中的作用是近年来的研究热点。已有研究发现,非编码RNA在乳腺癌他莫昔芬耐药的发生发展过程中发挥了重要作用,是逆转他莫昔芬耐药的潜在靶点。本文通过对国内外一些实验室和临床研究结果的综述,拟对非编码RNA与乳腺癌他莫昔芬耐药关系的研究进展进行概述。     

Non-coding RNAs deregulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma: advances and challenges

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cause of cancer death. Despite decades of improvements in exploring new treatments and considerable advance in multimodality treatment, satisfactory curative rates have not yet been reached. The difficulty of early diagnosis and the high prevalence of metastasis associated with OSCC contribute to its dismal prognosis. In the last few decades the emerging data from both tumor biology and clinical trials led to growing interest in the research for predictive biomarkers. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are promising biomarkers. Among numerous kinds of ncRNAs, short ncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have been extensively investigated with regard to their biogenesis, function, and importance in carcinogenesis. In contrast to miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are much less known concerning their functions in human cancers especially in OSCC. The present review highlighted the roles of miRNAs and newly discovered lncRNAs in oral tumorigenesis, metastasis, and their clinical implication.     

Small nucleolar RNA signatures as biomarkers for non-small-cell lung cancer

Background  

Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer death. Early detection of NSCLC will improve its outcome. The current techniques for NSCLC early detection are either invasive or have low accuracy. Molecular analyses of clinical specimens present promising diagnostic approaches. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an important role in tumorigenesis and could be developed as biomarkers for cancer. Here we aimed to develop small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), a common class of ncRNAs, as biomarkers for NSCLC early detection. The study comprised three phases: (1) profiling snoRNA signatures in 22 NSCLC tissues and matched noncancerous lung tissues by GeneChip Array, (2) validating expressions of the signatures by RT-qPCR in the tissues, and (3) evaluating plasma expressions of the snoRNAs in 37 NSCLC patients, 26 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and 22 healthy subjects.     

MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs: prospects in diagnostics and therapy of cancer

Background

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulatory molecules in cellular processes, and are potential biomarkers in many diseases. Currently, microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs are being pursued as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and as therapeutic tools in cancer, since their expression profiling is able to distinguish different cancer types and classify their sub-types.

Conclusions

There are numerous studies confirming involvement of ncRNAs in cancer initiation, development and progression, but have only been recently identified as new diagnostic and prognostic tools. This can be beneficial in future medical cancer treatment options, since ncRNAs are natural antisense interactors included in regulation of many genes connected to survival and proliferation. Research is directed in development of useful markers for diagnosis and prognosis in cancer and in developing new RNA-based cancer therapies, of which some are already in clinical trials.     

Non-coding RNAs: emerging regulators of glucose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma

Reprogramming of metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer, among which glucose metabolism dysfunction is the most prominent feature. The glucose metabolism of tumor cells is significantly different from that of normal cells. Glucose metabolism reprogramming of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become an important research hotspot in the field of HCC, a variety of tumor metabolic interventions have been applied clinically. Moreover, various Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding (lncRNAs) as well as circular RNAs (circRNAs), have recently been proved to play potential roles in glucose metabolism. This review summarizes the effects of ncRNAs on HCC that participate in glucose metabolism and discuss the related mechanisms to find potential and effective targeted treatments for HCC.     

非编码RNA靶向脂代谢重编程参与肝细胞癌恶性生物学表型

代谢重编程是肿瘤细胞的主要特征之一。脂质代谢重编程参与肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)发病机制。非编码RNA(non-coding RNAs,ncRNAs)是具有有限的或没有编码蛋白质能力的一类功能性RNA。多种ncRNAs调控脂质代谢。本文首先总结了肝癌发生和发展过程中细胞内主要脂肪酸代谢途径的改变情况,进一步总结了ncRNA调控脂代谢异常参与HCC恶性生物学表型的研究进展。本文介绍临床ncRNAs通过调控脂质代谢影响HCC表型的进展,为临床靶向性肿瘤治疗提供新的策略。     

Lentiviral short hairpin RNA screen of human kinases and phosphatases to identify potential biomarkers in oral squamous cancer cells

Oral carcinoma is a serious public health problem and the leading cause of head and neck cancer mortality worldwide. Moreover, oral cancer patients often present symptoms at a late stage and show a high recurrence rate after treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers for early diagnosis or clinical oral cancer therapy. In this study, we employed a subset of lentiviral short hairpin RNAs targeted against various kinases and phosphatases, designed by The RNAi Consortium, to screen systemically and in a high-throughput manner for potential growth regulators of oral cancer cells. The screen revealed a total of 50 candidate genes, for which more than 90% of growth inhibition in human oral squamous cancer HSC-3 cells was obtained. Furthermore, bioinformatic analysis of these candidate genes identified transforming growth factor-β receptor type II- and fms-related tyrosine kinase 3-related molecular pathways that are involved in NF-κB-mediated growth of HSC-3 cells. These candidate genes may be potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of oral cancer. In addition, these candidate genes represent potential targets for anticancer drug design helping to develop a personalized treatment to combat oral cancer.