THE EFFECT OF TGFb1 ON MURINE TUMOR GROWTH FOLLOWING DIRECT INTRATUMORAL INJECTION OF PLASMID DNA

ＴＨＥＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＴＧＦｂ１ＯＮＭＵＲＩＮＥＴＵＭＯＲＧＲＯＷＴＨＦＯＬＬＯＷＩＮＧＤＩＲＥＣＴＩＮＴＲＡＴＵＭＯＲＡＬＩＮＪＥＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＰＬＡＳＭＩＤＤＮＡＧａｏＰｉｎｇ１高平ＬｕＹｉｎｇｌｉｎ２陆应麟ＧｅＸｕｅｍｉｎｇ２葛学铭ＦａｎＷｅ...     

乳腺癌保乳术后常规、三维适形及两种调强放疗技术剂量学评估(英文)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the dose distribution and dose volume histogram (DVH) of the planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) among conventional radiation therapy (CR), three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT), two-step intensity-modulated radiation therapy (TS-IMRT) and direct machine parameter optimization intensity-modulated radiation therapy (DMPO-IMRT) after breast-conserving surgery. Methods: For each of 20 randomly chosen patients, 4 plans were designed using 4 irradiation techniques. The prescribed dose was 50 Gy/2 Gy/25 f, 95% of the planning target volume received this dose. The cumulated DVHs and 3D dose distributions of CR, 3DCRT, TS-IMRT and DMPO-IMRT plans were compared. Results: For the homogeneity indices, no statistically significant difference was observed among CR, 3DCRT, TS-IMRT and DMPO-IMRT while the difference of the conformality indices were statistically significant. With regard to the organs at risk, IMRT and 3DCRT showed a significantly fewer exposure dose to the ipsilateral lung than CR in the high-dose area while in the low-dose area, IMRT demonstrated a significant increase of exposure dose to ipsilateral lung, heart and contralateral breast compared with 3DCRT and CR. In addition, the monitor units (MUs) for DMPO-IMRT were approximately 26% more than those of TS-IMRT and the segments of the former were approximately 24% less than those of the latter. Conclusion: Compared with CR, 3DCRT and IMRT improved the homogeneity and conformity of PTV, reduced the irradiated volume of OARs in high dose area but IMRT increased the irradiated volume of OARs in low dose area. DMPO-IMRT plan has fewer delivery time but more MUs than TS-IMRT.     

New development of breast cancer histological evaluation related to determination of therapeutic option for the patients

Breast cancer is a heterogenous disease with molecular alterations,cellular composition, and clinical outcome. The more we know about the tumor characteristics underlying the heterogeneity of the disease, the greater the opportunity to refine treatment options. Great emphasis has been placed upon     

肿瘤患者化疗期间的血栓形成及抗凝治疗

大量数据表明肿瘤患者化疗期间血栓形成的相关事件明显增加.化疗期间抗凝治疗不但可有效改善患者高凝状态,预防血栓发生,还具有潜在的抗肿瘤作用,延长患者的生存期.     

Stereotactic radiosurgery:a“targeted”therapy for cancer

The developments of medicine always follow innovations in science and technology.In the past decade,such innovations have made cancer-related targeted therapies possible.In general,the term "targeted therapy" has been used in reference to cellular and molecular level oriented therapies.However,improvements in the delivery and planning of traditional radiation therapy have also provided cancer patients more options for "targeted" treatment,notably stereotactic radiosurgery(SRS) and stereotactic body radiotherapy(SBRT).In this review,the progress and controversies of SRS and SBRT are discussed to show the role of stereotactic radiation therapy in the ever evolving multidisciplinary care of cancer patients.     

Induction of the apoptosis of cancer cell by sonodynamic therapy: a review

Ultrasound can be used not only in examination,but also in therapy,especially in the therapy of cancer.Sonodynamic therapy is an experimental cancer therapy method which uses ultrasound to enhance the cytotoxic effects of agents known as sonosensitizers.It has been tested in vitro and in vivo.The ultrasound could penetrate the tissue and cell under some of conditions which directly changes cell membrane permeability,thereby allowing the delivery of exogenous molecules into the cells in some degree.Ultrasound could inhibit the proliferation or induce the apoptosis of cancer cells in vitro or in vivo.Recent researches indicated low-frequency and low-intensity ultrasound could induce cell apoptosis,which could be strengthened by sonodynamic sensitivity,microbubbles,chemotherapeutic drugs and so on.Most kinds of ultrasound suppressed the proliferation of cancer cells through inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells.The mechanism of apoptosis is not clear.In this review,we will focus on and discuss the mechanisms of the induction of cancer cell apoptosis by ultrasound.     

Expert consensus onmaintenance treatment formetastatic colorectal cancer in China

The impact of maintenance therapy on progression?free survival and overall survival as well as quality of life of Chi?nese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer has long been under discussion. Recently, some phase III clinical trials have revealed that maintenance therapy can signiifcantly prolong the progression?free survival while maintain an acceptable safety proifle. Based on this evidence and common treatment practice in China, we now generated one Expert Consensus on Maintenance Treatment for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in China to further specify the neces?sity of maintenance therapy, suitable candidates for such treatment, and appropriate regimens.     

Clinical application of multidisciplinary teams in tumor therapy

Multidisciplinary team (MDT) model is a diagnostic and treatment model characterized by interdisciplinarity,integration,centralism,individualization,and precision and is becoming more common in the management of complex malignancies.MDT emphasizes team spirit and a personalized treatment strategy according to the actual condition of each patient.A cooperative and effective mnltidisciplinary team is an important guarantee for delivering high-quality services to parents.Under the guidance of a medical humanistic concept,MDT provides reasonable,effective,convenient,and a full range of excellent quality medical service to patients.The MDT maximizes parent benefits,and it is the developmental direction for large-scale general hospitals.At the same time,the MDT is also an important measure to strengthen the core competitiveness of hospitals.Here,we introduce the clinical application of the model in tumor therapy as well as the current state and development in our hospital.     

卵巢癌顺铂耐药分子生物学研究进展

 化疗耐药是有效治疗卵巢癌的重大障碍。卵巢癌耐药是多因素、多因子共同作用的结果,耐药相关基因的深入研究为从根本上逆转肿瘤耐药提供了新的思路。     

Interstitial high dose-rate brachytherapy: principle, practice and first clinical experiences with a new remote-controlled afterloading system using Ir-192

In our newly developed remote-controlled afterloading system, a single Ir-192-source is moved within hollow stainless steel needles, which are arranged strictly parallel and are uniformly spaced. Dose calculation is performed by an especially designed computer program using geometrical bodies (ellipsoid, cylinder and plane parallel body) as idealized tumor shapes. Reference points for calculation are defined on the surface of the chosen geometrical body. Theoretical base, principles of dosage, handling and first clinical experiences after treatment of 28 patients are presented.     

Neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Surgical resection offers the only hope of cure, though the addition of chemoradiation in the adjuvant setting has been shown to improve survival over surgery alone. Many patients are unable to receive adjuvant therapy due to prolonged postoperative recovery. For this reason, administration of chemoradiation preoperatively (neoadjuvant) has been proposed as an alternative to postoperative treatment. In patients with resectable disease, neoadjuvant therapy results in similar survivals compared to postoperative therapy, with a greater proportion of patients able to complete treatment. For selected patients with borderline or unresectable disease, neoadjuvant therapy offers the potential for tumor downstaging and increasing the likelihood of a margin-negative resection. This article reviews the use of neoadjuvant therapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.     

乳腺癌的新辅助全身治疗

 乳腺癌新辅助全身治疗,是指对某些乳腺癌患者在术前给予其全身性的治疗。术前综合运用化疗、内分泌治疗和靶向治疗可起到降期和提高保乳手术率的独特作用。新辅助化疗已经成为局部晚期乳腺癌的标准治疗方式之一。新辅助条件下,对于特定患者使用芳香化酶抑制剂和曲妥珠单抗治疗的研究也取得了长足进步。     

Role of radiation therapy in the treatment of melanoma

Melanoma has been widely described as radioresistant but this should not be construed as meaning that melanoma is radioincurable. Many melanoma cell lines are as radiosensitive as other tumors commonly treated successfully with radiotherapy (RT). The use of RT requires careful planning resulting in the administration of a tumoricidal dose to the tumor cells with adequate sparing of normal tissues. RT has been used for primary therapy, postresection adjuvant therapy and palliation of symptomatic melanoma. Curative RT has been given for uveal melanoma yielding patient survival equivalent to enucleation. RT has been administered to patients with unresectable disease yielding relatively favorable results. As an adjuvant therapy postoperatively, RT has been used selectively to improve local disease control. Finally, RT is used successfully as a palliative maneuver for symptoms related to distant metastatic melanoma in patients with incurable disease.     

A randomized phase III study of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy in patients with localized prostate cancer

The primary objective of this randomized trial is to evaluate the benefit of the addition of neoadjuvant hormonal therapy to escalated-dose external-beam radiation therapy in the treatment of patients with intermediate-risk carcinoma of the prostate. A secondary objective of this study is to determine prognostic factors for radiation response. All patients will have tissue oxygenation measured and biopsies taken before treatment at the time of fiducial marker insertion for radiation treatment planning and daily monitoring. In addition, patients randomized to the neoadjuvant bicalutamide arm will be asked to consider having these studies repeated before initiation of radiation therapy (after 3 months of hormonal therapy).     

Comparison of optimized single and multifield irradiation plans of antiproton, proton and carbon ion beams

Background and purpose

Antiprotons have been suggested as a possibly superior modality for radiotherapy, due to the energy released when antiprotons annihilate, which enhances the Bragg peak and introduces a high-LET component to the dose. However, concerns are expressed about the inferior lateral dose distribution caused by the annihilation products.

Methods

We use the Monte Carlo code FLUKA to generate depth-dose kernels for protons, antiprotons, and carbon ions. Using these we then build virtual treatment plans optimized according to ICRU recommendations for the different beam modalities, which then are recalculated with FLUKA. Dose-volume histograms generated from these plans can be used to compare the different irradiations.

Results

The enhancement in physical and possibly biological dose from annihilating antiprotons can significantly lower the dose in the entrance channel; but only at the expense of a diffuse low dose background from long-range secondary particles. Lateral dose distributions are improved using active beam delivery methods, instead of flat fields.

Conclusions

Dose-volume histograms for different treatment scenarios show that antiprotons have the potential to reduce the volume of normal tissue receiving medium to high dose, however, in the low dose region antiprotons are inferior to both protons and carbon ions. This limits the potential usage to situations where dose to normal tissue must be reduced as much as possible.     

Successful treatment of metastatic androgen-independent prostate carcinoma in a transsexual patient

The occurrence of prostate carcinoma in transsexual patients has rarely been reported. These cases present a unique challenge in that such patients are effectively receiving androgen deprivation therapy. By definition, their disease is androgen-independent prostate cancer, and the role of local therapy is undefined. We report on a male-to-female transsexual patient with metastatic prostate cancer treated successfully with combination chemotherapy after previous standard therapy failed.     

多学科综合治疗——改善高危前列腺癌患者的预后

手术和放疗是局限性前列腺癌主要的治疗方法,但对于高危前列腺癌单用局部治疗预后不佳,超过50％的患者会复发。手术、放疗、内分泌治疗和化疗的联合应用目前被认为是提高高危前列腺癌疗效的重要途径。本文总结了目前高危前列腺癌综合治疗的相关文献,期望能为我国高危前列腺癌综合治疗方案的选择提供借鉴和参考。     

The early history of radiotherapy: 1895–1939

The years 1895–1939 covered a period extending from the discovery of X rays to the end of the pre-atomic era. The events leading to Roentgen's discovery and the claims made for priority in the use of therapeutic X rays are discussed. Early X ray equipment and the attempts at dosage estimation are reviewed and a brief account is given of the development of curietherapy in its various forms, with particular reference to telecurietherapy.