经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检方案的合理选择

目的 分析经直肠超声(TRUS)和前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)及其相关参数在前列腺穿刺活检中的作用,探讨个体化前列腺穿刺方案的可行性。方法 回顾性分析195例患者的首次穿刺活检资料,所有患者均采用系统8点穿刺方案,并对可疑病灶增加1~2点。依据穿刺病理结果,分析前列腺癌(PCa)检出率与TRUS、PSA及其相关参数的关系。结果 195例患者中检出PCa 98例(50.3%),其中PSA 4~10 ng/mL组45例,检出PCa 16例(35.6%),其中TRUS(+)且PSATZ≥0.35 ng/mL² 210例均证实为PCa;PSA＞10 ng/mL组150例,检出PCa 82例(54.7%)。PSA 4~10 ng/mL与PSA＞10 ng/mL两组患者PCa检出率差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),且两组中TRUS(+)与TRUS(-)患者相较PCa检出率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01)。结论 依据TRUS、PSA及其相关参数制定个体化前列腺穿刺方案是可行的。     

经直肠超声定位下前列腺穿刺活检术的探讨

目的探讨理想的前列腺穿刺活检方案。方法回顾性分析127例疑诊为前列腺癌患者的年龄、直肠指检（DRE）或经直肠超声（TRUS）情况、血清前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）水平、前列腺体积大小、穿刺针数等,与穿刺活检阳性率的关系。结果 127例穿刺活检结果显示：前列腺增生症（BPH）80例,前列腺癌（PCa）47例,PCa活检阳性率为37.9%;随着患者年龄的增长及PSA水平的增高,PCa检出率明显增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,对前列腺体积不同患者,采用不同穿刺活检方案,其PCa活检阳性率不等,小体积前列腺患者,系统6针、10针、12针穿刺活检三组阳性率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,大体积前列腺患者,12针穿刺活检阳性率明显高于系统6针的。直肠指检阳性组穿刺活检阳性率与阴性组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论对不同的初次前列腺活检患者,应当根据患者的个体情况选择不同的穿刺活检方案。     

尿液前列腺癌基因-3在前列腺癌诊断中的临床价值

[目的]探讨尿液中前列腺癌基因-3(prostate cell antigen 3,PCA3)对前列腺癌的诊断价值.[方法]收集119例前列腺癌(prostate cancer,PCa)患者和207例前列腺增生(benign prostatic hyperplasia,BPH)患者前列腺按摩后尿液,采用反转录聚合酶链反应技术,分析PCA3基因在PCa和BPH患者尿液中的表达情况,并与血中前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific of antigen,PSA)进行应用价值的比较.[结果]尿PCA3 mRNA阳性104例,其中PCa100例、BPH 4例.尿PCA3 mRNA诊断PCa的敏感度、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值(PPV)、阴性预测值(NPV)、阳性似然比(+LR)、阴性似然比(-LR)分别为84.03％、98.07％、92.94％、96.15％、91.44％、43.49、0.16;血PSA诊断PCa的检出率为48.92％(113/231),明显低于尿PCA3 mRNA诊断PCa的检出率96.15％(100/104),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).此外,PSA位于灰色区域4～10ng/ml77例,病理结果显示PCa 8例,BPH 69例,PCa检出率10.39％;尿PCA3 mRNA阳性7例,其中PCa 6例、BPH 1例,PCa检出率85.71％;尿PCA3 mRNA诊断PCa的敏感度和特异性分别为75.00％和98.55％.[结论]与血PSA相比,尿PCA3 mRNA诊断PCa敏感度稍低,但具有很好的特异性和阳性预测值,对于首次活检阴性而尿PCA3 mRNA阳性的患者意义重大,提示可能需要重复穿刺活检.在PSA介于灰色区域4～10ng/ml时,穿刺结果阳性率较低(10.39％),尿PCA3 mRNA诊断PCa的特异性达98.55％,可协助判断是否需要穿刺活检.     

PSAT 在前列腺穿刺活检中的意义

目的:探讨前列腺移行带特异性抗原密度(PSAT)在前列腺穿刺活检中的意义。方法:对120例患者行前列腺穿刺活检,其中PSA≥4ng/ml者105例,PSA<4ng/ml且直肠指诊及经直肠B超有阳性发现者15例。对PSA、PSAD和PSAT与前列腺穿刺活检的关系进行分析。结果:120例患者中经前列腺穿刺诊断为前列腺癌(PCa)63例,活检阳性率52.5,其中15例PSA<4ng/ml者中,活检结果为前列腺横纹肌肉瘤1例,前列腺小细胞癌2例,腺癌4例,良性前列腺增生8例;42例>20ng/ml者中32例为PCa,活检阳性率76.2;63例PSA4-20ng/ml者中24例为PCa,活检阳性率38.1;29例PSA4-10ng/ml者中10例为PCa,活检阳性率34.5。血清PSA4-20ng/ml患者,PSAD≥0.13或PSAT≥0.15时,敏感性均为100,特异性为20.5或17.9,阳性预测值为43.6或42.9,可避免12.7(8/63)或11.1(7/63)阴性穿刺结果。血清PSA4-20ng/ml时,前列腺穿刺阳性组和阴性组PSA分别为11.18±4.49和10.05±4.29ng/ml(P=0.318);PSAD分别为0.45±0.33和0.26±0.15(P=0.003);PSAT分别为0.94±0.65和0.43±0.24(P=0.000)。血清PSA、PSAD和PSAT的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.576、0.676和0.77,PSAT的ROC曲线下面积与PSA比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:PSA4-20ng/ml时,PSAT对预测患者是否行前列腺穿刺活检有较大帮助。     

前列腺特异性抗原4~10μg/L患者前列腺癌检出率及与年龄和病理分级的相关性分析

目的：探讨前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen, PSA) 4~10μg/L患者前列腺癌检出率及与年龄和病理分级的相关性。方法：回顾性收集2011年1月至2017年12月仁寿县人民医院收治的213例PSA 4~10μg/L患者的相关资料,所有患者均行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检,计算前列腺癌检出率,比较各年龄组、病理分级与检出率的相关性。结果：本组213例PSA4~10μg/L患者中,穿刺活检阳性患者50例,阳性检出率23.5%。穿刺阳性患者PSA(8.11±0.53)μg/L,穿刺阴性患者PSA(6.55±0.62)μg/L,两组比较差异有统计学意义(t=16.075, P<0.001)。<60岁、60~69岁、70~79岁、≥80岁4个年龄组穿刺活检阳性率分别为：5.88%、17.28%、28.71%、42.86%,随着年龄的增长,前列腺穿刺活检阳性检出率增长明显(χ2趋势=9.046, P=0.003)。Spearman相关分析显示,前列腺穿刺活检阳性检出率与年龄存在正相关关系(r=0.486, P<0.001)。4个年龄组穿刺活检阳性患者Gleason评分≥7分患者分别为：1例(100.0%)、5例(35.7%)、13例(44.8%)和4例(66.7%),组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同肿瘤分期在各年龄组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论：随着年龄的增加,PSA4~10μg/L患者中,前列腺穿刺阳性的前列腺癌患者的检出率也相应增高,年龄可以作为PSA4~10μg/L低水平患者前列腺癌筛查和诊断的重要参考指标。     

ROC曲线分析波谱定量分析在前列腺癌中的诊断价值

目的:探讨MR波谱(magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS)定量分析方法在前列腺癌(prostatic carci-noma,PCa)诊断中的意义。方法:对所有疑诊PCa患者行前列腺磁共振波谱分析,酶联免疫法测定血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA),经直肠超声测定前列腺体积,计算前列腺特异抗原密度(PSAD),经超声引导下系统穿刺活检证实的71例良性前列腺增生患者和31例PCa患者,分别测量各个位置(胆碱+肌酸)/枸橼酸盐[(Cho+Cre)/Cit]的比值,并取均值。结果:前列腺穿刺阳性组的PSA、PSAD及(Cho+Cre)/Cit的比值分别为23.73±19.06、0.62±0.42、2.33±0.66;前列腺穿刺阴性组的PSA、PSAD及(Cho+Cre)/Cit的比值分别为8.61±4.47、0.15±0.13、0.73±0.39。阳性组的检测值均较阴性组高(P<0.05)。PSA、PSAD及(Cho+Cre)/Cit在ROC曲线下的面积分别为0.71、0.76、0.84。在保持93.5%的敏感性以上时,PSA、PSAD及(Cho+Cre)/Cit的特异性是43.7%、63.4%和83.1%,(Cho+Cre)/Cit较PSA、PSAD能更好地检出PCa。结论:MRS分析方法定量评价PCa的代谢改变,有助于PCa的早期诊断,同时结合PSA、PSAD更有助于前列腺癌诊断的特异性。     

直肠超声引导经会阴途径穿刺活检诊断前列腺癌

目的:通过总结经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下经会阴途径前列腺癌(PCa)穿刺活检患者的临床表现、相关检查及病理特征,提高对PCa穿刺活检的病理诊断水平.方法:选择2014年7月至2016年12月期间于我院行TRUS引导下经会阴途径PCa穿刺活检患者101例,对这些患者的临床表现、血清PSA检查、影像学检查及病理检查进行总结.结果:PCa患者年龄多大于60岁,多伴有泌尿系统症状与直肠指检异常、血清PSA常超出上限;影像学表现为病变区域图像改变与血流信号异常;镜检特征主要表现在细胞异型、结构异型和浸润性生长,镜下特征性结构与免疫组化检查有助于PCa的诊断.结论:前列腺穿刺活检病理检查是诊断PCa的金标准,在熟练掌握其病理特征与免疫组化表达的同时,注意结合PCa临床表现与临床相关检查的特点,对提高病理诊断准确性具有重要的临床意义.     

免疫组织化学技术在前列腺癌早期诊断中的应用现状

前列腺癌（prostate cancer,PCa）是欧美国家男性发病率第一和死亡率第二的恶性肿瘤^1[]。由于PCa自然病程较长,临床症状隐匿,许多患者被发现时已处于晚期,因此,PCa的早期诊断成为临床上关注的焦点。血清前列腺特异性抗原（prostatespecific antigen,PSA）对PCa的敏感性和特异性较低,特别是PSA水平介于4～10ng／ml之间时^[2]。目前,前列腺穿刺活检仍是诊断PCa的金标准,但穿刺活检标本有限,许多良性病变与PCa的组织学特征相似,给临床上PCa的诊断带来很大困难。     

前列腺特异性抗原的检测对前列腺癌及前列腺增生的诊断意义

目的　探讨血清总前列腺特异性抗原 (t PSA)、游离PSA (f PSA)、PSA密度 (PSAD )及其f PSA/t PSA比值对前列腺癌 (PCa)及前列腺增生 (BPH )的诊断价值。方法　采用酶联免疫分析方法 (ELISA )检测未经治疗的 62例BPH患者和 2 4例PCa患者血清f PSA、t PSA水平 ,并计算f PSA/t PSA值和PSAD ,对检测结果进行统计学处理。结果　BPH组与PCa组的f PSA、t PSA水平均明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;前列腺癌组的f PSA /t PSA值明显小于对照组及前列腺癌增生组 (P <0 .0 1) ;PCa组PSAD明显大于对照组和BPH组 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　检测f PSA/t PSA和PSAD比单一检测f PSA、t PSA可显著提高对PCa诊断的特异性及符合率 ,对前列腺体积较大的BPH和PCa患者 ,检测PSAD更有意义     

5种前列腺穿刺活检方式的对比研究

目的比较5种不同前列腺穿刺活检方式的前列腺癌检出率和并发症情况。方法收集2001年至2012年间前列腺穿刺活检的住院病例239例,分别采用经会阴6点、手指引导6点、经直肠超声引导6点、5区13针(13点)和6+4(10点)5种不同穿刺活检方式分组。比较5种前列腺穿刺活检方式的阳性率及并发症情况;同时对比按年龄、直肠指检(DRE)结果、前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)和直肠超声(TRUS)情况分组后的相关结果。结果 5种不同穿刺方式组的前列腺癌检出阳性率差异无统计学意义(χ2=6.530,P>0.05);5组血尿阳性率的差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.947,P<0.05),其中5区13针组的血尿阳性率分别高于6+4组和超声6点组(P<0.005),手指6点组血尿阳性率高于6+4组(P=0.005)。按不同年龄和PSA水平分组后,PSA>20μg/L组的前列腺癌检出阳性率高于<10μg/L和10~20μg/L组(P<0.012 5);>80岁组的前列腺癌检出阳性率也高于<70岁组(P<0.025);同时DRE阳性和TRUS可疑组的前列腺癌检出阳性率也均高于阴性组(均P<0.05)。而各分层分组并发症发生情况均无统计学差异(均P>0.05)。结论对国内临床就诊人群,初次穿刺活检者采用10点的前列腺扩充穿刺即可,部分临床局部进展或前列腺体积较小者,采用6点穿刺足够诊断需要。对未细分穿刺人群简单的统一采用12点以上的穿刺方式不应是最佳选择。     

Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Clinically Significant Prostate Cancer: an Updated Systematic Review

There has been growing utilisation of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MPMRI) as a non-invasive tool to diagnose and localise clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPCa). This updated systematic review examines the use of MPMRI in patients with an elevated risk of CSPCa who have had a prior negative transrectal ultrasound systematic biopsy (TRUS-SB) and who were biopsy naïve. MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for existing systematic reviews published up to September 2020. The literature search of the electronic databases combined disease-specific terms (prostate cancer, prostate carcinoma, etc.) and treatment-specific terms (magnetic resonance, etc.). Studies were included if they were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing MPMRI to template transperineal mapping biopsy (TPMB) or to TRUS-SB. Thirty-six RCTs were eligible. For biopsy-naïve men, accuracy of diagnosis of CSPCa showed sensitivities from 87 to 96% and specificities ranging from 29 to 45%. Meta-analyses for CSPCa showed increased detection favouring MPMRI-targeted biopsy over TRUS-SB by 3% (95% confidence interval 0–7%, P = 0.03) and decreased detection of clinically insignificant prostate cancer (CISPCa) favouring MPMRI by 8% (95% confidence interval –11 to 5%, P < 0.00001). Accuracy of MPMRI for men with prior negative biopsy showed sensitivities of 78–100% and specificities of 30–100%. Meta-analyses comparing MPMRI to TRUS-SB showed increased detection of 5% (95% confidence interval 3–7%, P < 0.0001) with a reduction of CISPCa detection of 7% (95% confidence interval 4–9%, P < 0.00001). The growing acceptance of MPMRI utilisation internationally and the recent publication of several RCTs regarding MPMRI in reducing CISPCa detection rates, particularly in biopsy-naïve men, without loss of sensitivity for CSPCa necessitates the synthesis of updated evidence examining MPMRI in the diagnosis of CSPCa.     

Negative Biopsy Histology in Men With PI-RADS Score 5 in Daily Clinical Practice: Incidence of Granulomatous Prostatitis

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the biopsy histology of men who underwent transperineal multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI)/transrectal ultrasound fusion biopsy for Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) score 5 lesions.Patients and MethodsFrom January 2016 to June 2019, 105 men with PI-RADS score 5 underwent mpMRI/transrectal ultrasound fusion biopsy combined with systematic prostate biopsy. All the patients underwent a 3.0 Tesla pelvic mpMRI for the first time before prostate biopsy. In detail, the detection rate for clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa) and the follow-up of the patients without proven diagnosis of PCa has been reported.ResultsIn 91 (86.7%) of 105 patients, a stage T1c PCa was diagnosed, and 89 (84.5%) of 105 of them were classified as clinically significant PCa. Among the 16 (15.5%) of 105 patients with absence of cancer, 5 (31.5%) of 16 had an aspecific granulomatous prostatitis, 1 (6.2%) of 16 had a specific granulomatous prostatitis secondary to prostatic Mycobacterium Tubercolosis, and 10 (62.3%) of 16 had a diagnosis of normal parenchyma. The 6 patients with granulomatous prostatitis underwent specific antibiotic therapy followed by laboratory (ie, semen and urine cultures) and clinical evaluation. Six months from prostate biopsy, none of the 16 patients underwent repeat prostate biopsy because prostate-specific antigen (PSA) (15/16 cases) plus PSA density significantly decreased; in addition, in all the cases the initial PI-RADS score 5 was downgraded at mpMRI revaluation to PI-RADS score ≤ 3.ConclusionThe reduction of PSA plus PSA density values and the downgrading of PI-RADS score to ≤ 3 allow avoiding a repeated prostate biopsy in men with initial mpMRI PI-RADS score 5 lesion and negative biopsy histology.     

Cognitive versus Software-Assisted Registration: Development of a New Nomogram Predicting Prostate Cancer at MRI-Targeted Biopsies

Introduction

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is gaining acceptance to guide targeted biopsy (TB) in prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis. We aimed to compare the detection rate of software-assisted fusion TB (SA-TB) versus cognitive fusion TB (COG-TB) for PC and to evaluate potential clinical features in detecting PC and clinically significant PC (csPC) at TB.

PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions as diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer

The incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) is rising steadily among males in many countries. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is widely applied to clinical diagnosis and screening of PCa. However, the so-called grey area of PSA levels 4.0–10.0 ng/mL has a low specificity of 25–40% resulting in a high rate of negative biopsy and overtreatment. So in order to treat PCa patients in early stage, there is an urgent need for new biomarkers in PCa diagnosis. The PCA3 gene, a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) that is highly expressed in prostate cancer (PCa) cells, has been identified as a molecular biomarkers to detect PCa, of which PCA3 has already under clinical application. PCA3 is strongly overexpressed in malignant prostate tissue compared to benign or normal adjacent one. Newly, PCA3 is considered to be a promising biomarker in clinical diagnosis and targeted therapy. The diagnostic significance of PCA3, however, is awaiting further researches. Moreover, it has been demonstrated recently that TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion is identified as the predominant genetic change in patients diagnosed with PCa. Recent study revealed that combination of the PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion test optimizes PCa detection compared with that of single biomarker, which would lead to a considerable reduction of the number of prostate biopsies. In this review, we focused on the potential use of PCA3 and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion detection in the diagnosis of PCa.     

ROC曲线分析波谱定量分析在前列腺癌中的诊断价值

目的：探讨MR波谱（magnetic resonance spectroscopy,MRS）定量分析方法在前列腺癌（prostatic carci-noma,PCa）诊断中的意义。方法：对所有疑诊PCa患者行前列腺磁共振波谱分析,酶联免疫法测定血清前列腺特异抗原（PSA）,经直肠超声测定前列腺体积,计算前列腺特异抗原密度（PSAD）,经超声引导下系统穿刺活检证实的71例良性前列腺增生患者和31例PCa患者,分别测量各个位置（胆碱＋肌酸）/枸橼酸盐[（Cho＋Cre）/Cit]的比值,并取均值。结果：前列腺穿刺阳性组的PSA、PSAD及（Cho＋Cre）/Cit的比值分别为23.73±19.06、0.62±0.42、2.33±0.66;前列腺穿刺阴性组的PSA、PSAD及（Cho＋Cre）/Cit的比值分别为8.61±4.47、0.15±0.13、0.73±0.39。阳性组的检测值均较阴性组高（P〈0.05）。PSA、PSAD及（Cho＋Cre）/Cit在ROC曲线下的面积分别为0.71、0.76、0.84。在保持93.5%的敏感性以上时,PSA、PSAD及（Cho＋Cre）/Cit的特异性是43.7%、63.4%和83.1%,（Cho＋Cre）/Cit较PSA、PSAD能更好地检出PCa。结论：MRS分析方法定量评价PCa的代谢改变,有助于PCa的早期诊断,同时结合PSA、PSAD更有助于前列腺癌诊断的特异性。     

慢性前列腺炎及多灶型HGPIN患者再次穿刺时发展为前列腺癌风险的研究

目的 探讨伴有慢性前列腺炎及多灶型高级别前列腺上皮内瘤(Widespread high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia,wHGPIN)患者再次活检,发展为前列腺癌风险的研究。方法2006年7月—2014年12月收集前列腺再次穿刺活检者172例,均为初次活检病理诊断为HGPIN者,穿刺为经直肠超声引导下前列腺12点穿刺法。再次穿刺均是在初次穿刺6个月后进行的。多灶型HGPIN界定为在前列腺活检中有2针及以上检出高级别前列腺上皮内瘤,孤立型HGPIN界定为在前列腺活检中有1针检出高级别前列腺上皮内瘤。结果 初次活检172例HGPIN患者,孤立型HGPIN 102例,伴有慢性前列腺炎患者17例;多灶型HGPIN 70例,伴有慢性前列腺炎患者54例;172例HGPIN患者再次活检病理为前列腺腺癌者48例,多灶型HGPIN组检出率52.86%(37/70),孤立型HGPIN组检出率为10.78%(11/102),差异有统计学意义(P＜0.001);多灶型HGPIN伴有慢性前列腺炎组前列腺腺癌检出率高于不伴有慢性前列腺炎组,差异有统计学意义(P=0.011)。经Logistic回归模型分析,慢性前列腺炎和多灶型HGPIN是再次活检为前列腺癌的独立风险因素。结论 首次活检为慢性前列腺炎与多灶型HGPIN患者是再次活检为前列腺腺癌的高风险因素,建议超声引导下经直肠前列腺再次活检。     

前列腺肿物检查方法的临床评价

目的评价血清前列腺特异性膜抗原（PSA）和各项物理检查对指导前列腺活检的意义。方法结合血清PSA、直肠指诊（DRE）、直肠B超（TRUS）及磁共振成像（MRI）检查,对148例可疑前列腺病变患者,经直肠B超引导下行前列腺穿刺活检。结果前列腺活检阳性率为43.9%（65/148）。DRE和PSA对前列腺癌的诊断有意义(P＜0.05),其中PSA加DRE、TRUS及MRI对前列腺癌的诊断明显高于PSA或DRE（P<0.01）,但前述三者之间对前列腺癌的诊断差异无显著性（P=0.46,P＝0.16,P＝0.52）。MRI的敏感性高于DRE和TRUS（P=0.05,P=0.01）,TRUS的特异性高于PSA或MRI（P=0.02,P=0.001）。结论前列腺活检是诊断前列腺癌的重要手段,其初步筛选以DRE加PSA为主,同时结合TRUS及MRI,可提高筛选的敏感性和特异性,避免不必要的活检。DRE或PSA加TRUS或MRI在前列腺活检筛选中可提高前列腺活检的阳性率。     

A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging techniques used to secure biopsies in prostate cancer patients

Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common diagnosed malignancy among the male population in the United States. The incidence is increasing with an estimated amount of 175.000 cases in 2019.

Areas covered: Primarily, PCa is generally detected by an elevated or rising serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) followed by pathological examination. Histopathology ultimately confirms the presence of PCa and determines a Gleason score. However, PSA and DRE have low specificity and sensitivity, respectively. Subsequently, accurate assessment of the aggressiveness of PCa is essential to prevent overdiagnosis and thus overtreatment of low-risk or indolent cancers. By visualizing PCa suspicious lesions and sampling them during the targeted biopsy, it is likely that the diagnostic accuracy of significant PCa improves. This article reviews the current imaging techniques used to secure biopsies in patients with a suspicion of PCa. The advantages and limitations of each technique are described.

Expert opinion: Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and subsequent-targeted biopsy have improved the diagnostic accuracy of PCa detection in men with an elevated or rising serum PSA. Prostate lesions visible on mpMRI are easily targeted during either in-bore MRI-guided biopsy, cognitive fusion biopsy or MRI-TRUS fusion biopsy.