胃肠肿瘤术后辅助化疗患者对口服营养补充体验的质性研究

目的 在口服营养补充广泛应用在胃肠道恶性肿瘤患者的营养治疗的背景下,了解胃肠肿瘤术后辅助化疗患者服 用口服营养粉后的认识和感受,为临床指导提供依据,进而提高患者依从性,确保营养治疗效果。方法 采用目的抽样法,以分层目的性选样策略,选取14名于2017年11月至2018年4月在南京市某三甲医院接受口服营养补充的胃肠肿瘤术后 辅助化疗患者,对患者进行半结构式深入调研,运用Nvivo11软件,对调研结果进行分析和整理。结果 分析提炼出3个主题, 患者对口服营养补充的态度认知、服用问题反馈和健康信息关注情况。大部分患者对口服营养补充认识不足,仅有21% 的 患者在服用口服营养补充后对其持肯定态度;有合并症的患者有特殊需求、不明白服用方法和出现不适反应为患者服用问 题反馈;半数患者不主动关注健康信息。主动关注的患者主要通过互联网和咨询医务人员。结论 患者对口服营养补充的体 验具有多面性,反映的问题也不容乐观。应采取医护一体化合作模式,改进健康教育流程,在院和延续护理中重视症状管理, 推广多口味、多配方的营养粉和加强对网络健康信息的监管。以改善患者临床结局,进而提高生活质量。     

基于加速康复外科理念的术前口服营养

加速康复外科理念是通过优化围手术期处理,减少创伤应激,加速患者康复。良好的营养状况有利于患者减轻 分解代谢,改善临床结局,是加速康复外科的重要组成部分。术前对患者进行常规筛查和评估,对存在营养不良的患者进 行营养干预。但是在判断营养状况的最佳指标或方法上存在一定争议,而且执行情况也不乐观。口服营养补充因其操作方 便、易于管理、并发症少、患者依从性好,已经成为营养干预的首选途径,术前至少持续 7~10 天。术前口服营养补充不但 使术前严重营养不良的患者因此获益,对于术前体重下降的消化系统肿瘤患者,即使没有出现严重的营养不良也可以获益。 尽管免疫营养的作用已被证实,而且围手术期应用免疫营养已成为共识,但是在等氮、等热卡的情况下,术前免疫营养相 对于通用配方营养的优势受到质疑。目前没有免疫营养的最佳组合和配方,而且普通配方制剂也含有一定的免疫营养成分, 所以在术前营养制剂的选择上要根据实际情况而定。     

肝癌患者的医学营养治疗

肝癌是我国常见恶性肿瘤，肝癌患者的营养不良发生率较高，影响其首次住院时营养状态主要原因是肝损害程度和荷瘤状态，肝切除手术、放疗、化疗，以及靶向治疗等抗肿瘤治疗措施均可进一步加重肝功能损伤和恶化营养状态，医学营养干预是肝癌治疗的重要组成部分。肝癌患者的医学营养治疗的规范化诊疗步骤包括：“筛查、评定、干预”，通过营养风险筛查（如营养风险筛查 2002）确定需要接受营养治疗的患者；通过患者主观整体评估（PG-SGA）等方法诊断营养不良，通过实验室检查和Child-Pugh分级评定肝脏功能等；根据肝癌患者的代谢能力和机体需求确定能量与蛋白质供给目标；有营养风险或营养不良的肝癌患者首选口服营养补充，对肠内营养不能满足60%能量供给或不能接受肠内营养者，适时给予补充性肠外营养，以期达到维持营养状态，提高抗肿瘤治疗依从性，改善临床预后的目的；肝癌患者合并的肝功能异常可导致多种微量元素和维生素的缺乏，适时适量补充微营养素对肝癌患者提升营养状态和维护肝功能有积极意义。     

肿瘤放疗患者口服营养补充专家共识(2017)

恶性肿瘤患者约有40%~80%存在营养问题,营养不良会影响肿瘤放疗患者的治疗和预后。近年来,营养支持在放疗患者的应用越来越受到重视,合理的营养干预有助于改善肿瘤放疗患者营养状况,维持治疗连续性,改善预后。口服营养补充是指南推荐的首选医学营养补充方式,口服营养补充在围放疗期的应用有助于放疗前维持体重和减轻放疗导致的黏膜损伤,放疗中保证患者达到足够营养摄入量,放疗后营养状况的维持等。而目前放疗患者对营养不良的危害认识不足,临床亟待加强营养宣教来帮助患者及家属建立正确的医学营养观念。因此,本共识对肿瘤放疗患者的营养筛查与评估、口服营养补充在围放疗期的应用以及营养宣教提出推荐和建议,为放疗患者营养支持的规范化提供参考意见。     

老年食管癌患者围手术期肠内营养治疗50例分析

[目的]观察围手术期使用肠内营养治疗特别是术前使用肠内营养治疗对老年食管癌患者术后恢复、营养状况及并发症的作用。[方法]老年食管癌患者50例,根据营养风险指数（NRI）对患者营养状态分组,A组患者（32例）存在轻度或中度营养风险,术前即给予肠内营养制剂补充,共5d;B组患者（18例）无营养不良,术前不给予口服肠内营养液。两组患者术中均顺利放置鼻空肠营养管,术后第1d起给予肠内营养治疗并逐渐加量。评价患者入院时、术后第3d、第7d血清白蛋白、淋巴细胞计数,术后胃肠功能恢复及术后并发症情况。[结果]A组患者存在营养风险,术后出现并发症风险较大。通过术前5d给予肠内营养制剂补充,营养状况改善,术后胃肠道功能恢复、营养情况及术后并发症发生率与B组患者均无明显差别。[结论]存在营养风险的老年食管癌患者在术前给予营养支持治疗是促进术后恢复及降低并发症发生率的有效方法。     

食管癌患者的营养状况及治疗

食管癌是我国常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国恶性肿瘤的发病率及死亡率分别为第 5 位和第 4 位,并且呈逐年上 升趋势。营养治疗对食管癌患者具有重要作用。食管癌患者由于梗阻、吞咽困难、肿瘤消耗等因素易造成蛋白质、脂肪、 碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质以及液体摄入量不足,引起营养不良的情况进一步加重。营养不良增加术后并发症发生率, 影响患者术后康复和后续治疗。营养治疗的正确使用,是外科医生和医学肿瘤学家的重要组成部分。肿瘤科医生应该意识 到食管癌患者是营养不良相关并发症的高危人群。而超重和肥胖明确的增加手术并发症风险,体重降低不仅与手术的风险 有关,还与化疗、放疗和综合治疗依从性差有关。这最终转化为在较差的恢复率和较低的治愈率。口服营养补充是一个简 单的程序,但需与营养专家紧密配合。管饲喂养,随着商业配方的使用,为不适合口服营养补充的患者提供适量的宏观和 微量元素。在围手术期营养治疗的条件下,应有限应用经皮胃造瘘术,因为它已被广泛应用在各个领域尤其是在胃肠道肿 瘤的外科手术。充分利用 EN 或 PN 能够减少并发症发生率和缩短住院时间。     

口服营养补充的指南更新

肿瘤患者营养不良发生率高,营养治疗作为一线治疗对于肿瘤患者十分必要且应贯穿治疗的全周期。 口服营养补 充作为人工营养中肠内营养的重要手段之一,在临床应用广泛,但是仍有很多临床使用的细节问题尚不明确。 本文以 2018 年 及以后的 ESPEN、ASPEN、CSPEN 营养指南为参照,检索 pubmed、中国学术期刊网络出版总库、万方数据期刊论文资源自 2017 年 1 月 1 日至 2022 年 10 月 31 日的随机对照试验、专家共识、meta 分析和系统评价,检索式为“口服营养补充” “营养治疗” “营养干预”“肠内营养治疗”“特殊医学用途配方食品”,根据检索结果进行文献精读,同时扩大检索阅读至参考文献。 对使 用 ONS 可获益的肿瘤类型、不同部位和病理种类的肿瘤患者使用 ONS 的使用方法、使用剂量、不同肿瘤患者的适宜配方、是 否需要额外添加免疫增强营养素等治疗细节证据进行更新,并采用 GRADE 方法进行证据分级,为进一步指导临床工作者实 践中合理使用营养制剂进行口服营养补充治疗提供理论依据。     

口服补充新型肠内营养的多中心临床研究

摘要：目的 通过多中心随机对照的临床试验研究,探讨以胶原蛋白为基质的肠内营养制剂与标准型肠内营养制剂对患 者营养状况的影响,判断新型肠内营养制剂的临床应用效果。 方法 本研究共 6 家医疗单位共同参与,共收集 74 例,随机 分为对照组（标准肠内营养）及干预组（以胶原蛋白为基质的肠内营养）,口服补充 1673.6kJ（400kcal） /d,持续 21 天, 检测研究开始前后患者体格指标、营养相关指标及安全性指标。 结果 组内比较显示两组患者食用肠内营养制剂后营养风险 筛查 NRS 2002 评分显著下降（P ＜ 0.025）,血白蛋白较食用前显著增高（P ＜ 0.025）,组间比较显示对照组与干预组体 格指标、营养相关指标及安全性指标均无统计学差异（P ＞ 0.025）。 结论 新型肠内营养制剂与标准型肠内营养制剂均可 以有效改善患者的营养状况。     

化疗间歇期的家庭营养支持研究述评

目的 对化疗间歇期的家庭营养支持现状进行分析,以期为临床工作者治疗化疗间歇期营养不良提供有效的治法。方法 以营养不良、家庭营养支持、家庭肠内营养、家庭肠外营养、化疗、中医药膳等关键字在CNKI、万方、Pubmed等中文、外文数据库检索出近10年的相关文献,从家庭营养的概述、化疗间歇期患者营养诊断的方法、营养教育的重要性及内容、家庭肠内营养支持的方式及常用制剂及中医药在化疗间歇期家庭营养支持中的应用等方面进行综述总结。结果 化疗患者在进行家庭营养支持之前应做好营养筛查与评估,由营养小组成员对存在营养风险的患者进行营养的宣教,设定个体化营养支持方案,并定期随访,根据随访结果及时的调整治疗方案。口服营养补充是家庭肠内营养的首选途径,当口服营养补充不能满足营养需求或不能经口进食时,选用管饲喂养。匀浆膳是家庭肠内营养的首选方式,其操作简单,经济实惠。中医药配合化疗可以起到减毒增效,改善患者的营养情况。结论 良好的家庭营养支持可以改善化疗间歇期患者的营养状况及生活质量,降低治疗费用,节省医疗资源。     

口服营养补充对鼻咽癌放化疗患者近期营养状况及治疗耐受性影响

目的 探讨口服营养补充对接受放化疗的局部晚期鼻咽癌患者营养状态、治疗耐受性的影响。方法 2016-2018年前瞻性随机入组114例患者,干预组58例、对照组56例。干预组从放疗起予口服肠内营养干预,对照组予常规饮食。治疗前中后分别收集体重、血象及营养评估资料等。结果 放化疗期间患者体重进行性下降,对照组下降趋势更明显(P>0.05)。与对照组比,干预组放疗中断率更低(0︰7%,P=0.039),2程同步化疗完成率更高(78% ∶ 64%, P=0.02),血清总蛋白、白蛋白稳定性也更高(P=0.003、0.001),但急性不良反应发生率组间相近(P>0.05)。治疗开始后营养筛查状况同样进行性下降,对照组NRS2002≥3分患者显著多于干预组(P<0.05);PG-SGA评估组间相近(P>0.05)。结论 鼻咽癌放化疗中体重下降及营养不良风险逐步增加。口服营养补充能够提高治疗耐受性及血清蛋白稳定性,但在体重及短期营养评估方面未体现出明显优势。     

The medically important dematiaceous fungi and their identification

Dematiaceous fungi include a large group of organisms that are darkly pigmented (dark brown, olivaceous, or black). In most cases the pigment is melanin, and specifically, dihydroxynaphthalene melanin. The diseases produced include chromoblastomycosis, eumycotic mycetoma, and phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a new classification for a diverse group of previously known entities grouped together on the basis of finding dematiaceous hyphal and/or yeast-like forms in tissue; tissue involvement may be superficial, cutaneous and corneal, subcutaneous, or systemic. Identification of these fungi is based mostly upon morphology. Important structures include annellides (Phaeoannellomyces, Exophiala), phialides (Phialophora, Wangiella), adelophialides (Phialemonium without collarettes, Lecythophora with collarettes), differentiation of conidiophores (Xylohypha versus Cladosporium) and conidial hilum, septation and germination (Bipolaris, Drechslera, Exserohilum). Useful laboratory tests include the 12% gelatin test (controversial), nitrate assimilation (W. dermatitidis is negative, most other species are positive), and determination of temperature maxima (especially 37 degrees C for E. jeanselmei, 40 degrees C for W. dermatitidis and B. spicifera, 42 degrees C for X. bantiana, and 45 degrees C for Dactylaria constricta var. gallopava and Scedosporium inflatum).     

Orale Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen mit Ketoconazol

Zusammenfassung: An der Studie zur Wirksamkeit und Anwendungssicherheit von Ketoconazol nahmen 27 Männer im Alter von 20 bis 80 (Median: 57) Jahre, davon 18 mit Onychomykosen und 9 als KontroUen bei den Laborwertbestimmungen, teil. Während des ersten Behandlungsmonats erhielten je 9 Patienten 200 mg und 400 mg Ketoconazol täglich. Danach wurden beide Gruppen 6 Monate mit 200 mg/d weiterbehandelt. Die klinische Beurteilung sowie hämatologische, biochemische und Plasmaspiegeluntersu-chungen erfolgten mindestens monafich, mykologische Untersuchungen wurden vor Aufnahme und bei Beendigung der Therapie vorgenommen. Erne letzte klinische Unter-suchung erfolgte 1 Jahr nach Beginn der Studie. Nach 7 Monaten Behandlung wurden 23 von 30 Nägeln mit “gebessert” bis “stark gebessert” beurteilt, nach dem behandlungsfreien Intervall galt dies für 28 von 30 Nägeln. Die Plasmaspiegel waren mit 200 mg/d ausreichend und uber den Behandlungszeit-raum konstant. Dies spricht für gute orale Resorption und Abwesenheit von Enzyminduktion. Die Laborwerte zeigten im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen und den Werten vor Behandlung keine signifikanten Abweichungen, so daß myelo-, nephro- und hepatotoxische Wirkungen von 400 bzw. 200 mg/d ausgeschlossen werden können. Der Lipidhaushalt wurde nicht beeinfluat und es trat unter Therapie als Folge der Ketoconazolwirkung lediglich Lanosterin im Serum auf. Nach Beendigung der Therapie ging der Lanosteringehalt schnell zurück. Damit erweist sich Ketoconazol in den angewandten Dosen als ein gut verträgliches und zur Langzeitbehandlung von Onychomykosen geeignetes Antimykotikum. Summary: Twenty-seven males with a median age of 57 (range: 20 to 80) years took part in this study on the efficacy and safety of ketoconazole. Eighteen men suffered from onychomycosis; nine served as controls in the safety evaluation. During the first month of treatment, nine patients received 200 mg and the nine other 400 mg ketoconazole daily. Then the treatment was uniformly continued with 200 mg/d for 6 months. Clinical evaluation and haematological, biochemical and plasma level investigations were carried out at least at monthly intervals; mycological controls were performed at the start and end of therapy. A final clinical evaluation was carried out one year after the start of the study. After 7 months of treatment, moderate or definite clinical improvement was obtained in 23 out of 30 nails. After 5 more months without antimycotic treatment this was the case in 28 of 30 nails. Plasma levels obtained with 200 mg ketoconazole daily were adequate and constant during the entire treatment period. This indicates a good oral resorption as well as the absence of induction of hepatic enzymes. The laboratory values did not show significant deviations as compared with the controls or with the pretreatment values. This excludes myelo-, nephro- and hepatotoxic effects of 400 and 200 mg ketoconazole daily. The lipid metabolism was not influenced, the only difference was the occurrence of lanosterol in the serum, which is a result of the mechanism of action of ketoconazole. After the medication period the lanosterol levels subsided rapidly. In the applied doses ketoconazole is a well-tolerated and effective drug for the systemic long-term treatment of onychomycosis.     

Laboratory Techniques Alternative to In Vivo Experiments for Studying the Liberation, Penetration and Fungicidal Action of Topical Antimycotic Agents in the Skin, Including Ciclopiroxolamine

Summary: Short-term experiments on excised skin (human, pig) gave the following results: 1. In the tissue activity test with direct inoculation (D-TAT) commercial preparations of the non-azole antimycotics ciclopiroxolamine, tolnaftate and naftifine, produced higher inhibitory activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (standard strain) in various levels of the horny layer than were produced by the azole antimycotics econazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, oxiconazole and bifonazole. Fast drying solutions of antimycotics invariably gave higher inhibitory activities than creams. In the ultrafiltration tissue activity test (UFT- TAT) against Candida albicans (2 strains), antimycotic agents ranked in order of effectiveness as follows: ciclopiroxolamine – most of the azole antimycotics – bifonazole and naftifine. 2. In tests of fungicidal activity against T. mentagrophytes (2 strains) and Microsporum gypseum (1 strain) the first step was to inoculate the skin surface. After the horny layer had been penetrated by fungal mycelia, antimycotic agents of documented fungicidal potency, chiefly in the form of creams, were applied to the skin surface and left to act for up to 18 hours. The horny layer and epidermis were then scraped off and the concentration of viable fungi was determined. Ciclopiroxolamine cream and lotion produced by far the greatest diminution in viable fungi; creams containing oxiconazole and naftifine were moderately effective and those containing tioconazole and bifonazole produced a relatively small decrease in viable fungi. To avoid erroneous results it is important to homogenize and dilute the skin scrapings; if this is not done certain antimycotics will give misleadingly high fungal killing rates. At this early stage the scatter of results is still wide and minor differences in efficacy cannot as yet be detected with certainty. 3. From the results of various comparative tests it is evident that pig skin can be used as a substitute for human skin in the tests listed under 1. and 2. above. This discovery may make a valuable contribution towards limiting the need for experiments on living animals and trials on human beings. Zusammenfassung: In Kurzzeitversuchen an exzidierter Haut (Mensch, Schwein) wurde gefunden: 1. Im Gewebeaktivitätstest mit direkter Inokulation (D-GAT) wurde mit Handelspräparaten der Nichtazol-Antimykotika Ciclopiroxolamin, Tolnaftat und Naftifin in verschiedenen Hornschichtniveaus eine höhere Hemmaktivität gegenüber Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Standard-Stamm) erzielt als mit solchen der Azol-Antimykotika Econazol, Miconazol, Clotrimazol, Oxiconazol und Bifonazol. Rasch trocknende Lösungen von Antimykotika ergaben durchweg höhere Hemmaktivitäten als Cremes. Im Ultrafiltrations-Gewebeaktivitätstest (UFT-GAT) gegenüber Candida albicans (2 Stämme) ergab sich nach erzielter Wirksamkeit die Rangfolge Ciclopiroxolamine – Mehrzahl der Azolantimykotika – Bifonazol und Naftifin. 2. In Fungizidie-Testen gegenüber T. mentagrophytes (2 Stämme) und Microsporum gypseum (1 Stamm) wurde zunächst die Hautoberfläche inokuliert. Nach Durchdringung der Hornschicht mit Pilzmyzelien wirkten auf die Hautoberfläche bis zu 18 Stunden lang überwiegend Cremes von als fungizid publizierten Antimykotika ein. Während sich in abgeschabter Hornschicht und Epidermis der so bearbeiteten Hautoberflächen mit Ciclopiroxolamin-Creme und -Lotion die weitaus höchste Verminderung lebensfähiger Keime ergab, bewirkten Cremes mit Oxiconazol und Naftifin eine mittlere und solche mit Tioconazol und Bifonazol eine relativ niedrige Keimeliminierung. Zur Vermeidung von fehlerhaften Ergebuissen mußten Homogenisierung und Verdünnung der Hautschabsel erfolgen, anderenfalls bei mehreren Antimykotika eine zu hohe Keimabtötung vorgetäuscht worden wäre. Wegen der vorerst noch hohen Streuung der Ergebnisse können kleinere Wirksamkeitsunterschiede noch nicht sicher erfaßt werden. 3. Nach dem Ergebnis verschiedener Vergleichstests kann in den Testen zu 1. und 2. Schweinehaut als Ersatz für Haut vom Menschen dienen und dürfte damit wesentlich zur Einschränkung von Versuchen am lebenden Tier und von Prüfungen am Menschen beitragen.     

Efficiency of crude and purified fungal antigens in serodiagnosis to discriminate mycotic from other respiratory diseases

Mycotic immunodiagnosis was performed in 186 hospitalized patients with different respiratory diseases, mostly considered as tuberculosis and others with a doubtful diagnosis. Crude histoplasmin, coccidioidin, paracoccidioidin, blastomycin, candidin, aspergillin, and sporotrichin, as well as purified polysaccharide-protein complexes (PPC) of Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were used as antigens. Immune tests used included skin test (ST), gel immunodiffusion (ID), counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), complement fixation (CF), and ELISA. A possible association with candidosis was observed in 17% of patients with tuberculosis and diabetes; one presumptive paracoccidioidomycosis, one confirmed aspergillosis, and six cases of active histoplasmosis were determined. Candidin ST showed 29% of positive reactions with an increased frequency in patients between 31 and 55 years of age. CF test showed the highest positivity percentages with crude antigens, specially for Candida antigen (26.3%) and histoplasmin (18.2%). Cross reactions were evident with crude antigens but decreased when PPC's were used in ELISA.     

Isoconazole nitrate in the treatment of tropical dermatomycoses

Summary. A total of 54 patients with culturally proven tropical dermatomycoses, comprising 23 with various types of dermatophytoses, one with foot infection due to Trichosporon beigelii and one with foot infection due to Geotrichum candidum , two with candidoses of the groin and 27 with pityriasis versicolor, were included in a clinical trial of efficacy of 1% isoconazole cream (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Germany). Five patients were not evaluable. A clinical and mycological cure was achieved in 29 cases in 3–4 weeks. In 15 (31%) of the remaining patients treatment was required for 5–6 weeks, while another three patients required treatment for 8 weeks. In two patients the disease proved to be resistant to treatment with the drug.
Zusammenfassung. Insgesamt 54 Patienten mit kulturell gesicherter Dermatomykose, (23 unterschiedliche Dermatophytosen, eine Trichosporon beigelii - und eine Geotrichum candidum -Fußinfektion, 2 Candidosen der Leistengegend und 27 Pityriasis versicolor) wurden in einer klinischen Wirksamkeits-studie mit 1% iger Isoconazol-Creme (Travogen^R, Schering, Berlin, Deutschland) behandelt. Fünf Patienten waren nicht auswertbar. Eine klinische und mykologische Heilung wurde bei 47 von 49 Patienten (96%) erreicht. Bei 29 patienten (59%) wurde die Heilung bereits nach 3–4 Wochen Behandlung erreicht. Weitere 15 Patienten (31%) benötigten 5–6 Wochen und drei Patienten 8 Wochen Behandlungsdauer. Zwei Mykosesituationen erwiesen sich als therapieresistent.     

Large-scale molecular characterization and analysis of gastric cancer

The recent effort by The Cancer Genome Atlas （TCGA） Network has revealed that gastric cancer, which is a leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide with a 5-year survival rate less than 25%, is a much more heterogeneous disease than previously thought. And yet, conventional treatment approaches and clinical trials have assumed it is a single disease. Although it is well known that under the microscope, gastric cancer cells appear quite different, the current classification scheme recognizes two main categories of gastric cancer： diffuse and intestinal.     

A conceptually new treatment approach for relapsed glioblastoma: Coordinated undermining of survival paths with nine repurposed drugs (CUSP9) by the International Initiative for Accelerated Improvement of Glioblastoma Care

To improve prognosis in recurrent glioblastoma we developed a treatment protocol based on a combination of drugs not traditionally thought of as cytotoxic chemotherapy agents but that have a robust history of being well-tolerated and are already marketed and used for other non-cancer indications. Focus was on adding drugs which met these criteria: a) were pharmacologically well characterized, b) had low likelihood of adding to patient side effect burden, c) had evidence for interfering with a recognized, well-characterized growth promoting element of glioblastoma, and d) were coordinated, as an ensemble had reasonable likelihood of concerted activity against key biological features of glioblastoma growth. We found nine drugs meeting these criteria and propose adding them to continuous low dose temozolomide, a currently accepted treatment for relapsed glioblastoma, in patients with recurrent disease after primary treatment with the Stupp Protocol. The nine adjuvant drug regimen, Coordinated Undermining of Survival Paths, CUSP9, then are aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, copper gluconate, disulfiram, ketoconazole, nelfinavir, sertraline, to be added to continuous low dose temozolomide. We discuss each drug in turn and the specific rationale for use- how each drug is expected to retard glioblastoma growth and undermine glioblastoma''s compensatory mechanisms engaged during temozolomide treatment. The risks of pharmacological interactions and why we believe this drug mix will increase both quality of life and overall survival are reviewed.     

Endometrial cancers and predisposition

As nearly 5% of all endometrial cancers occur because of a predisposition, this possibility has systematically to be explored. The hallmarks of predisposition, a young age at diagnosis, a personal or a familial history of cancer, have to be searched systematically. The identification of a predisposition in a family has a major impact on the management of the proband or his relatives. The endometrial cancer main predisposition is Lynch's syndrome. In this review, we will focus on this condition and describe its clinical manifestations, the underlying molecular mechanisms, the cancer risks and the management guidelines. We will also get onto some far less frequent other predispositions.