lncRNA 的生物标记作用及 MEG3在肿瘤中的研究进展

长链非编码 RNA（lncRNA）是 RNA 分子学的一个新类型,由于转录长度超过200个核苷酸缺乏蛋白编码潜能而得名。一些 lncRNA 在特殊类型的癌症中具有高度特异的表达使其成为潜在的诊断工具,另一些 lncRNA 与肿瘤生长和患者生存期不同的病理生理特点有相关性,使其成为指示预后的生物标记物。众多 lncRNA 之一的母系表达基因3（MEG3）是一种印记基因,包含12个亚型基因,编码与肿瘤发生相关的lncRNA。MEG3通过调节 p53和促血管再生等发挥作用,提示 MEG3及其亚型可作为一个新型的 lncRNA 肿瘤抑制因子。近年来,有关 lncRNA 与肿瘤的相关性已成为研究的热点,本文就 lncRNA 生物标记作用和MEG3及其亚型与肿瘤疾病的研究进展作一综述。     

非编码RNA在喉鳞状细胞癌中的研究进展

非编码RNA是一类不编码蛋白质的RNA, 包括微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)、长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)和环状RNA(circular RNA, circRNA)等。非编码RNA不仅在生物调节过程中扮演着重要角色, 在包括肿瘤在内的多种疾病的发生机制中也起到了不可或缺的作用, 其在喉癌的诊断、预后评估及治疗中同样具有重要的临床价值。喉鳞状细胞癌是喉癌中最常见的病理学类型, 近年来发病率有明显增高的趋势, 已严重危害人类健康及生存质量。本文总结了近年国内外研究, 对miRNA、lncRNA和circRNA在喉癌发生发展的作用机制进行综述。      

Non-coding RNAs in DNA damage response

Genome-wide studies have revealed that human and other mammalian genomes are pervasively transcribed and produce thousands of regulatory non-protein-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Emerging evidences suggest that these ncRNAs also play a pivotal role in genome integrity and stability via the regulation of DNA damage response (DDR). In this review, we discuss the recent finding on the interplay of ncRNAs with the canonical DDR signaling pathway, with a particular emphasis on miRNAs and lncRNAs. While the expression of ncRNAs is regulated in the DDR, the DDR is also subjected to regulation by those DNA damage-responsive ncRNAs. In addition, the roles of those Dicer- and Drosha-dependent small RNAs produced in the vicinity of double-strand breaks sites are also described.     

Non-coding RNAs deregulation in oral squamous cell carcinoma: advances and challenges

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cause of cancer death. Despite decades of improvements in exploring new treatments and considerable advance in multimodality treatment, satisfactory curative rates have not yet been reached. The difficulty of early diagnosis and the high prevalence of metastasis associated with OSCC contribute to its dismal prognosis. In the last few decades the emerging data from both tumor biology and clinical trials led to growing interest in the research for predictive biomarkers. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are promising biomarkers. Among numerous kinds of ncRNAs, short ncRNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have been extensively investigated with regard to their biogenesis, function, and importance in carcinogenesis. In contrast to miRNAs, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are much less known concerning their functions in human cancers especially in OSCC. The present review highlighted the roles of miRNAs and newly discovered lncRNAs in oral tumorigenesis, metastasis, and their clinical implication.     

长链非编码RNA在泌尿系统肿瘤中的研究进展

长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是一类长度大于200个的核苷酸,并不具备编码蛋白质功能的基因转录产物。它最初被认为是RNA聚合酶Ⅱ转录的副产物,并不具有任何生物学功能。但最近的研究表明,lncRNA可以在多个层面参与人体内多种重要的调控过程,并且与肿瘤的发生、发展及预后密切相关。本研究对在泌尿系统肿瘤中的研究进展作一综述。     

Comprehensive analysis of long non-coding RNAs in human breast cancer clinical subtypes

Accumulating evidence highlights the potential role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in solid tumors. However, the role of lncRNA expression in human breast cancer biology, prognosis and molecular classification remains unknown. Herein, we established the lncRNA profile of 658 infiltrating ductal carcinomas of the breast from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We found lncRNA expression to correlate with the gene expression and chromatin landscape of human mammary epithelial cells (non-transformed) and the breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Unsupervised consensus clustering of lncRNA revealed four subgroups that displayed different prognoses. Gene set enrichment analysis for cis- and trans-acting lncRNAs showed enrichment for breast cancer signatures driven by master regulators of breast carcinogenesis. Interestingly, the lncRNA HOTAIR was significantly overexpressed in the HER2-enriched subgroup, while the lncRNA HOTAIRM1 was significantly overexpressed in the basal-like subgroup. Estrogen receptor (ESR1) expression was associated with distinct lncRNA networks in lncRNA clusters III and IV. Importantly, almost two thirds of the lncRNAs were marked by enhancer chromatin modifications (i.e., H3K27ac), suggesting that expressed lncRNA in breast cancer drives carcinogenesis through increased activity of neighboring genes. In summary, our study depicts the first lncRNA subtype classification in breast cancer and provides the framework for future studies to assess the interplay between lncRNAs and the breast cancer epigenome.     

HOTAIR: an oncogenic long non-coding RNA in different cancers

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) refer to a group of RNAs that are usually more than 200 nucleotides and are not involved in protein generation. Instead, lncRNAs are involved in different regulatory processes, such as regulation of gene expression. Different lncRNAs exist throughout the genome. LncRNAs are also known for their roles in different human diseases such as cancer. HOTAIR is an lncRNA that plays a role as an oncogenic molecule in different cancer cells, such as breast, gastric, colorectal, and cervical cancer cells. Therefore, HOTAIR expression level is a potential biomarker for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in several cancers. This RNA takes part in epigenetic regulation of genes and plays an important role in different cellular pathways by interacting with Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). In this review, we describe the molecular function and regulation of HOTAIR and its role in different types of cancers.KEYWORDS : HOTAIR, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), epigenetic, cancer     

Non-coding RNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) and their roles in lymphogenesis in all types of lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies

Contemporary developments in molecular biology have been combined with discoveries on the analysis of the role of all non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human diseases, particularly in cancer, by examining their roles in cells. Currently, included among these common types of cancer, are all the lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies, which represent a diverse group of neoplasms and malignant disorders. Initial data suggest that non-coding RNAs, particularly long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), play key roles in oncogenesis and that lncRNA-mediated biology is an important key pathway to cancer progression. Other non-coding RNAs, termed microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs), are very promising cancer molecular biomarkers. They can be detected in tissues, cell lines, biopsy material and all biological fluids, such as blood. With the number of well-characterized cancer-related lncRNAs and miRNAs increasing, the study of the roles of non-coding RNAs in cancer is bringing forth new hypotheses of the biology of cancerous cells. For the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the present review provides an up-to-date summary of the recent literature referring to all diagnosed ncRNAs that mediate the pathogenesis of all types of lymphomas and lymphoid malignancies.     

Non-coding RNAs: emerging regulators of glucose metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma

Reprogramming of metabolism is one of the hallmarks of cancer, among which glucose metabolism dysfunction is the most prominent feature. The glucose metabolism of tumor cells is significantly different from that of normal cells. Glucose metabolism reprogramming of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become an important research hotspot in the field of HCC, a variety of tumor metabolic interventions have been applied clinically. Moreover, various Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding (lncRNAs) as well as circular RNAs (circRNAs), have recently been proved to play potential roles in glucose metabolism. This review summarizes the effects of ncRNAs on HCC that participate in glucose metabolism and discuss the related mechanisms to find potential and effective targeted treatments for HCC.