MiR-26b/KPNA2 axis inhibits epithelial ovarian carcinoma proliferation and metastasis through downregulating OCT4

Karyopherin alpha 2 (KPNA2) is a nuclear transport protein upregulated in many cancers. Our previous study has identified KPNA2 overexpression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC) tissues, which predicts poor prognosis. However, the mechanism of KPNA2 overexpression in EOC remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the role of miRNA in KPNA2 dysregulation. Our results showed that miR-26b was downregulated in EOC samples, and correlated inversely with KPNA2 expression. Low expression of miR-26b was associated with advanced FIGO stage, poor differentiation, higher risk of distant metastasis and recurrence. Downregulation of miR-26b predicted poor disease-free survival and overall survival in EOC patients. KPNA2 was validated as a direct target of miR-26b. Knockdown of KPNA2 or ectopic expression of miR-26b could downregulate OCT4, vimentin and upregulate E-cadherin. Reintroduction of KPNA2 partially abrogated the suppression effect induced by miR-26b. We further verified that miR-26b/KPNA2/OCT4 axis inhibited EOC cell viability, migratory ability and sphere-forming capacity in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our results reveal that miR-26b is downregulated in EOC, and directly targets KPNA2. miR-26b/KPNA2 axis suppresses tumor proliferation and metastasis through decreasing OCT4 expression, which is indicative of the important role of miR-26b/KPNA2/OCT4 axis in EOC carcinogenesis and progression.     

miRNA-26a下调COX-2的表达对乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭的影响

目的 探讨miR-26a在乳腺癌组织和细胞中表达量的改变及其对人乳腺癌细胞增殖和侵袭的影响。方法 采用实时荧光定量PCR（Real-time PCR）法检测20例患者乳腺癌组织及对应的癌旁组织、人乳腺癌细胞MCF-7、BT474及健康者乳腺细胞MCF-10A中miR-26a的表达,用Western bolt法检测COX-2的表达。MCF-7及BT474细胞分别转染miR-NC和miR-26a,采用Western blot法检测转染后细胞中COX-2的表达水平,同时采用CCK-8和克隆形成实验检测转染后细胞的增殖和侵袭情况。结果 miR-26a在乳腺癌组织中的表达明显低于癌旁组织（t=20.33, P=0.001）,在MCF-7和BT474细胞中的表达明显低于MCF-10A细胞（Dunnett t test I-J=-0.031, P=0.001）。COX-2在乳腺癌组织和细胞中的表达明显高于癌旁组织（t=18.01, P=0.002）和健康者乳腺细胞（Dunnett t test I-J=-0.028, P=0.000）。转染miR-26a后,乳腺癌细胞内COX-2的表达量显著下调。CCK-8和克隆形成实验结果显示,过表达miR-26a能明显抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖（F=6.032, P=0.013）和侵袭（Dunnett t test I-J=-0.21, P=0.037）。结论 过表达miR-26a可以通过下调乳腺癌细胞中COX-2的表达,抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭。     

miR-1243通过靶向hnRNPA2B1调控肝癌HepG2细胞增殖和迁移

目的：探讨miR-1243通过靶向调控核不均一核糖核蛋白A2/B1（hnRNPA2B1）表达对肝癌HepG2细胞增殖、迁移的影响及其分子机制。方法：用qPCR和WB法检测40例肝癌组织及其癌旁组织（2019年1月至2021年8月在武汉市第三医院首义院区手术切除标本）和正常人肝细胞 QSG-7701 与肝癌细胞 HepG2、Hep3b、HuH-7 中 miR-1243、hnRNPA2B1 mRNA 水平及hnRNPA2B1、cyclin D1、MMP-2蛋白水平;双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-1243和hnRNPA2B1的靶向关系。HepG2细胞分为对照组（不转染）、miR-NC 组（转染 miR-NC）、miR-1243 mimic 组（转染 miR-1243 mimic）、miR-1243 mimic+pcDNA3.1 组（转染miR-1243 mimic 和 pcDNA3.1）、miR-1243 mimic+pc-hnRNPA2B1 组（转染 miR-1243 mimic 和 pc-hnRNPA2B1）后进行相应转染;WB 法检测肝癌组织及细胞和转染后各组细胞的 hnRNPA2B1、cyclin D1、MMP-2 蛋白表达水平;CCK-8 法检测转染后各组HepG2细胞的增殖能力;划痕愈合实验检测转染后各组HepG2细胞的迁移能力。结果：与癌旁组织或正常人肝细胞QSG-7701相比,肝癌组织和肝癌细胞中miR-1243呈低表达、hnRNPA2B1 mRNA及其蛋白呈高表达（均P<0.05）。双荧光素酶报告基因实验结果证实miR-1243与hnRNPA2B1间存在靶向关系,且miR-1243通过靶向hnRNPA2B1负调控其表达。转染miR-1243 mimic后HepG2细胞中hnRNPA2B1蛋白表达、细胞增殖能力、划痕愈合率及cyclin D1、MMP-2蛋白表达均显著降低（均P<0.05）;而同时过表达 hnRNPA2B1 和 miR-1243 可逆转过表达 miR-1243 对 HepG2 细胞增殖、迁移的抑制作用。结论：miR-1243 通过靶向hnRNPA2B1表达调控肝癌HepG2细胞的增殖和迁移。     

microRNA-133b对胶质母细胞瘤细胞迁移和侵袭的影响

目的探讨microRNA(miR)-133b对胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)细胞的作用,并分析其作用的分子机制。方法应用实时逆转录聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测20例人GBM标本及正常人脑胶质细胞系HEB中miR-133b的表达水平。Transwell侵袭实验评估miR-133b对GBM细胞迁移和侵袭的影响。Western blotting和荧光素酶报告实验来确定miR-133b的靶基因。结果与正常人脑胶质细胞系HEB比较,miR-133b在GBM标本中的相对表达量明显降低(1.0±0.17 vs.2.42±0.69,P<0.05);转染miR-133b mimic后GBM迁移和侵袭跨膜细胞数分别为66±17和60±14,均低于转染NC组(P<0.05);与转染NC组比较,转染miR-133b mimic后MMP-14蛋白表达水平明显下降(P<0.05)。荧光素酶报告基因分析实验进一步验证mir-133b靶向调节MMP-14。结论 miR-133b通过直接靶向调节MMP-14抑制GBM的迁移和侵袭能力,可作为GBM诊断和治疗的候选靶点。     

MicroRNA-181b提高U87细胞对VM-26的敏感性研究

背景与目的：MicroRNA（miRNA）参与肿瘤发生发展的诸多过程,并参与调节多种抗肿瘤药物的敏感性。本研究探讨恶性胶质瘤中miR-181b对VM-26（teniposide）化疗敏感性的影响。方法：以荧光定量PCR法检测miR-181b在高级别胶质瘤中的表达．并利用CCK-8细胞毒性实验检测高级别胶质瘤患者细胞对VM-26的化疗敏感性：并通过慢病毒感染构建稳定高表达miR-181b的U87／181b细胞及其对照组U87／nc．在荧光显微镜下观察其转染率及荧光定量PCR法检测其中miR-181b的表达：进而利用CCK-8细胞毒性实验检测U87／181b和U87／nc细胞对VM-26的敏感性．利用流式细胞仪检测VM-26作用72小时后U87／181b和U87／nc的凋亡情况。结果：在高级别胶质瘤中,miR-181b的表达与VM-26的敏感性呈正相关（r=-0．691。P〈0．01）．也就是miR一18lb高表达肿瘤对VM-26的敏感性高。qPCR检测miR-181b在U87／18lb（0．699±0．023）的表达显著高于U87／nc（0．019±0．001）（P〈0．05）。CCK-8检测结果显示U87／181b[IC50：（1．25±0．12）μg／mL]对VM-26的敏感性显著高于U87／nc[IC50：（6．24±0．88）μg／mL]P〈0．05）。经VM-26处理后U87／181b凋亡率（69．41±0．77）明显高于U87／nc（37．93_＋2．90）（P〈0．05）。结论：在高级别胶质瘤高表达miR-18lb的肿瘤对VM-26的敏感性高：在胶质瘤细胞U87中增加miR-18lb表达可以提高对VM-26的敏感性．     

外泌体来源的miR-181a促进胶质瘤的血管生成

目的：探讨外泌体来源的miR-181a对胶质瘤血管生成和肿瘤进展的影响。方法：选用2017年8月至2019年12月海南医学院第二附属医院手术切除的83例胶质瘤和13例瘤旁组织标本,以及胶质瘤细胞U87、A172、U251、LN229、U373和小神经胶质细胞HM,用qPCR法检测瘤组织和细胞中miR-181a的表达水平。构建过表达或敲减miR-181a的U373细胞,分离和鉴定外泌体;用小管形成实验、鸡胚绒毛尿囊膜血管实验观察外泌体来源的miR-181a对HUVEC小管和血管生成的影响。构建裸鼠U373细胞移植瘤模型,观察外泌体来源的miR-181a对血管生成及肿瘤生长的影响。结果：miR-181a在胶质瘤肿瘤组织和细胞中的表达水平明显高于瘤旁组织和 HM 细胞（均 P<0.01）。外泌体来源的 miR-181a 可以明显促进 HUVEC 小管的形成和鸡胚尿绒毛囊膜的血管生成（均P<0.01）。裸鼠胶质细胞瘤体内实验发现,回输大量外泌体来源miR-181a的小鼠移植瘤进展更快（P<0.05）、肿瘤组织中血管生成数量显著增加（P<0.01）。结论：miR-181a在促进胶质瘤血管生成中发挥重要作用,可能成为胶质瘤诊断及治疗的潜在靶点。     

miR-122/Wnt/β-catenin regulatory circuitry sustains glioma progression

Malignant glioma is the most common type of human intracranial cancer and has poor prognosis due to its high recurrence and invasiveness. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its malignant phenotypes have still not been completely explored yet. miR-122 has been well documented to act as a tumor suppressor for hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer, but the implication of miR-122 in the progression of glioma is not clear yet. In this study, we found that miR-122 was underexpressed in glioma specimens and glioma cell lines, compared with normal brain tissues and cell lines. The expression of miR-122 levels is inversely correlated with the survival of patients after surgery. Overexpression of miR-122 by an adenoviral vector suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of glioma cells. The in vivo tumorigenicity of U-87 MG cells was also greatly compromised by restoring miR-122. miR-122 suppressed the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in glioma cells. Interestingly, Wnt/β-catenin signaling conversely reduced the expression of miR-122 in glioma cells, maybe in a hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-dependent mechanism. Taken together, we revealed that there is a miR-122/Wnt/β-catenin regulatory circuitry existing in glioma cells that contributes to glioma progression.     

LINC01503通过miR-342-3p/IGF2R轴促进上皮性卵巢癌的进展

目的：探讨LINC01503 在上皮性卵巢癌（EOC）中的表达水平和生物学功能及其可能的作用机制。方法：收集2015年5月至2016 年5月间在河北医科大学第四医院妇瘤科手术切除并经病理学确诊的85 例EOC患者的肿瘤组织和输卵管组织。常规培养人EOC 细胞A2780、SKOV3、OVCAR3 和OV90 及正常人卵巢上皮细胞IOSE80，将si-LINC01503、si-NC 及miR-342-3p mimic、miR mimic NC分别转染至SKOV3和A2780 细胞，分别作为si-LINC01503 组、si-NC 组、miR-342-3p mimic 组和miR mimic NC组。qPCR 法检测EOC组织和细胞中LINC01503 的表达水平，Kaplan-Meier 法分析LINC01503 表达水平与患者生存的关系。双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证LINC01503/miR-342-3p/IGF2R轴相关分子间的靶向关系。平板克隆、划痕愈合和Transwell 实验分别检测敲低LINC01503 及转染miR-342-3p mimic 对A2780 和SKOV3细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的影响。WB法检测EOC细胞中LINC01503/miR-342-3p 通路对IGF2R蛋白表达的影响。构建A2780 细胞裸鼠移植瘤模型，观察敲低LINC01503 对移植瘤生长的影响。结果：EOC组织和细胞中LINC01503 表达水平分别显著高于输卵管组织和IOSE80 细胞（均P<0.01），LINC01503高表达组患者术后PFS 和OS 均显著短于LINC01503 低表达组患者（均P<0.01）。敲低LINC01503、转染miR-342-3p mimic 均可抑制EOC 细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力（均P<0.01）。敲低LINC01503 可下调IGF2R的表达（P<0.01），这一现象可通过转染miR-342-3p inhibitor 挽救。敲低LINC01503 可抑制A2780 细胞裸鼠移植瘤的生长（P<0.01）。结论：在EOC 组织和细胞中呈高表达的LINC01503，与患者的不良预后密切相关，LINC01503可能通过吸附miR-342-3p影响IGF2R表达进而促进EOC的进展。     

外泌体携带的miR-142-3p通过靶向COX-2抑制骨肉瘤细胞的增殖和侵袭

目的:探讨骨肉瘤组织中miR-142-3p是否可以通过靶向COX-2来抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和侵袭能力,并且验证携带miR-142-3p的外泌体是否可以抑制骨肉瘤细胞生长。方法:检测骨肉瘤癌组织及癌旁组织中miR-142-3p和COX-2 mRNA的表达。用双荧光素酶报告基因实验验证miR-142-3p与COX-2 3' UTR的靶向关系。构建过表达miR-142-3p及COX-2细胞系,检测细胞的增殖及侵袭能力。用携带miR-142-3p的外泌体处理肿瘤细胞,检测细胞的增殖及侵袭能力。对携带miR-142-3p的外泌体进行体内抑瘤实验。结果:较癌旁组织而言,miR-142-3p在癌组织中显著低表达（P＜0.05）,而COX-2在癌组织中显著高表达（P＜0.05）,且COX-2是miR-142-3p的靶标。过表达miR-142-3p的细胞增殖及侵袭能力降低（P＜0.001）。体外增殖实验及小鼠体内移植瘤模型表明,携带miR-142-3p的外泌体可以在小鼠体内外抑制骨肉瘤细胞的增殖（P＜0.001）。结论:携带miR-142-3p的外泌体可通过抑制COX-2的表达来抑制骨肉瘤细胞的生长,因此,携带miR-142-3p的外泌体可能发展成为一种治疗骨肉瘤的潜在策略。     

MiR-215, an activator of the CTNNBIP1/β-catenin pathway,is a marker of poor prognosis in human glioma

MicroRNA-215 (miR-215) promotes tumor growth in various human malignancies. However, its role has not yet been determined in human glioma. Here, we found that levels of miR-215 were higher in glioma tissues than in corresponding non-neoplastic brain tissue. High miR-215 expression was correlated with higher World Health Organization (WHO) grades and shorter overall survival. Multivariate and univariate analysis indicated that miR-215 expression was an independent prognostic factor. We also found that TGF-beta1, phosphorylated beta-catenin, alpha-SMA, and fibronectin were increased in glioma tissues. Additionally, CTNNBIP1, a direct target of miR-215, was decreased in glioma compared to adjacent normal tissue. These data indicate that miR-215 activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by increasing β-catenin phosphorylation, α-SMA expression, and fibronectin expression. It promotes TGF-β1-induced oncogenesis by suppressing CTNNBIP1 in glioma. In summary, miR-215 is overexpressed in human glioma, is involved in TGF-β1-induced oncogenesis, and can be used as a marker of poor prognosis in glioma patients.     

miR-223负调控SOX9对胶质瘤生物学行为的影响

目的:探讨miRNA通过靶向调控促癌基因SOX9的表达影响胶质瘤生物学行为的作用及机制。方法:采用qRT-PCR检测miR-223在WHO分级低级别(Ⅰ和Ⅱ)与高级别(Ⅲ和Ⅳ)脑胶质瘤组织和癌旁正常组织中的表达水平，miR-223在正常人星形胶质细胞、A172、U251、U87和U373胶质瘤细胞中的表达水平。采用生物信息软件预测SOX9是miR-223的潜在靶基因，并通过双荧光素酶报告基因实验进行验证。采用qRT-PCR、Western blot检测SOX9在各WHO分级脑胶质瘤组织和各脑胶质瘤细胞株中的表达。多种体外实验检测miR-223和SOX9对脑胶质瘤细胞增殖，侵袭、迁移及周期的影响。构建脑胶质瘤裸鼠移植瘤模型，检测miR-223对体内移植瘤生长的影响。结果:miR-223在脑胶质瘤组织及脑胶质瘤细胞中均呈现低表达，并且通过抑制靶基因SOX9的靶向调控作用抑制脑胶质瘤细胞恶性生物学行为。同时脑胶质瘤裸鼠移植瘤模型中，miR-223过表达可下调SOX9的表达水平并抑制裸鼠体内移植瘤的生长。结论:miR-223通过抑制靶基因SOX9的表达水平在胶质瘤中扮演抑癌基因的角色，提示其具有成为胶质瘤诊疗新靶点的潜力。     

MiR-218 reverses high invasiveness of glioblastoma cells by targeting the oncogenic transcription factor LEF1

The invasive behavior of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells is one of the most important reasons for the poor prognosis of this cancer. For invasion, tumor cells must acquire an ability to digest the extracellular matrix and infiltrate the normal tissue bordering the tumor. Preventing this by altering effector molecules can significantly improve a patient's prognosis. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs are involved in multiple biological functions, including cell invasion, by altering the expression of multiple target genes. The expression levels of miR-218 correlate with the invasive potential of GBM cells. In this study, we found that miR-218 expression was low in glioma tissues, especially in GBM. The data showed an inverse correlation in 60 GBM tissues between the levels of miR-218 and MMP mRNAs (MMP-2, -7 and -9). Additionally, ectopic expression of miR-218 suppressed the invasion of GBM cells whereas inhibition of miR-218 expression enhanced the invasive ability. Numerous members of the MMP family are downstream effectors of the Wnt/LEF1 pathway. Target prediction databases and luciferase data showed that LEF1 is a new direct target of miR-218. Importantly, western blot assays demonstrated that miR-218 can reduce protein levels of LEF1 and MMP-9. We, therefore, hypothesize that miR-218 directly targets LEF1, resulting in reduced synthesis of MMP-9. Results suggest that miR-218 is involved in the invasive behavior of GBM cells and by targeting LEF1 and blocking the invasive axis, miR-218-LEF1-MMPs, it may be useful for developing potential clinical strategies.     

miR-26b通过调节Notch1信号通路参与原发性肝细胞肝癌侵袭的机制研究

目的:探讨miR-26b参与原发性肝细胞肝癌（HCC）侵袭的机制。方法:在细胞培养液中培养人肝细胞系HL-7702和HCC细胞各系Hepb-3、HuH-7、MHCC97-L、MHCC97-H。实时荧光定量PCR法（qRT-PCR）检测miR-26b的表达水平；用miR-26b mimics、miR-26b inhibitors和Notch1-siRNA分别转染HCC细胞；MTT实验检测转染后HCC细胞的活力；采用Western blot检测Notch1受体蛋白表达水平的变化；Transwell小室测定不同处理后的HCC细胞的侵袭能力。结果:人正常肝细胞系HL-7702和HCC细胞系Hepb-3、HuH-7、MHCC97-L、MHCC97-H中的miR-26b相对表达含量随其侵袭和迁移能力的升高而依次下降；抑制miR-26b的表达，Notch1受体蛋白表达明显增高，而此时HCC细胞的侵袭性显著增强；相反，上调miR-26b的表达，Notch1受体蛋白表达明显降低，而HCC细胞侵袭性显著下降；miR-26b可能通过调控Notch1信号通路调节HCC细胞侵袭性。结论:miR-26b通过负调控Notch1信号通路抑制HCC细胞侵袭能力，为HCC侵袭的机制奠定了理论基础，miR-26b可能成为HCC治疗的新靶点。     

Upregulated β1-6 branch N-glycan marks early gliomagenesis but exhibited biphasic expression in the progression of astrocytic glioma

Glioma is the world’s commonest primary brain malignancy with much of its biology relating to translational and post-translational events still unknown. In this study, we investigated the clinicopathological significance of N-linked β1-6-GlcNAc branches and GnT-V enzyme in the development and progression of astrocytic glioma. Expression of GnT-V and its GlcNAc-β1-6 oligosaccharides by-product together with Con-A binding sugars were assessed immunohistochemically on tissue microarrays of 16 normal brain and 159 tissue samples of astrocytomas of variable grades and histology. Although tissues of both grade I astrocytomas and normal brain showed considerably higher GnT-V expression, GlcNAc-β1-6 expression was significantly high only in tissues of grade I astrocytomas (p < 0.001), which is attributable to elevated levels of the precursor Con-A binding sugar moieties (p < 0.001). The activity of GnT-V enzyme was found to be dependent on the degree of glioma pathogenesis, as the GlcNAc-β1-6 branched expression diminished with every progressive grade of glioma, reaching minimum in glioblastoma (p < 0.001). Having biphasic activity in gliomagenesis, the role of GnT-V in glioma was deciphered by generating different ectopic GnT-V expressions in U-87 cells, which showed the highest GnT-V expression among selected glioma cell lines. Transient GnT-V rescue was achieved in knockdown clones by transfection with GnT-V expression vector. Suppression of GnT-V in U-87 cells slowed cell proliferation with G0/G1 cell cycle phase arrest. Reduced tumorigenicity, invasiveness and cell-ECM interactions were also associated with suppressed in vitro GnT-V activity suggesting GnT-V may act as an oncoprotein. We report for the first time that GnT-V products are involved in early gliomagenesis but their reduced expression, correlating with low Con-A binding sugars level found in high tumor grades predicts the loss of total N-glycosylation in glioma development and may be of potential diagnostic and/or prognostic value in astrocytoma.