234例早期乳腺癌保乳治疗疗效的临床分析

背景与目的：保留乳房手术已成为早期乳腺癌标准术式之一，10余年来已在国内得到广泛开展，本文分析早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的近期疗效及术后乳房美观度的影响因素。方法：回顾分析234例早期乳腺癌患者，在接受保留乳房手术、术后辅助放化疗后的生存率、乳房的外形。结果：1995年10月至2004年7月，234例早期乳腺癌患者接受保乳治疗，包括保乳手术、术后辅助化疗和辅助放疗。全部患者均在门诊得到随访。经过中位随访期22个月（3～100个月），平均随访期29．5个月，随访满3年的患者为75例，3年总生存率96．7％，无病生存率98．7％。局部复发3例，手术至复发间期平均为28．3个月（分别为9，16，60个月）。远处转移8例，手术至远处转移中位问期为12个月（3～48个月）；转移部位：骨4例，肺部2例，锁骨上淋巴结1例，胸膜1例。运用JCRT（Joint Center for Radiation Therapy，放射治疗联合中心）标准对116例患者进行术后乳房外形的评价，优、良、中、差分别为9．5％、48．3％、39．7％、2．6％；肿块位于乳房外上象限的83例患者中，采用两个手术切口乳房外形优良者占70．2％，一个手术切口则为34．6％，具显著性差异（X^2=9．532，P=0．023）；107例患者中，化、放疗序贯进行乳房外形优良者占70．3％，化、放疗同时进行则为54．3％，无显著性差异（X^2=2．765，P=0．429）。结论：保乳治疗对于早期乳腺癌患者而言安全可行。采用适当的术式可以保证术后良好的乳房外形。     

105例早期乳腺癌保乳手术临床疗效评价

目的分析早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的近期疗效。方法回顾分析2001—2005年105例早期乳腺癌患者，在接受保留乳房手术、辅助放化疗后的生存率和美容效果。结果全部患者中位随访时间24个月（15～86个月），随访满3年患者47例，3年总生存率100％，无病生存率95．7％。局部复发2例，手术至复发时间平均为21个月。远处转移2例，均为骨转移，手术至远处转移中位时间为18个月。共对85例患者进行术后乳房外形评价，良好、中等、较差分别为47．1％、50．6％、2．6％。结论保乳治疗联合全乳放射治疗是一种安全、疗效确切的早期乳腺癌治疗方式，并可保持良好的乳房外形。     

整形保乳技术在早期乳腺癌保乳手术中的应用

目的：对比分析早期乳腺癌患者应用整形保乳技术和传统保乳技术的术后美容效果及并发症。方法收集2012年1月至2015年10月在福建医科大学附属闽东医院实施保乳手术的乳腺癌患者67例,其中应用乳腺腺体瓣转移等整复技术行保乳手术的30例作为试验组,实施传统保乳手术的37例作为对照组。对比分析两组患者术后并发症及美容效果。结果试验组和对照组术后美容效果评估为优良的患者分别为22例（73．33％）、16例（43．24％）,评估为一般的分别为6例（20．00％）、14例（37．84％）,评估为差的分别为2例（6．67％）、7例（18．92％）,差异具有统计学意义（Z ＝－2．513,P ＝0．012）。试验组13．33％（4／30）的患者出现术后并发症,其中皮瓣坏死并发切口感染及切口裂开1例、皮下积液3例;对照组5．41％（2／37）的患者出现术后并发症,其中切口感染及切口裂开各1例;两组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0．490,P ＝0．484）。中位随访时间为28个月,对照组发现局部复发1例、远处转移2例,试验组患者未发现术后复发及转移,差异无统计学意义（P ＝0．140）。结论对早期乳腺癌患者采用肿瘤整形技术进行保乳手术治疗,肿瘤治疗安全性高,美容效果好,值得推荐。     

保留乳房手术在早期乳腺癌治疗中的应用

目的：研究规范病例的选择、手术的范围及术后辅助治疗的方式,使早期乳腺癌的保乳治疗取得良好的局部控制水平、生存率及生活质量。方法：1995年10月-2000年2月,对78例早期乳腺癌病例实施了保乳治疗。手术指征：肿瘤最大直径≥3cm,周围型肿块,年龄≤65岁,病人有保留乳房的意愿,乳房足够大,以保证术后有良好的外形。手术方式为肿块广泛切除加腋淋巴结清扫;肿块位于乳腺外上象限者,原发灶与腋窝行整块切除。术后常规行辅助放疗及化疗。结果：手术标本各个切缘的组织病理切片检查未发现肿瘤累及。13例为导管内癌,9例特殊型浸润性癌,56例为浸润性导管癌;8例患者腋淋巴结发现癌转移,中位淋巴结转移个数为3个（1-8）。中位随访时间22个月。尚无局部及区域复发的病例。有1例远处转移,转移部位是胸膜,手术至转移期间30个月。对40名保乳治疗满一年的病例行乳房外形的随访,两侧乳头水平高度相差＞3cm有7例（17.5%),两侧乳房下皱褶水平高度相差＞3cm有3例（7.5%),两侧乳头与胸骨中线距离相差＞1.5cm有2例（5%）。结论：规范的广泛切除、腋淋巴结清扫及术后辅助放疗是早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的关键措施,可使局部复发率降低;同时保乳治疗后大多数病例能够保持良好的乳房外形。     

早期乳腺癌改良根治术与保乳手术的疗效比较

目的比较改良根治术与保乳手术治疗对早期乳腺癌的临床疗效。方法按照手术方式将155例乳腺癌患者分为保乳组(40例)和改良组(115例),保乳组行保乳手术+术后放、化疗,改良组行改良根治术+术后化疗,比较两组患者1、3、5年生存率、局部复发率以及远处转移率。结果保乳组死亡1例,改良组死亡4例,死亡原因均为非乳腺癌原因;保乳组2例发生远处转移,其中1例为肺转移,1例为骨(脊柱)转移,术后生活质量未受明显影响;改良组6例发生远处转移,其中4例为肺转移,2例为骨转移,术后生活质量未受明显影响;两组患者1、3、5年生存率、局部复发率、远处转移率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论保乳手术+术后放、化疗对早期乳腺癌的远期疗效与改良根治术+术后化疗相近,但保乳手术创伤小、术后恢复时间短、能够保留乳房的美观外形,临床应用价值更高。     

早期乳腺癌保乳治疗12例临床治疗体会

目的:总结早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床治疗体会.方法:回顾性分析1999年1月至2004年12月保乳治疗的12例早期乳腺癌患者的手术资料、术后近期并发症及随访情况.结果:12例手术均顺利,无术后并发症,11例坚持完成术后放疗及化疗,随访至今未见局部复发与远处转移,1例失访.除1例乳房过小者外,其余10例对术后乳房外形及生活质量满意.结论:保乳治疗是早期乳腺癌很好的治疗方法,不仅同样可以根治肿瘤,而且能够提高生存质量.     

232例早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的中长期预后分析

目的 评价早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的中、长期疗效。方法 回顾性分析1999年1月1日至2005年12月31日接受保乳治疗的232例早期乳腺癌患者的临床特征、复发及生存资料。232例患者均接受肿块扩大切除或乳腺区段切除+腋窝淋巴结清扫术,术后根据情况行放疗、化疗、内分泌治疗等。结果 中位随访时间为54个月,平均随访57.14个月（2～118个月）。局部复发3例,远处转移15例,死亡7例,1例局部复发后行乳房切除手术。发生远处转移的部位包括肺脏8例、肝脏5例、脑6例、骨8例。Kaplan Meier生存分析显示,232例患者的3年、5年生存率分别为99.06％和96.98％,3年、5年无病生存率分别为97.01％和93.23％。171例肿瘤直径≤2cm患者的3年、5年生存率高于其余52例肿瘤直径＞2cm者（P＜0.05）;141例接受内分泌治疗患者的3年、5年生存率高于52例未接受内分泌治疗者（P＜0.05）;腋窝淋巴结阳性患者的3年、5年无病生存率低于腋窝淋巴结阴性者（P＜0.05）。结论 在严格掌握保乳指征的前提下,早期乳腺癌病例进行保乳治疗安全可行。     

早期乳腺癌保乳治疗12例临床治疗体会

目的：总结早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床治疗体会。方法：回顾性分析1999年1月至2004年12月保乳治疗的12例早期乳腺癌患者的手术资料、术后近期并发症及随访情况。结果：12例手术均顺利，无术后并发症，11例坚持完成术后放疗及化疗，随访至今未见局部复发与远处转移，1例失访。除1例乳房过小者外，其余10例对术后乳房外形及生活质量满意。结论：保乳治疗是早期乳腺癌很好的治疗方法，不仅同样可以根治肿瘤，而且能够提高生存质量。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术近期疗效评价

目的 分析临床早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的近期疗效,为普及临床早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗提供参考.方法 2002年9月至2006年1月对122例临床早期乳腺癌患者施行保乳手术,对肿瘤采取局部扩大切除或乳房象限切除,所有患者均行腋窝淋巴结清除;术后辅以放疗、化疗或内分泌治疗.结果 122例患者均获随访,随访时间8～49个月,无局部复发、远处转移和死亡病例.保乳治疗乳房美容效果评估优、良者占90.16%(110/122).结论 临床早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗创伤小、美容效果良好、疗效满意,可显著提高患者生活质量,值得广泛推广应用,但必须严格掌握手术适应证.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术疗效分析

目的探讨保乳手术治疗早期乳腺癌的疗效。方法 67例早期乳腺癌患者分为2组,观察组36例行肿瘤局部切除＋腋下淋巴结清扫术,对照组31例行改良根治术。结果 2组的局部复发率、远处转移率比较差异无统计学意义（P均〉0.05）。观察组患者满意率高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论保乳手术用于治疗早期乳腺癌疗效可靠,患者满意度高。     

早期乳腺癌保乳治疗的临床研究

目的：探讨早期乳腺癌保乳术后综合治疗的效果。方法：对１０８例早期乳腺癌行保乳治疗，并与同期行改良根治术治疗的１２１例早期乳腺癌行对比研究。保乳治疗患者年龄３１～６１岁，中位年龄４４.５岁。保乳术后行全乳腺放疗和瘤床加量，处方剂量５０Ｇｙ／５周，瘤床追加６～９ＭｅＶ电子线１０～１５Ｇｙ／７～１０天。改良根治术患者年龄３４～６８岁，中位年龄４７.６岁。改良根治术后放疗的范围根据肿块大小和淋巴结转移情况决定，处方剂量５０Ｇｙ／５周。两组均采用ＣＡＦ或ＣＭＦ方案化疗，ＥＲ或ＰＲ阳性的患者给予内分泌治疗。结果：１０８例保乳治疗患者中３例复发，５例出现远处转移（２例为骨转移，１例为骨、肝、肺多发转移，２例为肺转移）。术后６个月美容效果评估优、良者为９１.７％，术后１年为９２.６％。１２１例改良根治术患者中３例复发，７例出现远处转移（３例为骨转移，３例为肺转移，１例为多发脏器转移）。两组的近期疗效差异均无统计学意义（Ｐ＞０.０５）。结论：早期乳腺癌采用保乳术及术后综合治疗的疗效不低于改良根治术，且美容效果更优。     

The outcome of patients with breast cancer who underwent breast conserving treatment with or without immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue

Background  Breast conserving treatment (BCT) is accepted as an appropriate therapy for most patients with stage I and stage II breast cancer. However, BCT is associated with a relatively high incidence of local recurrence, and aesthetically unacceptable results occur in some patients. A novel method of immediate volume replacement using autogenous tissue has been developed to strike a balance between adequate excision and cosmesis. We determined the oncological outcome in patients with breast cancer treated with wide excision, immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue, and axillary dissection followed by radiotherapy. Methods  One hundred fifty-three patients with TIS, stage I, II, or III breast cancer underwent wide excision and axillary dissection. The surgical margin of excised breast tissue was examined histologically during surgery. If involved, the breast tissue adjacent to the primary site was excised. When the margin of re-excision was positive, patients underwent modified radical mastectomy with or without breast reconstruction. After wide excision, immediate volume replacement with autogenous tissue was performed, unless the deformity was corrected by undermining and conization of the residual breast tissue. Postoperatively, all patients received breast irradiation. Results  Eighteen patients underwent modified radical mastectomy. The surgical margin was negative in 132 of the 135 patients who underwent BCT. The crude local recurrence rate was 0.7% (1/135). Estimated overall and disease-free 5-year survival rates were 96% and 94%, respectively. Conclusions  Wide excision with tumor-free margins and axillary dissection followed by breast irradiation provides adequate local control in many patients with breast cancer. Immediate breast volume replacement with autogenous tissue may avoid some unpleasant cosmetic results associated with extensive local resection. Our technique eliminates the need for mastectomy in selected patients.     

Breast-conserving therapy can be offered to women with prior breast augmentation

IntroductionBreast cancer in women with cosmetic breast implants is increasingly common. Over the past decade, there has been a push for mastectomy and reconstruction in these patients, based on a fear of poor aesthetic results from small breast volume, and radiation-induced capsular contracture. At the Paris Breast Centre, augmented women routinely undergo lumpectomy with whole-breast irradiation (BCT).Materials and methodsA consecutive cohort of 50 augmented women, who had attempted BCT for early breast cancer at our institution between 2003 and 2018, were retrospectively identified. Post-treatment complications, oncologic outcomes, capsular contracture rates, long-term cosmetic outcomes, and patient-reported outcomes were evaluated.ResultsThe median follow-up was 51 months. Margins were involved in 7 women (14%); 4 of whom underwent successful re-excision, and 3 had a mastectomy, for an early mastectomy rate of 6%. There were no early complications, nor cases of early implant loss. Long-term aesthetic results were evaluated using our 5-point scale: An excellent (5), or good (4) result was obtained in 68%. Significant capsular contracture (Baker grade 3 or 4) developed in 34%, of which, 5 women underwent capsulotomy and fat grafting; 4 of 5 downstaging their Baker grade. The estimated 5-year local recurrence rate was 2.3%. Ninety-five percent of participants would recommend BCT to augmented women.ConclusionBCT is feasible and safe in augmented women with good long-term aesthetic results, and should be considered to avoid unnecessary mastectomy.     

早期乳腺癌保乳术后联合全乳腺放射治疗的疗效分析

目的评价早期乳腺癌保乳手术联合放射治疗的疗效及美容效果。方法对26例早期乳腺癌患者采取保乳手术加术后全乳腺放射治疗,并与19例同期早期乳腺癌行改良根治术加术后放射治疗的患者进行对比分析。结果所有的患者均完成治疗,均无切口感染、切口不愈合及放射性皮肤坏死等不良反应,均有不同程度的近期皮肤反应,但均没有明显纤维化。保乳组的3年、5年生存率分别为96.2%(25/26)、92.3%(24/26),与对照组的3年、5年生存率100.0%(19/19)、94.7%(18/19)相似。保乳组22例(84.6%)美容效果良好。结论乳腺癌保乳手术美容效果良好,放射治疗对乳房外形无明显影响,两者联合应用可显著提高乳腺癌患者的生活质量。     

Surgical management of breast cancer: today and tomorrow

The surgeon continues to play a key role in the initial local/regional management of breast cancer. Breast conserving therapy (BCT) utilizing segmental mastectomy has been developed as an alternative to total mastectomy to improve cosmetic and psychosocial outcomes while retaining oncologic benefits. Developments in the surgical treatment of breast cancer have changed the way breast cancer is diagnosed and treated, and will likely continue to evolve in the future. This review highlights aspects of breast cancer treatment in which the surgical approach has evolved or is evolving, and comments on how the surgeon may participate in breast cancer care in the future.     

A comparison between electrocautery and scalpel plus scissor in breast conserving surgery

Breast conserving therapy (BCT) was originally developed to achieve the same survival outcome as mastectomy while improving the quality of life. In fact, this approach resulted in high local control rates, but 30% of patients treated with BCT using electrocautery had a fair or poor cosmetic result at the 3-year follow-up. In 106 patients with stage I and II breast cancer treated by wide excision and axillary dissection using scalpel plus scissor or electrocautery followed by radiation therapy, the histological damage and cosmetic results were analyzed. The duration of operation in the scalpel plus scissor group was shorter than that in the electrocautery group, although blood loss was greater. The electrocautery caused extensive histological tissue damage to the stump compared with the scalpel plus scissor group. The cell death by TUNEL method was significantly increased on electrocautery groups. In addition, although the global cosmetic result of the electrocautery group was similar to that of the scalpel plus scissor group after surgery, the scalpel plus scissor group had a much better cosmetic outcome after surgery and radiation therapy at the 3-year follow-up. Clinical tumor size T1 and pathological tumor size over 2 cm were factors that negatively affected the cosmetic score after surgery in each group. Scalpel plus scissor in breast conserving surgery has less tissue damage and better cosmetic results at the 3-year follow-up.     

Psychological effects of breast conserving therapy in comparison with radical mastectomy

Psychosocial sequelae of breast conserving therapy (BCT) and radical mastectomy (RM) have been compared. Also, in the BCT group, the cosmetic results were judged by the patients themselves and two plastic surgeons. Body image in the BCT group (n = 114) was significantly more positive than in the RM group (n = 58). Patients treated with BCT had even less fear of recurrence of the cancer and would, if necessary, choose the same treatment again. Cosmetic results were good to excellent in 75% of the cases as judged by the two plastic surgeons. Most of the patients with a bad grading by the surgeons were happy with the results.     

背阔肌皮瓣修复在乳腺癌保乳手术中的应用

目的 探讨采用背阔肌皮瓣修复乳腺癌部分乳房切除术后较大范围缺损的治疗和美容效果.方法 24例乳腺癌患者的肿瘤最大径为3.0～5.5 cr,平均3.5 cm.均行保留乳房的病灶广泛切除,所有患者均在术中冰冻切片确定切缘达阴性后,即刻采用背阔肌皮瓣修复局部缺损,术后给予全乳放射治疗±辅助化疗±内分泌治疗.结果 全组24例患者背阔肌皮瓣全部成活,背部及乳房皮肤无坏死.术后中位随访23个月,患者均无病生存.全乳放射治疗对转移的背阔肌皮瓣末见明显影响,乳房外观优良率为79.2%,患者主观评价满意度为96.0%.结论 采用转移的背阔肌皮瓣修复部分乳房切除术后的较大缺损可获得满意的治疗效果和美容效果,对存在导管内癌、新辅助化疗后、乳房中央区(乳头乳晕区)及较大肿瘤(＞3 cm)等保乳手术相对或绝对禁忌的患者可行保乳手术,扩大了保乳手术的适应证.

Abstract：

Objective Breast conserving surgery (BCS) is one of standard treatment approaches in early breast cancer.Although most defect after BCS can be repaired, the cosmetic outcomes are unsatisfactory in the patients with poor tumor/breast ratio.Oncoplastic surgery (OPS) has emerged as a new approach for providing adequate tumor resection without compromise of aesthetic outcomes in BCS.Our purpose is to explore the cosmetic outcomes of applying latissimus dorsi (LD) muscle flap to reshape severe breast conservation deformities in breast cancer.Methods Totally 24 cases of breast cancer were studied.The tumor size was 3.0-5.5 cm ( median 3.5 cm).All the cases underwent BCS and achieved negative margin by frozen sections examination.Then LD flap reshaping were performed.All the patients received whole breast radiotherapy ± chemotherapy ± endocrine therapy.Results All the LD flaps were alive without skin necrosis.After a median 23-month follow-up, all the cases were disease-free surviving.The whole breast radiotherapy had no significant effect on the LD flaps.The rate of good cosmetic results was 79.2%.The subjective satisfactory rate of the patients was 96%.Conclusions Both satisfactory aesthetic outcome and good treatment effect were obtained using LD flap to reshape severe breast conservation deformity.OPS offers tools for breast conservation in patients otherwise destined for mastectomy or poor aesthetic outcome, such as large tumor/breast ratio, nipple-areola complex tumor, ductal carcinoma in situ,neoadjuvant chemotherapy cases and so on.     

Breast-conserving surgery for T3/T4 breast cancer: an analysis of 196 patients

Introduction Breast conservation therapy (BCT) increases quality of life and self-esteem of breast cancer patients. In special cancer centers up to 90% of patients are treated with BCT. T3/T4 breast cancer is one of the few contraindications for BCT. However, retrospective data suggest that BCT may be eligible in selected cases of T3/T4 breast cancer. Method We analyzed retrospectively 196 breast cancer patients (operated between 1995 and 2004) suffering from T3/T4 tumors and compared BCT and radiotherapy with mastectomy in these patients in terms of overall survival (OS), local recurrence free-survival (LRFS) and breast cancer-related death (BCRD). Result Demographic data showed no significant differences in prognostic factors between patients treated with mastectomy compared with BCT. Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated no significant difference for OS, LRFS and BCRD between the two groups. Discussion Our data strongly suggest that BCT with R0 resection followed by radiotherapy is feasible in patients with T3/T4 breast cancer. Prospective studies have to be performed to further investigate this issue.     

早期乳腺癌的外科治疗策略

目的分析早期乳腺癌的外科治疗方式,探讨早期乳腺癌的外科治疗策略。方法收集2173例早期乳腺癌患者的临床资料,分析不同手术方式的适应证和禁忌证,比较不同手术的治疗效果和美容效果。结果全部患者的中位年龄为51岁(18～91岁)。未绝经患者1155例(53.2%)。0～Ⅰ期患者547例,Ⅱ期患者1626例。行根治性全乳切除1817例(83.6%),保乳手术229例(10.5%),术后一期再造55例(2.5%)。年轻和来停经患者、0～Ⅰ期患者和非浸润性癌患可选择保乳或再造;病理类型对选择保乳还是再造有影响(P=0.004)。全组中位随访14个月(3～64个月),保乳和全乳切除的无复发生存率(P=0.2435)、无病生存率(P=0.1395)和总生存率(P=0.9406)的差异无统计学意义。一期再造也未带来负面影响,随访期内1例复发,1例转移。保乳手术美容效果优良度为90.0%;乳房再造美容效果可接受度94.5%。结论有保乳意愿者,排除绝对禁忌并解决相对禁忌后方可保乳,保乳手术能同时满足治疗和美容目的。不适合保乳者,全乳切除后可行一期再造,能重塑乳房外形且不影响预后。在选择秩序上,保乳应先行考虑。将改良根治术、保乳手术和乳房再造有机统一,合理选择,更利于早期乳腺癌患者生理和心理的双重治疗。